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Economy of Denmark vs Tanzania compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Denmark has a GDP of $425B compared to $78.8B for Tanzania, ranking 37/197 and 82/197 by economy size, respectively.

Denmark has $134B in government debt (31.5% of GDP), compared to $39.3B (49.9% of GDP) in Tanzania.

Denmark vs Tanzania GDP by year

Denmark
Tanzania
1x
Year GDP, current $
Denmark Tanzania
2024 $424,524,722,037 $78,844,405,385
2023 $404,651,706,118 $79,030,935,627
2022 $400,114,306,337 $75,749,121,843
2021 $406,110,162,088 $70,655,628,148
2020 $355,631,021,932 $66,068,737,786
2019 $345,401,473,013 $61,026,731,926
2018 $355,293,374,912 $57,003,712,892
2017 $331,610,593,962 $53,274,884,533
2016 $312,181,849,372 $49,774,409,374
2015 $301,758,922,338 $47,413,919,817
2014 $352,832,602,064 $49,986,726,461
2013 $344,631,016,965 $45,648,857,242
2012 $326,792,574,245 $39,650,394,363
2011 $344,315,595,263 $34,657,140,096
2010 $322,345,594,075 $32,012,892,919
2009 $322,619,152,195 $29,400,573,554
2008 $354,979,471,960 $27,947,821,398
2007 $320,213,157,595 $21,860,434,823
2006 $283,386,151,544 $18,619,859,795
2005 $265,150,087,712 $18,395,383,647
2004 $251,986,155,631 $16,673,062,473
2003 $218,421,193,436 $15,211,487,709
2002 $178,788,209,558 $14,129,651,896
2001 $164,881,594,415 $13,563,990,022
2000 $164,043,817,224 $13,371,767,082
1999 $177,887,720,536 $12,704,334,196
1998 $176,877,077,513 $12,172,790,056
1997 $173,241,365,735 $11,158,197,942
1996 $187,481,157,846 $9,433,528,150
1995 $184,848,481,008 $7,631,431,840
1994 $156,017,919,221 $6,550,480,484
1993 $143,111,306,004 $6,182,872,708
1992 $152,966,494,260 $6,681,997,469
1991 $139,180,507,778 $7,197,768,159
1990 $138,217,740,684 $6,184,384,225
1989 $112,312,200,761 $6,418,799,007
1988 $115,540,189,705 $7,406,614,407
1987 $109,183,446,340 $7,824,193,222
1986 $87,748,695,217 $10,840,864,521
1985 $62,452,421,011 $15,328,295,175
1984 $58,868,891,335 $12,906,635,133
1983 $60,331,158,447 $14,049,883,809
1982 $60,084,214,872 $13,927,383,240
1981 $61,459,941,461 $13,161,540,378
1980 $70,811,287,816 $11,409,228,087
1979 $70,393,030,603 $9,804,637,491
1978 $60,320,089,218 $9,261,675,710
1977 $49,711,709,588 $7,732,598,995
1976 $44,503,607,444 $6,472,511,988
1975 $40,418,967,666 $5,729,917,840
1974 $34,125,712,481 $4,977,337,978
1973 $30,718,181,337 $4,144,104,535
1972 $23,230,667,549 $3,472,787,266
1971 $19,086,192,720 $3,050,673,517
1970 $17,075,457,733 $2,851,419,386
1969 $15,414,902,667 $5,142,066,811
1968 $13,505,574,133 $4,895,251,824
1967 $13,059,064,806 $4,565,132,048
1966 $11,931,740,293 $4,377,998,825
1965 $10,870,670,865 $3,817,226,546
1964 $9,677,401,337 $3,748,840,925
1963 $8,466,044,980 $3,456,579,293
1962 $7,953,274,741 $3,101,589,993
1961 $7,058,361,229 $2,826,179,031
1960 $6,361,166,545 $2,651,729,807

