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Economy of New Zealand vs Philippines compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

New Zealand has a GDP of $264B compared to $487B for the Philippines, ranking 53/197 and 34/197 by economy size, respectively.

New Zealand has $145B in government debt (54.7% of GDP), compared to $289B (59.4% of GDP) in the Philippines.

New Zealand vs Philippines GDP by year

New Zealand
Philippines
1x
Year GDP, current $
New Zealand Philippines
2025 $264,057,413,740 $487,086,123,720
2024 $261,497,198,364 $461,671,157,905
2023 $256,372,177,758 $437,055,627,245
2022 $249,723,029,451 $404,353,369,605
2021 $253,732,493,988 $394,087,359,848
2020 $213,318,129,989 $361,751,145,452
2019 $213,088,034,258 $376,823,402,239
2018 $211,726,161,989 $346,841,896,587
2017 $206,561,943,051 $328,480,736,803
2016 $188,980,351,891 $318,627,003,017
2015 $178,147,457,243 $306,445,871,242
2014 $201,435,445,068 $297,483,555,338
2013 $190,943,478,290 $283,902,828,589
2012 $176,508,049,114 $261,920,540,963
2011 $168,458,838,711 $234,216,730,291
2010 $146,887,902,524 $208,368,893,151
2009 $121,663,439,315 $175,974,755,881
2008 $133,437,126,590 $181,624,626,327
2007 $137,188,946,866 $155,980,408,673
2006 $111,538,810,713 $127,652,926,368
2005 $114,720,129,550 $107,419,977,318
2004 $103,905,210,084 $95,001,999,685
2003 $88,250,885,550 $87,039,092,974
2002 $66,627,729,311 $84,307,345,888
2001 $53,872,425,917 $78,921,234,458
2000 $52,623,281,957 $83,669,788,377
1999 $58,762,260,626 $85,640,171,045
1998 $56,227,169,851 $74,492,416,330
1997 $66,075,143,415 $94,106,317,565
1996 $70,140,835,299 $94,648,084,429
1995 $63,918,703,507 $84,644,328,727
1994 $55,314,732,279 $73,159,336,915
1993 $46,775,620,817 $62,036,529,147
1992 $41,649,829,860 $60,422,328,242
1991 $42,745,329,732 $51,784,144,943
1990 $45,495,129,385 $50,508,286,642
1989 $43,920,222,525 $48,513,773,721
1988 $45,176,811,594 $43,152,128,959
1987 $40,376,354,070 $37,791,488,666
1986 $30,604,668,357 $33,987,207,295
1985 $24,679,795,396 $34,961,486,348
1984 $21,665,975,319 $35,730,185,634
1983 $24,309,279,706 $37,759,179,895
1982 $24,164,603,059 $42,206,011,275
1981 $24,417,617,184 $40,499,388,869
1980 $23,244,547,385 $36,848,080,899
1979 $20,731,243,113 $31,218,296,292
1978 $18,530,518,395 $25,762,224,563
1977 $15,446,825,318 $22,283,109,803
1976 $13,604,832,424 $19,381,055,197
1975 $12,861,983,284 $16,875,240,684
1974 $13,940,981,798 $15,607,882,555
1973 $12,802,281,898 $11,412,449,735
1972 $9,567,331,065 $9,067,815,521
1971 $7,911,136,757 $8,375,075,630
1970 $6,495,605,331 $7,559,115,517
1969 $5,814,357,709 $9,571,800,653
1968 $5,228,045,415 $8,632,749,269
1967 $6,016,017,227 $7,724,873,935
1966 $5,917,437,693 $7,189,017,888
1965 $5,706,251,400 $6,517,349,772
1964 $7,340,766,415 $5,953,756,195
1963 $6,699,741,645 $5,505,023,238
1962 $6,133,158,532 $4,954,593,072
1961 $5,721,994,864 $8,171,194,425
1960 $5,536,098,360 $7,515,894,111

