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Economy of Denmark vs Tunisia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Denmark has a GDP of $463B compared to $57.5B for Tunisia, ranking 36/197 and 93/197 by economy size, respectively.

Denmark has $127B in government debt (27.5% of GDP), compared to $46.7B (81.3% of GDP) in Tunisia.

Denmark vs Tunisia GDP by year

Denmark
Tunisia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Denmark Tunisia
2025 $462,526,660,468 $57,502,836,548
2024 $424,524,722,037 $51,412,122,480
2023 $404,651,706,118 $48,205,328,303
2022 $400,114,306,337 $44,929,920,093
2021 $406,110,162,088 $47,073,234,359
2020 $355,631,021,932 $42,491,780,918
2019 $345,401,473,013 $41,905,642,419
2018 $355,293,374,912 $42,686,504,460
2017 $331,610,593,962 $42,163,530,591
2016 $312,181,849,372 $44,360,072,680
2015 $301,758,922,338 $45,779,494,042
2014 $352,832,602,064 $50,271,812,921
2013 $344,631,016,965 $48,685,446,414
2012 $326,792,574,245 $47,311,401,813
2011 $344,315,595,263 $48,123,325,825
2010 $322,345,594,075 $46,206,091,938
2009 $322,619,152,195 $43,455,740,497
2008 $354,979,471,960 $44,859,439,902
2007 $320,213,157,595 $38,915,353,867
2006 $283,386,151,544 $34,376,664,601
2005 $265,150,087,712 $32,272,186,695
2004 $251,986,155,631 $31,183,885,241
2003 $218,421,193,436 $27,453,902,261
2002 $178,788,209,558 $23,141,616,605
2001 $164,881,594,415 $22,065,832,449
2000 $164,043,817,224 $21,473,528,161
1999 $177,887,720,536 $22,943,202,175
1998 $176,877,077,513 $21,802,893,587
1997 $173,241,365,735 $20,746,210,354
1996 $187,481,157,846 $19,587,161,807
1995 $184,848,481,008 $18,030,876,599
1994 $156,017,919,221 $15,633,174,304
1993 $143,111,306,004 $14,608,335,608
1992 $152,966,494,260 $15,496,708,060
1991 $139,180,507,778 $13,074,782,609
1990 $138,217,740,684 $12,290,568,182
1989 $112,312,200,761 $10,101,851,745
1988 $115,540,189,705 $10,096,245,762
1987 $109,183,446,340 $9,696,715,911
1986 $87,748,695,217 $9,017,806,654
1985 $62,452,421,011 $8,410,226,053
1984 $58,868,891,335 $8,254,541,195
1983 $60,331,158,447 $8,350,582,748
1982 $60,084,214,872 $8,133,580,052
1981 $61,459,941,461 $8,428,445,294
1980 $70,811,287,816 $8,744,134,354
1979 $70,393,030,603 $7,188,863,904
1978 $60,320,089,218 $5,968,460,080
1977 $49,711,709,588 $5,109,324,009
1976 $44,503,607,444 $4,508,191,942
1975 $40,418,967,666 $4,328,965,588
1974 $34,125,712,481 $3,545,868,575
1973 $30,718,181,337 $2,730,813,385
1972 $23,230,667,549 $2,237,556,149
1971 $19,086,192,720 $1,685,162,272
1970 $17,075,457,733 $1,439,238,095
1969 $15,414,902,667 $1,289,904,762
1968 $13,505,574,133 $1,214,666,667
1967 $13,059,064,806 $1,085,714,286
1966 $11,931,740,293 $1,040,952,381
1965 $10,870,670,865 $991,047,619
1964 $9,677,401,337 $1,025,866,792
1963 $8,466,044,980 $1,026,737,600
1962 $7,953,274,741 $880,027,733
1961 $7,058,361,229 $866,155,429
1960 $6,361,166,545 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/tunisia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Denmark vs Tunisia by year

Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tunisia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Denmark Tunisia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $76,970 - $4,657 -
2024 $71,026 $81,878 $4,188 $14,521
2023 $68,044 $77,892 $3,951 $14,041
2022 $67,781 $78,914 $3,707 $13,619
2021 $69,341 $69,715 $3,907 $12,444
2020 $60,985 $62,682 $3,549 $11,918
2019 $59,404 $60,595 $3,529 $12,495
2018 $61,325 $57,234 $3,628 $11,841
2017 $57,522 $55,272 $3,619 $11,289
2016 $54,501 $51,821 $3,848 $10,994
2015 $53,094 $48,897 $4,015 $10,783
2014 $62,520 $47,880 $4,459 $10,947
2013 $61,378 $46,869 $4,370 $10,672
2012 $58,444 $44,755 $4,297 $10,615
2011 $61,810 $44,444 $4,421 $10,436
2010 $58,105 $43,038 $4,292 $10,555
2009 $58,413 $40,524 $4,080 $10,237
2008 $64,617 $41,467 $4,255 $9,975
2007 $58,632 $39,110 $3,727 $9,479
2006 $52,119 $37,392 $3,323 $8,729
2005 $48,926 $34,238 $3,147 $8,117
2004 $46,625 $33,016 $3,067 $7,672
2003 $40,519 $30,864 $2,726 $7,098
2002 $33,257 $30,667 $2,321 $6,715
2001 $30,768 $29,459 $2,236 $6,593
2000 $30,722 $28,648 $2,199 $6,279
1999 $33,426 $26,642 $2,376 $5,930
1998 $33,346 $25,799 $2,285 $5,579
1997 $32,780 $24,887 $2,202 $5,333
1996 $35,622 $23,723 $2,107 $5,040
1995 $35,321 $22,677 $1,968 $4,686
1994 $29,968 $21,669 $1,733 $4,555
1993 $27,582 $20,217 $1,649 $4,401
1992 $29,579 $19,830 $1,785 $4,292
1991 $27,003 $19,067 $1,538 $3,975
1990 $26,886 $18,225 $1,476 $3,780
1989 $21,882 - $1,239 -
1988 $22,525 - $1,266 -
1987 $21,296 - $1,245 -
1986 $17,137 - $1,187 -
1985 $12,213 - $1,135 -
1984 $11,517 - $1,143 -
1983 $11,797 - $1,184 -
1982 $11,740 - $1,177 -
1981 $12,000 - $1,247 -
1980 $13,822 - $1,324 -
1979 $13,757 - $1,113 -
1978 $11,818 - $946 -
1977 $9,770 - $830 -
1976 $8,773 - $752 -
1975 $7,988 - $741 -
1974 $6,764 - $624 -
1973 $6,117 - $493 -
1972 $4,654 - $415 -
1971 $3,846 - $320 -
1970 $3,464 - $280.5 -
1969 $3,151 - $257.7 -
1968 $2,776 - $248.9 -
1967 $2,701 - $228 -
1966 $2,487 - $223.8 -
1965 $2,284 - $217.3 -
1964 $2,049 - $228.5 -
1963 $1,807 - $231.9 -
1962 $1,711 - $201.4 -
1961 $1,531 - $200.7 -
1960 $1,389 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/tunisia | CC BY

Denmark's GDP per capita is $76,970, ranking 11/197, compared to $4,657 in Tunisia, ranking 127/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878, while Tunisia ranks 114th at $14,521.

Economic indicators

Denmark Tunisia
Gross domestic product
$463B
2025
$57.5B
2025
GDP rank
36/197
2025
93/197
2025
GDP growth
2.93%
2024-2025
2.49%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$76,970
2025
$4,657
2025
GDP per capita rank
11/197
2025
127/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$81,878
2024
$14,521
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
14/197
2024
114/197
2024
Government debt
$127B
2025
$46.7B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
27.5%
2025
81.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$21,192
2025
$3,785
2025
Government debt per person rank
32/185
2025
95/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$52,602
2026
$4,193
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$151B
2004
$12B
2025
Number of millionaires
376,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
9
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2023
27%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
3.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.6%
2025
34%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.89%
2024-2025
5.3%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
1.6%
2025
7.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
6.4%
2025
15.1%
2023
Population
6042125
12450912

