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Economy of Denmark vs Egypt compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Denmark has a GDP of $463B compared to $365B for Egypt, ranking 36/197 and 43/197 by economy size, respectively.

Denmark has $127B in government debt (27.5% of GDP), compared to $317B (86.8% of GDP) in Egypt.

Denmark vs Egypt GDP by year

Denmark
Egypt
1x
Year GDP, current $
Denmark Egypt
2025 $462,526,660,468 $365,254,630,180
2024 $424,524,722,037 $389,059,910,593
2023 $404,651,706,118 $395,926,071,448
2022 $400,114,306,337 $476,747,720,365
2021 $406,110,162,088 $424,671,765,456
2020 $355,631,021,932 $383,817,841,547
2019 $345,401,473,013 $318,678,815,490
2018 $355,293,374,912 $262,588,632,527
2017 $331,610,593,962 $248,362,771,739
2016 $312,181,849,372 $332,441,717,791
2015 $301,758,922,338 $329,366,576,819
2014 $352,832,602,064 $305,595,408,895
2013 $344,631,016,965 $288,434,108,527
2012 $326,792,574,245 $279,116,666,667
2011 $344,315,595,263 $235,989,672,978
2010 $322,345,594,075 $218,983,666,062
2009 $322,619,152,195 $189,147,005,445
2008 $354,979,471,960 $162,818,181,818
2007 $320,213,157,595 $130,437,828,371
2006 $283,386,151,544 $107,426,086,957
2005 $265,150,087,712 $89,660,339,660
2004 $251,986,155,631 $78,782,467,532
2003 $218,421,193,436 $80,288,461,538
2002 $178,788,209,558 $85,146,067,416
2001 $164,881,594,415 $96,684,636,119
2000 $164,043,817,224 $99,838,543,960
1999 $177,887,720,536 $90,710,704,807
1998 $176,877,077,513 $84,828,807,556
1997 $173,241,365,735 $78,436,578,171
1996 $187,481,157,846 $67,629,716,981
1995 $184,848,481,008 $60,159,245,060
1994 $156,017,919,221 $51,897,983,393
1993 $143,111,306,004 $46,578,631,453
1992 $152,966,494,260 $41,855,986,519
1991 $139,180,507,778 $37,387,836,491
1990 $138,217,740,684 $42,978,914,311
1989 $112,312,200,761 $39,756,299,050
1988 $115,540,189,705 $34,980,124,929
1987 $109,183,446,340 $40,455,616,654
1986 $87,748,695,217 $41,253,507,951
1985 $62,452,421,011 $39,053,502,251
1984 $58,868,891,335 $33,971,188,992
1983 $60,331,158,447 $30,966,239,814
1982 $60,084,214,872 $27,655,172,414
1981 $61,459,941,461 $22,136,081,081
1980 $70,811,287,816 $21,669,908,176
1979 $70,393,030,603 $18,020,571,429
1978 $60,320,089,218 $14,811,704,063
1977 $49,711,709,588 $14,400,806,876
1976 $44,503,607,444 $13,315,988,083
1975 $40,418,967,666 $11,632,178,869
1974 $34,125,712,481 $9,228,963,225
1973 $30,718,181,337 $10,098,534,613
1972 $23,230,667,549 $9,299,638,056
1971 $19,086,192,720 $8,609,283,346
1970 $17,075,457,733 $8,042,200,452
1969 $15,414,902,667 $6,524,455,206
1968 $13,505,574,133 $5,932,242,991
1967 $13,059,064,806 $5,605,484,299
1966 $11,931,740,293 $5,278,005,612
1965 $10,870,670,865 $4,948,667,540
1964 $9,677,401,337 $4,709,245,762
1963 $8,466,044,980 $4,187,146,232
1962 $7,953,274,741 $4,035,462,027
1961 $7,058,361,229 $4,494,575,611
1960 $6,361,166,545 $4,206,270,352