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/philippines | CC BY

GDP per capita in New Zealand vs Philippines by year

New Zealand
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Philippines
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
New Zealand Philippines
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $49,591 - $4,171 -
2024 $49,432 $55,551 $3,985 $11,794
2023 $49,302 $54,697 $3,804 $10,986
2022 $49,142 $54,034 $3,548 $10,131
2021 $49,902 $48,249 $3,484 $8,858
2020 $42,055 $45,513 $3,228 $8,238
2019 $42,872 $45,278 $3,401 $8,924
2018 $43,204 $42,527 $3,169 $8,358
2017 $42,912 $42,244 $3,038 $7,774
2016 $40,088 $39,989 $2,985 $7,383
2015 $38,649 $37,513 $2,910 $6,894
2014 $44,600 $37,331 $2,867 $6,689
2013 $42,985 $36,263 $2,781 $6,373
2012 $40,042 $33,055 $2,615 $6,094
2011 $38,426 $32,739 $2,384 $5,705
2010 $33,762 $31,305 $2,163 $5,489
2009 $28,277 $30,746 $1,864 $5,157
2008 $31,325 $29,896 $1,959 $5,144
2007 $32,480 $29,331 $1,713 $4,923
2006 $26,655 $27,732 $1,426 $4,579
2005 $27,751 $25,677 $1,220 $4,289
2004 $25,420 $25,124 $1,100 $4,037
2003 $21,914 $23,996 $1,027 $3,761
2002 $16,874 $23,306 $1,015 $3,580
2001 $13,883 $22,511 $970 $3,469
2000 $13,641 $21,500 $1,051 $3,366
1999 $15,322 $20,579 $1,101 $3,229
1998 $14,738 $19,323 $983 $3,160
1997 $17,474 $19,100 $1,273 $3,221
1996 $18,794 $18,392 $1,311 $3,082
1995 $17,400 $17,864 $1,200 $2,926
1994 $15,280 $17,108 $1,060 $2,800
1993 $13,094 $15,900 $919 $2,684
1992 $11,793 $14,877 $917 $2,629
1991 $12,230 $14,501 $804 $2,621
1990 $13,663 $14,812 $804 $2,608
1989 $13,312 - $792 -
1988 $13,759 - $722 -
1987 $12,331 - $650 -
1986 $9,428 - $600 -
1985 $7,601 - $633 -
1984 $6,714 - $665 -
1983 $7,598 - $723 -
1982 $7,656 - $833 -
1981 $7,814 - $821 -
1980 $7,467 - $767 -
1979 $6,668 - $667 -
1978 $5,937 - $565 -
1977 $4,951 - $502 -
1976 $4,374 - $449 -
1975 $4,172 - $401 -
1974 $4,611 - $379 -
1973 $4,323 - $283.2 -
1972 $3,295 - $230.1 -
1971 $2,773 - $217.4 -
1970 $2,311 - $200.9 -
1969 $2,097 - $261.1 -
1968 $1,902 - $242.2 -
1967 $2,208 - $223.1 -
1966 $2,211 - $213.8 -
1965 $2,171 - $199.8 -
1964 $2,839 - $188.2 -
1963 $2,646 - $179.5 -
1962 $2,471 - $166.7 -
1961 $2,365 - $283.8 -
1960 $2,334 - $269.5 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/philippines | CC BY

New Zealand's GDP per capita is $49,591, ranking 26/197, compared to $4,171 in the Philippines, ranking 130/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), New Zealand ranks 38th at $55,551, while the Philippines ranks 127th at $11,794.

Economic indicators

New Zealand Philippines
Gross domestic product
$264B
2025
$487B
2025
GDP rank
53/197
2025
34/197
2025
GDP growth
0.46%
2024-2025
4.4%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$49,591
2025
$4,171
2025
GDP per capita rank
26/197
2025
130/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$55,551
2024
$11,794
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
38/197
2024
127/197
2024
Government debt
$145B
2025
$289B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
54.7%
2025
59.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$27,139
2025
$2,476
2025
Government debt per person rank
27/185
2025
113/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$36,222
2026
$3,163
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$103B
2025
$232B
2025
Number of billionaires
5
2026
15
2026
Income share by richest 10% n/a
31.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
2.9%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
41.6%
2025
24.3%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.84%
2024-2025
1.66%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
4.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.26%
2025
2.41%
2023
Population
5380024
118213646