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Denmark
Spending

Debt
Tunisia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Denmark Tunisia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 47.6% 27.5% 34% 81.3%
2024 47.3% 30.5% 35.8% 85.7%
2023 47.4% 33% 35.9% 84%
2022 45.1% 33.3% 36.6% 83%
2021 49.7% 39.6% 33.4% 79.7%
2020 53.3% 45.2% 34.5% 77.7%
2019 49.8% 38.3% 29.5% 67.3%
2018 50.8% 38.5% 28.7% 72.9%
2017 50.6% 40.2% 28.7% 67.1%
2016 52.4% 41.7% 27.2% 58.9%
2015 54.4% 44.6% 27.4% 52.4%
2014 55.1% 48.7% 27.7% 50.7%
2013 55.6% 47.8% 30.8% 45.6%
2012 57.9% 48.7% 28.3% 49%
2011 56.3% 50% 27.9% 43.3%
2010 56.5% 46.1% 24% 38.8%
2009 56.3% 43% 24.6% 40.3%
2008 50.3% 35.5% 23.7% 41.4%
2007 49.5% 29.5% 23.3% 42.7%
2006 49.7% 33.2% 22.9% 45.7%
2005 51.1% 39.4% 23% 50%
2004 52.8% 46.2% 23% 51.6%
2003 53.5% 48.2% 23.5% 52.6%
2002 53.1% 50.3% 24.1% 51.6%
2001 53% 50.1% 24% 52.2%
2000 52.9% 53.6% 24% 62.9%
1999 54.7% 56.8% 24% 61.9%
1998 55.6% 60.3% 24.2% 58.2%
1997 56.2% 64.4% 24.5% 66.6%
1996 58.2% 68.3% 26.7% 66.8%
1995 58.7% 71.5% 26.6% 65.6%
1994 59.5% 75.3% 25.9% 63.9%
1993 59.5% 78.7% 26.7% 63.8%
1992 56.4% 66.7% 25.7% 62.1%
1991 55.5% 63.2% 27.6% 63.3%
1990 55.1% 62.4% - -
1989 56.2% 62.2% - -
1988 56.1% 64.7% - -
1987 54% 62.5% - -
1986 52.3% 66.8% - -
1985 55.5% 74.7% - -
1984 56.6% 77.7% - -
1983 57.9% 74.2% - -
1982 57.7% 64.5% - -
1981 56.3% 51.7% - -
1980 52.7% 39.2% - -
1979 49.6% 31.8% - -
1978 47.2% 25.5% - -
1977 45.6% 15.2% - -
1976 45% 11.4% - -
1975 45.3% 7.01% - -
1974 43.6% 6.2% - -
1973 39.5% 8.94% - -
1972 42.1% 11.5% - -
1971 42.2% 12.9% - -
1970 24.4% 7.62% - -
1969 25.3% 8.36% - -
1968 24.3% 9.36% - -
1967 22.2% 10.1% - -
1966 21.1% 11.2% - -
1965 17.1% 12.9% - -
1964 17.6% 14.5% - -
1963 18.2% 13.7% - -
1962 17% 15.3% - -
1961 15.6% 16.4% - -
1960 16.4% 20.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1991, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/tunisia | CC BY

In 2025, Denmark's government spending was $220B, accounting for 47.6% of its GDP, while Tunisia spent $19.6B, or 34% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 27.5% in Denmark and 81.3% in Tunisia, ranking 161/185 and 40/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Denmark