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/tanzania | CC BY

GDP per capita in Denmark vs Tanzania by year

Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tanzania
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Denmark Tanzania
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $71,026 $81,878 $1,150 $4,221
2023 $68,044 $77,892 $1,186 $4,019
2022 $67,781 $78,914 $1,171 $3,800
2021 $69,341 $69,715 $1,125 $3,493
2020 $60,985 $62,682 $1,084 $3,291
2019 $59,404 $60,595 $1,031 $2,982
2018 $61,325 $57,234 $992 $2,728
2017 $57,522 $55,272 $957 $2,472
2016 $54,501 $51,821 $925 $2,435
2015 $53,094 $48,897 $911 $2,317
2014 $62,520 $47,880 $993 $2,221
2013 $61,378 $46,869 $935 $2,176
2012 $58,444 $44,755 $837 $2,083
2011 $61,810 $44,444 $753 $2,211
2010 $58,105 $43,038 $715 $2,069
2009 $58,413 $40,524 $674 $1,972
2008 $64,617 $41,467 $657 $1,908
2007 $58,632 $39,110 $528 $1,820
2006 $52,119 $37,392 $462 $1,707
2005 $48,926 $34,238 $469 $1,598
2004 $46,625 $33,016 $438 $1,482
2003 $40,519 $30,864 $410 $1,379
2002 $33,257 $30,667 $391 $1,302
2001 $30,768 $29,459 $385 $1,229
2000 $30,722 $28,648 $390 $1,164
1999 $33,426 $26,642 $382 $1,120
1998 $33,346 $25,799 $375 $1,082
1997 $32,780 $24,887 $353 $1,059
1996 $35,622 $23,723 $305 $1,026
1995 $35,321 $22,677 $251.2 $981
1994 $29,968 $21,669 $222.5 $958
1993 $27,582 $20,217 $218.2 $959
1992 $29,579 $19,830 $243.4 $955
1991 $27,003 $19,067 $268.8 $952
1990 $26,886 $18,225 $236.9 $925
1989 $21,882 - $252.3 -
1988 $22,525 - $299 -
1987 $21,296 - $326 -
1986 $17,137 - $466 -
1985 $12,213 - $681 -
1984 $11,517 - $593 -
1983 $11,797 - $667 -
1982 $11,740 - $683 -
1981 $12,000 - $665 -
1980 $13,822 - $595 -
1979 $13,757 - $527 -
1978 $11,818 - $515 -
1977 $9,770 - $446 -
1976 $8,773 - $387 -
1975 $7,988 - $355 -
1974 $6,764 - $320 -
1973 $6,117 - $276.1 -
1972 $4,654 - $239.8 -
1971 $3,846 - $218.4 -
1970 $3,464 - $211.3 -
1969 $3,151 - $394 -
1968 $2,776 - $388 -
1967 $2,701 - $374 -
1966 $2,487 - $370 -
1965 $2,284 - $333 -
1964 $2,049 - $337 -
1963 $1,807 - $320 -
1962 $1,711 - $295.7 -
1961 $1,531 - $277.4 -
1960 $1,389 - $267.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/tanzania | CC BY

Denmark's GDP per capita is $71,026, ranking 12/197, compared to $1,150 in Tanzania, ranking 170/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878, while Tanzania ranks 165th at $4,221.

Economic indicators

Denmark Tanzania
Gross domestic product
$425B
2024
$78.8B
2024
GDP rank
37/197
2024
82/197
2024
GDP growth
3.48%
2023-2024
5.53%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$71,026
2024
$1,150
2024
GDP per capita rank
12/197
2024
170/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$81,878
2024
$4,221
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
14/197
2024
165/197
2024
Government debt
$134B
2024
$39.3B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
31.5%
2024
49.9%
2024
Government debt per person
$22,340
2024
$573
2024
Government debt per person rank
30/185
2024
160/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$53,468
2026
$2,309
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$151B
2004
$7.32B
2024
Number of millionaires
376,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
9
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2023
33.1%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
2.9%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.3%
2024
19.1%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.37%
2023-2024
3.06%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.6%
2025
6%
2024
Unemployment rate
6.15%
2024
2.43%
2024
Population
6032403
73145892