Spending and national debt comparison by year

New Zealand
Spending

Debt
Philippines
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
New Zealand Philippines
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 41.6% 54.7% 24.3% 59.4%
2024 41.7% 51.4% 25.6% 56.6%
2023 41% 47.3% 24.7% 56.5%
2022 41.7% 46.9% 25.9% 57.4%
2021 41.8% 47.5% 27.2% 57%
2020 41.9% 43.2% 25.9% 51.6%
2019 38.7% 31.8% 21.7% 37%
2018 36.1% 28.1% 20.9% 37.1%
2017 35.6% 31.1% 19.5% 38.1%
2016 36.4% 33.4% 19% 37.4%
2015 37.2% 34.2% 17.8% 39.7%
2014 37.6% 34.2% 16.8% 40.3%
2013 38.6% 34.6% 17.3% 43.9%
2012 39.7% 35.7% 17.7% 45.7%
2011 42.3% 34.7% 17.2% 45.4%
2010 42.9% 29.6% 18.3% 47.6%
2009 40.3% 24.3% 19.2% 49.8%
2008 38.4% 19% 17.9% 50%
2007 37% 16.3% 18.2% 50.2%
2006 37.8% 18.4% 18.3% 57.2%
2005 37.1% 20.8% 18.7% 64.7%
2004 36.1% 22.5% 19.4% 71.1%
2003 36.6% 24.7% 20.4% 71.4%
2002 36.7% 26.4% 20.6% 65.2%
2001 37.2% 28.2% 21% 59.5%
2000 38.2% 30% 20.8% 59.2%
1999 39.2% 32% 20.7% 54.2%
1998 40.1% 34.5% 20.3% 50.8%
1997 39.3% 34.6% 20.3% 56.9%
1996 39.8% 37.3% 19.6% 53.1%
1995 41.6% 43.5% 19.1% 60.8%
1994 42.7% 48.9% 19.7% 63.6%
1993 46.7% 54.6% 17.6% 73.9%
1992 52.4% 58.7% 18.4% 53.9%
1991 52.9% 58% 18% 55.6%
1990 49.5% 55.5% 18.8% 56.2%
1989 47.8% 54.9% 15.7% 55.2%
1988 46.1% 54.7% 15.9% 69%
1987 46.1% 62.9% 15.7% 79.2%
1986 46.9% 68.5% 13.5% 77.7%
1985 46.2% 64.1% 11.3% 53.1%
1984 40.7% 62.8% 10.1% 45.8%
1983 41.4% 59.6% 12.2% 43.1%
1982 39.9% 51.5% 12.8% 32.9%
1981 39.1% 50.5% 13.7% 27.6%
1980 38% 52.2% 13.4% 24.8%
1979 38.4% 52% 11.9% 22.5%
1978 36.6% 50% 13.3% 23.1%
1977 30% 44.6% 13.3% 19.8%
1976 31.6% 47.6% 13.8% 16.8%
1975 30.1% 41.4% 15.1% 13%
1974 27.3% 39.6% 10.7% 13.4%
1973 27.1% 44% 14% 11.5%
1972 26.4% 46% 13.4% 14.2%
1971 26.8% 71.3% 11.2% 14.8%
1970 24.8% 76.5% 10.4% 16.8%
1969 25.9% 85.8% 11.5% 16.4%
1968 26.2% 86.5% 11.2% 15.7%
1967 26% 59.7% 10.2% 15.4%
1966 25% 58.2% 9.77% 14.4%
1965 24.9% 59.6% 9.48% 15%
1964 19.4% 61.8% 9.66% 14.2%
1963 19.4% 64.5% 10.4% 14.1%
1962 21.6% 65% 10.8% 15.9%
1961 21.1% 64.6% 9.6% 16.5%
1960 25.3% 68.1% 10.1% 16.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/philippines | CC BY

In 2025, New Zealand's government spending was $110B, accounting for 41.6% of its GDP, while the Philippines spent $118B, or 24.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 54.7% in New Zealand and 59.4% in the Philippines, ranking 91/185 and 79/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
New Zealand