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/egypt | CC BY

GDP per capita in Denmark vs Egypt by year

Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Egypt
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Denmark Egypt
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $76,970 - $3,086 -
2024 $71,026 $81,878 $3,338 $19,094
2023 $68,044 $77,892 $3,457 $18,525
2022 $67,781 $78,914 $4,233 $17,527
2021 $69,341 $69,715 $3,827 $15,579
2020 $60,985 $62,682 $3,511 $15,232
2019 $59,404 $60,595 $2,963 $13,364
2018 $61,325 $57,234 $2,485 $12,329
2017 $57,522 $55,272 $2,395 $11,125
2016 $54,501 $51,821 $3,271 $10,666
2015 $53,094 $48,897 $3,307 $10,903
2014 $62,520 $47,880 $3,133 $10,256
2013 $61,378 $46,869 $3,026 $10,511
2012 $58,444 $44,755 $2,996 $10,342
2011 $61,810 $44,444 $2,591 $8,988
2010 $58,105 $43,038 $2,455 $8,838
2009 $58,413 $40,524 $2,162 $8,465
2008 $64,617 $41,467 $1,896 $8,191
2007 $58,632 $39,110 $1,548 $7,641
2006 $52,119 $37,392 $1,299 $7,079
2005 $48,926 $34,238 $1,106 $6,554
2004 $46,625 $33,016 $991 $6,207
2003 $40,519 $30,864 $1,031 $5,928
2002 $33,257 $30,667 $1,117 $5,753
2001 $30,768 $29,459 $1,295 $5,650
2000 $30,722 $28,648 $1,366 $5,452
1999 $33,426 $26,642 $1,268 $5,121
1998 $33,346 $25,799 $1,213 $4,869
1997 $32,780 $24,887 $1,146 $4,661
1996 $35,622 $23,723 $1,009 $4,434
1995 $35,321 $22,677 $916 $4,235
1994 $29,968 $21,669 $807 $4,048
1993 $27,582 $20,217 $740 $3,895
1992 $29,579 $19,830 $681 $3,784
1991 $27,003 $19,067 $623 $3,627
1990 $26,886 $18,225 $736 $3,566
1989 $21,882 - $701 -
1988 $22,525 - $634 -
1987 $21,296 - $754 -
1986 $17,137 - $790 -
1985 $12,213 - $770 -
1984 $11,517 - $690 -
1983 $11,797 - $648 -
1982 $11,740 - $596 -
1981 $12,000 - $490 -
1980 $13,822 - $493 -
1979 $13,757 - $421 -
1978 $11,818 - $355 -
1977 $9,770 - $353 -
1976 $8,773 - $335 -
1975 $7,988 - $299.2 -
1974 $6,764 - $243.1 -
1973 $6,117 - $272.2 -
1972 $4,654 - $256.5 -
1971 $3,846 - $243 -
1970 $3,464 - $232.3 -
1969 $3,151 - $193 -
1968 $2,776 - $179.8 -
1967 $2,701 - $174.1 -
1966 $2,487 - $168.1 -
1965 $2,284 - $161.6 -
1964 $2,049 - $157.7 -
1963 $1,807 - $143.9 -
1962 $1,711 - $142.4 -
1961 $1,531 - $162.8 -
1960 $1,389 - $156.4 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/egypt | CC BY

Denmark's GDP per capita is $76,970, ranking 11/197, compared to $3,086 in Egypt, ranking 143/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878, while Egypt ranks 99th at $19,094.

Economic indicators

Denmark Egypt
Gross domestic product
$463B
2025
$365B
2025
GDP rank
36/197
2025
43/197
2025
GDP growth
2.93%
2024-2025
4.39%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$76,970
2025
$3,086
2025
GDP per capita rank
11/197
2025
143/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$81,878
2024
$19,094
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
14/197
2024
99/197
2024
Government debt
$127B
2025
$317B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
27.5%
2025
86.8%
2025
Government debt per person
$21,192
2025
$2,679
2025
Government debt per person rank
32/185
2025
110/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$52,602
2026
$1,841
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$151B
2004
$62.9B
2025
Number of millionaires
376,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
9
2026
5
2026
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2023
24.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
4.2%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.6%
2025
22.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.89%
2024-2025
14.1%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
1.6%
2025
19%
2026
Unemployment rate
6.4%
2025
5.95%
2024
Population
6042125
121012163