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Denmark
Spending

Debt
Tanzania
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Denmark Tanzania
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 47.3% 31.5% 19.1% 49.9%
2023 47.4% 33.8% 19% 47.8%
2022 45.1% 34.2% 19.1% 44.9%
2021 49.7% 40.7% 18.4% 43.4%
2020 53.3% 46.3% 17.4% 41.3%
2019 49.8% 38.3% 17.3% 40.4%
2018 50.8% 38.5% 17.3% 42%
2017 50.6% 40.2% 16.4% 40.1%
2016 52.4% 41.7% 16.9% 39.8%
2015 54.4% 44.6% 17.2% 39.5%
2014 55.1% 48.7% 17.3% 36.4%
2013 55.6% 47.8% 18.8% 32.7%
2012 57.9% 48.7% 19.6% 30%
2011 56.3% 50% 19% 28.4%
2010 56.5% 46.1% 19.8% 27.6%
2009 56.3% 43% 19.6% 23.9%
2008 50.3% 35.5% 18.1% 21.6%
2007 49.5% 29.5% 17.8% 23.8%
2006 49.7% 33.2% 17.6% 17.4%
2005 51.1% 39.4% 18.3% 25.4%
2004 52.8% 46.2% 17% 44.5%
2003 53.5% 48.2% 15.4% 44.4%
2002 53.1% 50.3% 13.6% 47.4%
2001 53% 50.1% 12.4% 50.8%
2000 52.9% 53.6% 12.3% 55.4%
1999 54.7% 56.8% 12.8% 62.9%
1998 55.6% 60.3% 11.4% 62.2%
1997 56.2% 64.4% 12.8% 73.4%
1996 58.2% 68.3% 13.4% 89.6%
1995 58.7% 71.5% 15.6% 111.1%
1994 59.5% 75.3% 16.8% 126%
1993 59.5% 78.7% 16.4% 129.2%
1992 56.4% 66.7% 17.6% 117.6%
1991 55.5% 63.2% 14.2% 106.5%
1990 55.1% 62.4% - -
1989 56.2% 62.2% - -
1988 56.1% 64.7% - -
1987 54% 62.5% - -
1986 52.3% 66.8% - -
1985 55.5% 74.7% - -
1984 56.6% 77.7% - -
1983 57.9% 74.2% - -
1982 57.7% 64.5% - -
1981 56.3% 51.7% - -
1980 52.7% 39.2% - -
1979 49.6% 31.8% - -
1978 47.2% 25.5% - -
1977 45.6% 15.2% - -
1976 45% 11.4% - -
1975 45.3% 7.01% - -
1974 43.6% 6.2% - -
1973 39.5% 8.94% - -
1972 42.1% 11.5% - -
1971 42.2% 12.9% - -
1970 24.4% 7.62% - -
1969 25.3% 8.36% - -
1968 24.3% 9.36% - -
1967 22.2% 10.1% - -
1966 21.1% 11.2% - -
1965 17.1% 12.9% - -
1964 17.6% 14.5% - -
1963 18.2% 13.7% - -
1962 17% 15.3% - -
1961 15.6% 16.4% - -
1960 16.4% 20.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/tanzania | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government spending was $201B, accounting for 47.3% of its GDP, while Tanzania spent $15.1B, or 19.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 31.5% in Denmark and 49.9% in Tanzania, ranking 155/185 and 109/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Denmark