Philippines
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
New Zealand Philippines
2025 -3.86% -3.97%
2024 -3.21% -4.44%
2023 -3.22% -4.38%
2022 -3.96% -5.48%
2021 -3.35% -6.23%
2020 -4.21% -5.55%
2019 -2.44% -1.5%
2018 1.31% -1.48%
2017 1.38% -0.75%
2016 0.98% -0.74%
2015 0.37% 0.14%
2014 -0.33% 1.32%
2013 -1.28% 0.37%
2012 -2.18% -0.22%
2011 -4.94% -0.38%
2010 -5.49% -2.25%
2009 -1.8% -2.57%
2008 1.48% 0.02%
2007 3.6% -0.28%
2006 4.62% -0.05%
2005 5.13% -1.62%
2004 4.49% -2.81%
2003 3.69% -3.49%
2002 2.56% -3.71%
2001 1.29% -3.49%
2000 0.18% -3.27%
1999 -1.1% -2.29%
1998 -0.47% -1.31%
1997 1.24% 0.37%
1996 2.58% 0.54%
1995 3.7% -0.02%
1994 2% -0.44%
1993 -1.51% 0.63%
1992 -6.25% -0.43%
1991 -6.12% -0.26%
1990 -2.72% -1.52%
1989 -2.16% -1.64%
1988 -1.88% -2.71%
1987 -3.43% -1.06%
1986 -5.33% -0.55%
1985 -6.97% 0.71%
1984 -8.68% 0.64%
1983 -6.64% 0.1%
1982 -6.26% -0.88%
1981 -6.02% -1.09%
1980 -4.9% 0.56%
1979 -6.55% 1.54%
1978 -3.41% 0.05%
1977 -1.09% -0.42%
1976 -2.07% -0.55%
1975 0.11% 0.13%
1974 0.03% 5.94%
1973 -0.07% 2.49%
1972 0.12% 3.39%
1971 0.09% -0.96%
1970 -0.05% -0.31%
1969 0.17% -2.67%
1968 0.03% -2.33%
1967 0.02% -1.35%
1966 0.09% -0.74%
1965 0.26% -1.53%
1964 -0.08% -0.99%
1963 -0.26% -0.68%
1962 0.02% -0.43%
1961 0.03% -0.29%
1960 0.05% -1.06%
1959 0.03% -0.15%
1958 -0.02% -0.21%
1957 0.32% -0.56%
1956 1.33% -0.77%
1955 0.73% -1.3%
1954 0.22% -0.79%
1953 0.43% -0.88%
1952 1.73% 0.49%
1951 1.17% 1.5%
1950 0.78% -0.19%
1949 0.53% -2.33%
1948 0.36% -0.65%
1947 1.07% 0.05%
1946 0.31% -2.54%
1945 0.32% -
1944 0.59% -
1943 1.24% -
1942 0.56% -
1941 0.64% -
1940 0.13% -
1939 0.34% -
1938 0.38% -
1937 0.23% -
1936 0.17% -
1935 1.19% -
1934 -0.55% -
1933 0.02% -
1932 -1.77% -
1931 -1.12% -
1930 0.09% -
1929 -0.37% -
1928 0.12% -
1927 0.4% -
1926 0.72% -
1925 0.78% -
1924 1.2% -
1923 0.95% -
1922 -0.2% -
1921 3.55% -
1920 1.51% -
1919 2.9% -
1918 4.35% -
1917 3.89% -
1916 1.46% -
1915 0.06% -
1914 0.45% -
1913 0.79% -
1912 0.89% -
1911 1.24% -
1910 0.36% -
1909 0.31% -
1908 1.26% -
1907 1.13% -
1906 0.97% -
1905 1.41% -
1904 1.42% -
1903 0.55% -
1902 0.63% -
1901 1.11% -
1900 1.59% -
1899 1.15% -
1898 1.38% -
1897 0.86% -
1896 0.65% -
1895 0.32% -
1894 0.76% -
1893 1.14% -
1892 0.09% -
1891 0.46% -
1890 0.05% -
1889 0.59% -
1888 -1.64% -
1887 -1.63% -
1886 -0.53% -
1885 -0.47% -
1884 -0.1% -
1883 0.38% -
1882 0.18% -
1881 -2.33% -
1880 -2.39% -
1879 -0.55% -
1878 -0.85% -
1877 -2.53% -
1876 -5.28% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1876–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/philippines | CC BY

In 2025, New Zealand's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $10.2B, equivalent to 3.86% of GDP. This compares to the Philippines' deficit of $19.4B, or 3.97% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, New Zealand recorded a fiscal deficit in 37 of those years, while the Philippines ran a deficit in 49 years. On average, New Zealand posted an annual deficit equal to 1.25% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.03% of GDP for the Philippines.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
New Zealand