Tunisia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Denmark Tunisia
2025 2.85% -5.24%
2024 4.46% -6.36%
2023 3.43% -7.27%
2022 3.39% -7%
2021 4.08% -7.81%
2020 0.36% -9.06%
2019 4.28% -3.6%
2018 0.81% -4.27%
2017 1.69% -5.61%
2016 0.3% -5.87%
2015 -0.9% -4.95%
2014 1.43% -3.11%
2013 -0.94% -7.05%
2012 -3.2% -4.9%
2011 -1.77% -3.19%
2010 -2.52% -0.46%
2009 -2.75% -2.59%
2008 3.46% -0.62%
2007 5.31% -2.47%
2006 5.29% -2.33%
2005 5.2% -2.59%
2004 2.23% -2.1%
2003 0.14% -2.64%
2002 0.25% -2.55%
2001 1.13% -2.87%
2000 1.79% -3.22%
1999 1.06% -3.05%
1998 -0.28% -2.84%
1997 -1.22% -3.7%
1996 -2.4% -5.18%
1995 -3.5% -4.53%
1994 -3.85% -2.87%
1993 -3.73% -3.22%
1992 -2.6% -3.45%
1991 -3.15% -5.25%
1990 -1.78% -
1989 0.3% -
1988 1.46% -
1987 2.46% -
1986 3.23% -
1985 -1.38% -
1984 -3.58% -
1983 -6.29% -
1982 -8.22% -
1981 -5.84% -
1980 -2.32% -
1979 -0.69% -
1978 0.41% -
1977 0.37% -
1976 0.19% -
1975 -1.23% -
1974 3.7% -
1973 4.97% -
1972 5.01% -
1971 4.96% -
1970 0.7% -
1969 0.3% -
1968 -0.06% -
1967 1.49% -
1966 0.99% -
1965 2.13% -
1964 1.79% -
1963 1.2% -
1962 -0.09% -
1961 1.73% -
1960 1.25% -
1959 0.79% -
1958 0.25% -
1957 0.26% -
1956 -0.01% -
1955 -1.17% -
1954 -0.84% -
1953 1.75% -
1952 1.18% -
1951 0.79% -
1950 1.08% -
1949 0.63% -
1948 1.07% -
1947 0.84% -
1946 2.69% -
1945 -1.03% -
1944 0% -
1943 0% -
1942 0% -
1941 0% -
1940 0% -
1939 0% -
1938 0.03% -
1937 0.22% -
1936 -1.36% -
1935 -0.97% -
1934 0.03% -
1933 1.69% -
1932 -3.22% -
1931 -1.67% -
1930 0.03% -
1929 0.13% -
1928 -4.99% -
1927 -2.33% -
1926 -0.48% -
1925 -3.1% -
1924 -0.8% -
1923 -0.56% -
1922 -1.33% -
1921 -2.41% -
1920 -0.46% -
1919 -0.38% -
1918 1.95% -
1917 3.1% -
1916 1.51% -
1915 -0.48% -
1914 0.43% -
1913 0.07% -
1912 0.13% -
1911 -1.02% -
1910 -1.72% -
1909 -2.49% -
1908 -0.82% -
1907 0.26% -
1906 -0.42% -
1905 0.22% -
1904 -0.1% -
1903 0.03% -
1902 -0.06% -
1901 -0.71% -
1900 -0.84% -
1899 -0.59% -
1898 -0.43% -
1897 -0.61% -
1896 -0.07% -
1895 -0.17% -
1894 -0.26% -
1893 -0.42% -
1892 -0.73% -
1891 -0.76% -
1890 -0.97% -
1889 -0.55% -
1888 -0.49% -
1887 -0.68% -
1886 -0.39% -
1885 0.48% -
1884 1.2% -
1883 0.73% -
1882 0.35% -
1881 0.42% -
1880 -2.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/tunisia | CC BY

In 2025, Denmark's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $13.2B, equivalent to 2.85% of GDP. This compares to Tunisia's deficit of $3.01B, or 5.24% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Denmark recorded a fiscal deficit in 14 of those years, while Tunisia ran a deficit in 35 years. On average, Denmark posted an annual surplus equal to 0.58% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.11% of GDP for Tunisia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Denmark