Tanzania
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Denmark Tanzania
2024 4.46% -3.03%
2023 3.43% -3.67%
2022 3.39% -3.92%
2021 4.12% -3.55%
2020 0.36% -2.56%
2019 4.28% -2.06%
2018 0.81% -2.01%
2017 1.69% -1.14%
2016 0.3% -2.08%
2015 -0.9% -3.17%
2014 1.43% -2.91%
2013 -0.94% -3.76%
2012 -3.2% -4%
2011 -1.77% -3.51%
2010 -2.52% -4.74%
2009 -2.75% -4.46%
2008 3.46% -1.92%
2007 5.31% -1.44%
2006 5.29% -3.38%
2005 5.2% -3.28%
2004 2.23% -2.43%
2003 0.14% -1.77%
2002 0.25% -0.73%
2001 1.13% -0.41%
2000 1.79% -0.73%
1999 1.06% -1.14%
1998 -0.28% 0.13%
1997 -1.22% -0.03%
1996 -2.4% 1.57%
1995 -3.5% -2.12%
1994 -3.85% -3.74%
1993 -3.73% -2.02%
1992 -2.6% -4.96%
1991 -3.15% 0.6%
1990 -1.78% -
1989 0.3% -
1988 1.46% -
1987 2.46% -
1986 3.23% -
1985 -1.38% -
1984 -3.58% -
1983 -6.29% -
1982 -8.22% -
1981 -5.84% -
1980 -2.32% -
1979 -0.69% -
1978 0.41% -
1977 0.37% -
1976 0.19% -
1975 -1.23% -
1974 3.7% -
1973 4.97% -
1972 5.01% -
1971 4.96% -
1970 0.7% -
1969 0.3% -
1968 -0.06% -
1967 1.49% -
1966 0.99% -
1965 2.13% -
1964 1.79% -
1963 1.2% -
1962 -0.09% -
1961 1.73% -
1960 1.25% -
1959 0.79% -
1958 0.25% -
1957 0.26% -
1956 -0.01% -
1955 -1.17% -
1954 -0.84% -
1953 1.75% -
1952 1.18% -
1951 0.79% -
1950 1.08% -
1949 0.63% -
1948 1.07% -
1947 0.84% -
1946 2.69% -
1945 -1.03% -
1944 0% -
1943 0% -
1942 0% -
1941 0% -
1940 0% -
1939 0% -
1938 0.03% -
1937 0.22% -
1936 -1.36% -
1935 -0.97% -
1934 0.03% -
1933 1.69% -
1932 -3.22% -
1931 -1.67% -
1930 0.03% -
1929 0.13% -
1928 -4.99% -
1927 -2.33% -
1926 -0.48% -
1925 -3.1% -
1924 -0.8% -
1923 -0.56% -
1922 -1.33% -
1921 -2.41% -
1920 -0.46% -
1919 -0.38% -
1918 1.95% -
1917 3.1% -
1916 1.51% -
1915 -0.48% -
1914 0.43% -
1913 0.07% -
1912 0.13% -
1911 -1.02% -
1910 -1.72% -
1909 -2.49% -
1908 -0.82% -
1907 0.26% -
1906 -0.42% -
1905 0.22% -
1904 -0.1% -
1903 0.03% -
1902 -0.06% -
1901 -0.71% -
1900 -0.84% -
1899 -0.59% -
1898 -0.43% -
1897 -0.61% -
1896 -0.07% -
1895 -0.17% -
1894 -0.26% -
1893 -0.42% -
1892 -0.73% -
1891 -0.76% -
1890 -0.97% -
1889 -0.55% -
1888 -0.49% -
1887 -0.68% -
1886 -0.39% -
1885 0.48% -
1884 1.2% -
1883 0.73% -
1882 0.35% -
1881 0.42% -
1880 -2.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/tanzania | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $18.9B, equivalent to 4.46% of GDP. This compares to Tanzania's deficit of $2.39B, or 3.03% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Denmark recorded a fiscal deficit in 14 of those years, while Tanzania ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, Denmark posted an annual surplus equal to 0.51% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.3% of GDP for Tanzania.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Denmark