Philippines
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
New Zealand Philippines
2025 2.84% 1.66%
2024 2.92% 3.21%
2023 5.73% 5.98%
2022 7.17% 5.82%
2021 3.94% 3.93%
2020 1.71% 2.39%
2019 1.62% 2.39%
2018 1.6% 5.31%
2017 1.85% 2.85%
2016 0.65% 1.25%
2015 0.29% 0.67%
2014 1.23% 3.6%
2013 1.13% 2.58%
2012 1.06% 3.03%
2011 4.03% 4.72%
2010 2.3% 3.79%
2009 2.12% 4.22%
2008 3.96% 8.26%
2007 2.38% 2.9%
2006 3.37% 5.49%
2005 3.04% 6.52%
2004 2.29% 4.83%
2003 1.75% 2.29%
2002 2.68% 2.72%
2001 2.63% 5.35%
2000 2.62% 3.98%
1999 -0.11% 5.94%
1998 1.27% 9.23%
1997 1.19% 5.59%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/philippines | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, New Zealand has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.39%, compared with 4.16% in the Philippines. In 2025, inflation was 2.84% in New Zealand and 1.66% in the Philippines.

Top exports between countries

New Zealand
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $434M
Wood & paper products $38.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $22.7M
Chemicals & pharma $16.7M
Machinery & equipment $8.19M
Raw agricultural goods $7.26M
Government & miscellaneous services $5.7M
Transport & tourism services $4.7M
Business & finance services $4.1M
Metals $1.42M
Philippines
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $45M
Machinery & equipment $28.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $17.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.44M
Chemicals & pharma $4.18M
Animal & marine products $1.08M
Raw materials & minerals $941K
Metals $804K
Wood & paper products $500K
Weapons & explosives $356K

Balance of trade

New Zealand Philippines
Current account balance
-$9.56B
2025
-$16.3B
2025
Current account balance ranking
174/190
2025
181/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.62%
2025
-3.34%
2025
Goods imports
$48.2B
2025
$130B
2025
Goods exports
$47.2B
2025
$63.4B
2025
Service imports
$20.3B
2025
$38.2B
2025
Service exports
$19.5B
2025
$51.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
26%
2024
40.2%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
24.7%
2024
26.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

New Zealand Philippines
Economic freedom 77.8 62.9
Economic freedom ranking 13/197 85/197
Property rights 85.4 45.8
Government integrity 90 35.4
Judicial effectiveness 95.9 41.8
Tax burden 66.1 78.3
Government spending 48 81
Fiscal health 72.2 60.5
Business freedom 89.1 69.2
Labor freedom 68.6 57.8
Monetary freedom 77.4 72.1
Trade freedom 90.6 83
Investment freedom 70 70
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

New Zealand
Philippines
1x
Year Economic freedom index
New Zealand Philippines
2026 77.8 62.9
2025 78.1 60.6
2024 77.8 59
2023 78.9 59.3
2022 80.6 61.1
2021 83.9 64.1
2020 84.1 64.5
2019 84.4 63.8
2018 84.2 65
2017 83.7 65.6
2016 81.6 63.1
2015 82.1 62.2
2014 81.2 60.1
2013 81.4 58.2
2012 82.1 57.1
2011 82.3 56.2
2010 82.1 56.3
2009 82 56.8
2008 80.7 56
2007 81.4 56
2006 82 56.3
2005 82.3 54.7
2004 81.5 59.1
2003 81.1 61.3
2002 80.7 60.7
2001 81.1 60.9
2000 80.9 62.5
1999 81.7 61.9
1998 79.2 62.8
1997 79 62.2
1996 78.1 60.2
1995 - 55

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/philippines | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for New Zealand is 77.8, ranking 13/197, compared to 62.9 for the Philippines, ranking 85/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

New Zealand Philippines
Services, % of GDP
68.2%
2023
64.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
19.4%
2023
27%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.01%
2023
8.59%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$248B
2025
$567B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$53,600
2025
$14,460
2025
Total reserves including gold
$28.2B
2025
$111B
2025
Total reserves ranking
59/177
2025
28/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$3.58B
2025
-$6.19B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.76B
2024
$9.4B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$882M
2024
$2.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.45%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
15.5%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.1%
2024
22.1%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/new-zealand/philippines | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1876–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.