Tunisia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Denmark Tunisia
2025 1.89% 5.3%
2024 1.37% 7%
2023 3.31% 9.3%
2022 7.7% 8.3%
2021 1.85% 5.7%
2020 0.42% 5.6%
2019 0.76% 6.7%
2018 0.81% 7.3%
2017 1.15% 5.3%
2016 0.25% 3.6%
2015 0.45% 4.4%
2014 0.56% 4.6%
2013 0.79% 5.4%
2012 2.4% 4.6%
2011 2.76% 3.2%
2010 2.31% 4.4%
2009 1.3% 3.5%
2008 3.42% 4.9%
2007 1.69% 3.4%
2006 1.92% 4.1%
2005 1.82% 1.9%
2004 1.15% 3.7%
2003 2.08% 2.7%
2002 2.42% 2.7%
2001 2.34% 1.9%
2000 2.9% 2.8%
1999 2.5% 2.8%
1998 1.85% 3.1%
1997 2.18% 3.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/tunisia | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Denmark has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.94%, compared with 4.54% in Tunisia. In 2025, inflation was 1.89% in Denmark and 5.3% in Tunisia.

Top exports between countries

Denmark
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $20.8M
Chemicals & pharma $5.38M
Animal & marine products $2.86M
Metals $1.78M
Wood & paper products $1.76M
Raw agricultural goods $1.75M
Textiles & consumer goods $976K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $961K
Raw materials & minerals $492K
Precious metals & jewellery $47K
Tunisia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $6.27M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.78M
Machinery & equipment $5.33M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.54M
Raw agricultural goods $1.15M
Wood & paper products $32K
Chemicals & pharma $12K
Metals $2K
Precious metals & jewellery $1K

Balance of trade

Denmark Tunisia
Current account balance
$51.8B
2024
-$775M
2024
Current account balance ranking
13/190
2024
111/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+12.2%
2024
-1.51%
2024
Goods imports
$132B
2024
$18.7B
2024
Goods exports
$172B
2024
$8.95B
2024
Service imports
$125B
2024
$3.92B
2024
Service exports
$129B
2024
$11.2B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
59.1%
2025
54.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
70.1%
2025
46.7%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Denmark Tunisia
Economic freedom 79 48.1
Economic freedom ranking 8/197 172/197
Property rights 99.9 55.7
Government integrity 98 42.1
Judicial effectiveness 89.3 39.7
Tax burden 43.4 68.5
Government spending 34.8 62.5
Fiscal health 98 16
Business freedom 90.4 59.4
Labor freedom 65 55.8
Monetary freedom 80.1 72.4
Trade freedom 79.4 54.6
Investment freedom 90 20
Financial freedom 80 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Denmark
Tunisia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Denmark Tunisia
2026 79 48.1
2025 79.1 49.1
2024 77.8 48.8
2023 77.6 52.9
2022 78 54.2
2021 77.8 56.6
2020 78.3 55.8
2019 76.7 55.4
2018 76.6 58.9
2017 75.1 55.7
2016 75.3 57.6
2015 76.3 57.7
2014 76.1 57.3
2013 76.1 57
2012 76.2 58.6
2011 78.6 58.5
2010 77.9 58.9
2009 79.6 58
2008 79.2 60.1
2007 77 60.3
2006 75.4 57.5
2005 75.3 55.4
2004 72.4 58.4
2003 73.2 58.1
2002 71.1 60.2
2001 68.3 60.8
2000 68.3 61.3
1999 68.1 61.1
1998 67.5 63.9
1997 67.5 63.8
1996 67.3 63.9
1995 - 63.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/tunisia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Denmark is 79, ranking 8/197, compared to 48.1 for Tunisia, ranking 172/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Denmark Tunisia
Services, % of GDP
62.7%
2025
62.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
24.8%
2025
22%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.17%
2025
10.3%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$464B
2025
$53B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$85,460
2025
$14,870
2025
Total reserves including gold
$128B
2025
$9.34B
2024
Total reserves ranking
24/177
2025
84/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$12.5B
2024
-$725M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.2B
2024
$760M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30.7B
2024
$34.6M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
10.9%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2021
16.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.1%
2025
15.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1991, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.