Tanzania
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Denmark Tanzania
2024 1.37% 3.06%
2023 3.31% 3.8%
2022 7.7% 4.35%
2021 1.85% 3.69%
2020 0.42% 3.29%
2019 0.76% 3.46%
2018 0.81% 3.49%
2017 1.15% 5.32%
2016 0.25% 5.17%
2015 0.45% 5.59%
2014 0.56% 6.13%
2013 0.79% 7.87%
2012 2.4% 16%
2011 2.76% 12.7%
2010 2.31% 6.2%
2009 1.3% 12.1%
2008 3.42% 10.3%
2007 1.69% 7.03%
2006 1.92% 7.25%
2005 1.82% 5.03%
2004 1.15% 4.74%
2003 2.08% 5.3%
2002 2.42% 5.32%
2001 2.34% 5.15%
2000 2.9% 5.92%
1999 2.5% 7.89%
1998 1.85% 12.8%
1997 2.18% 16.1%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/tanzania | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Denmark has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.95%, compared with 6.97% in Tanzania. In 2024, inflation was 1.37% in Denmark and 3.06% in Tanzania.

Top exports between countries

Denmark
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $13M
Animal & marine products $3.35M
Chemicals & pharma $2.15M
Raw agricultural goods $704K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $607K
Metals $321K
Textiles & consumer goods $318K
Raw materials & minerals $256K
Miscellaneous $79K
Wood & paper products $11K
Tanzania
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $3.08M
Animal & marine products $817K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $650K
Machinery & equipment $41K
Textiles & consumer goods $17K
Precious metals & jewellery $13K
Chemicals & pharma $3K
Wood & paper products $3K
Miscellaneous $1K
Raw materials & minerals $1K

Balance of trade

Denmark Tanzania
Current account balance
$52.1B
2024
-$2.38B
2024
Current account balance ranking
14/190
2024
147/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+12.3%
2024
-3.02%
2024
Goods imports
$132B
2024
$14.2B
2024
Goods exports
$172B
2024
$9.12B
2024
Service imports
$125B
2024
$2.8B
2024
Service exports
$129B
2024
$6.85B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
60.8%
2024
21.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
71%
2024
19.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Denmark Tanzania
Economic freedom 79 59
Economic freedom ranking 8/197 106/197
Property rights 99.9 45.2
Government integrity 98 40.9
Judicial effectiveness 89.3 29.6
Tax burden 43.4 80.4
Government spending 34.8 89.1
Fiscal health 98 75
Business freedom 90.4 48.1
Labor freedom 65 62.3
Monetary freedom 80.1 73.4
Trade freedom 79.4 58.8
Investment freedom 90 55
Financial freedom 80 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Denmark
Tanzania
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Denmark Tanzania
2026 79 59
2025 79.1 59.3
2024 77.8 59.1
2023 77.6 60
2022 78 59.5
2021 77.8 61.3
2020 78.3 61.7
2019 76.7 60.2
2018 76.6 59.9
2017 75.1 58.6
2016 75.3 58.5
2015 76.3 57.5
2014 76.1 57.8
2013 76.1 57.9
2012 76.2 57
2011 78.6 57
2010 77.9 58.3
2009 79.6 58.3
2008 79.2 56.5
2007 77 56.8
2006 75.4 58.5
2005 75.3 56.3
2004 72.4 60.1
2003 73.2 56.9
2002 71.1 58.3
2001 68.3 54.9
2000 68.3 56
1999 68.1 60
1998 67.5 59.6
1997 67.5 59.3
1996 67.3 57.5
1995 - 57.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/tanzania | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Denmark is 79, ranking 8/197, compared to 59 for Tanzania, ranking 106/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Denmark Tanzania
Services, % of GDP
63.5%
2024
29.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.1%
2024
28.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.93%
2024
23.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$434B
2024
$80.2B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$84,680
2024
$4,130
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
$5.05B
2018
Total reserves ranking
25/177
2024
101/177
2018
Net foreign direct investment
$11.9B
2024
-$1.72B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.5B
2024
$1.72B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30.7B
2024
$0
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
2.57%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2021
26.4%
2018
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
39.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/tanzania | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.