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Denmark
Spending

Debt
Egypt
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Denmark Egypt
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 47.6% 27.5% 22.7% 86.8%
2024 47.3% 30.5% 22.9% 90.9%
2023 47.4% 33% 22.7% 95.9%
2022 45.1% 33.3% 24.9% 88.5%
2021 49.7% 39.6% 25.5% 89.9%
2020 53.3% 45.2% 25.7% 86.2%
2019 49.8% 38.3% 26.9% 80.1%
2018 50.8% 38.5% 28.6% 87.9%
2017 50.6% 40.2% 30.6% 97.8%
2016 52.4% 41.7% 31% 91.6%
2015 54.4% 44.6% 31.3% 83.8%
2014 55.1% 48.7% 33.9% 80.9%
2013 55.6% 47.8% 32.9% 79.8%
2012 57.9% 48.7% 29.2% 69.9%
2011 56.3% 50% 30.5% 72.8%
2010 56.5% 46.1% 31.4% 69.6%
2009 56.3% 43% 32.5% 69.5%
2008 50.3% 35.5% 32.7% 66.8%
2007 49.5% 29.5% 31.3% 76.3%
2006 49.7% 33.2% 34.5% 85.9%
2005 51.1% 39.4% 30.3% 98.3%
2004 52.8% 46.2% 30.1% 96.5%
2003 53.5% 48.2% 30.6% 97.1%
2002 53.1% 50.3% 30.9% 85.8%
2001 53% 50.1% 27.9% 79.1%
2000 52.9% 53.6% 26% 71.7%
1999 54.7% 56.8% 26.3% 72.4%
1998 55.6% 60.3% - 73.8%
1997 56.2% 64.4% - -
1996 58.2% 68.3% - -
1995 58.7% 71.5% - -
1994 59.5% 75.3% - -
1993 59.5% 78.7% - -
1992 56.4% 66.7% - -
1991 55.5% 63.2% - -
1990 55.1% 62.4% - -
1989 56.2% 62.2% - -
1988 56.1% 64.7% - -
1987 54% 62.5% - -
1986 52.3% 66.8% - -
1985 55.5% 74.7% - -
1984 56.6% 77.7% - -
1983 57.9% 74.2% - -
1982 57.7% 64.5% - -
1981 56.3% 51.7% - -
1980 52.7% 39.2% - -
1979 49.6% 31.8% - -
1978 47.2% 25.5% - -
1977 45.6% 15.2% - -
1976 45% 11.4% - -
1975 45.3% 7.01% - -
1974 43.6% 6.2% - -
1973 39.5% 8.94% - -
1972 42.1% 11.5% - -
1971 42.2% 12.9% - -
1970 24.4% 7.62% - -
1969 25.3% 8.36% - -
1968 24.3% 9.36% - -
1967 22.2% 10.1% - -
1966 21.1% 11.2% - -
1965 17.1% 12.9% - -
1964 17.6% 14.5% - -
1963 18.2% 13.7% - -
1962 17% 15.3% - -
1961 15.6% 16.4% - -
1960 16.4% 20.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1991, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/egypt | CC BY

In 2025, Denmark's government spending was $220B, accounting for 47.6% of its GDP, while Egypt spent $82.8B, or 22.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 27.5% in Denmark and 86.8% in Egypt, ranking 161/185 and 33/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Denmark

Egypt
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Denmark Egypt
2025 2.85% -6.55%
2024 4.46% -7.12%
2023 3.43% -5.77%
2022 3.39% -5.74%
2021 4.08% -6.96%
2020 0.36% -7.47%
2019 4.28% -7.6%
2018 0.81% -8.97%
2017 1.69% -9.9%
2016 0.3% -11.8%
2015 -0.9% -10.4%
2014 1.43% -10.7%
2013 -0.94% -12.3%
2012 -3.2% -9.47%
2011 -1.77% -9.6%
2010 -2.52% -7.45%
2009 -2.75% -6.2%
2008 3.46% -6.05%
2007 5.31% -4.9%
2006 5.29% -7.35%
2005 5.2% -6.69%
2004 2.23% -5.76%
2003 0.14% -5.73%
2002 0.25% -6.77%
2001 1.13% -1.07%
2000 1.79% 1.32%
1999 1.06% 2.14%
1998 -0.28% -
1997 -1.22% -
1996 -2.4% -
1995 -3.5% -
1994 -3.85% -
1993 -3.73% -
1992 -2.6% -
1991 -3.15% -
1990 -1.78% -
1989 0.3% -
1988 1.46% -
1987 2.46% -
1986 3.23% -
1985 -1.38% -
1984 -3.58% -
1983 -6.29% -
1982 -8.22% -
1981 -5.84% -
1980 -2.32% -
1979 -0.69% -
1978 0.41% -
1977 0.37% -
1976 0.19% -
1975 -1.23% -
1974 3.7% -
1973 4.97% -
1972 5.01% -
1971 4.96% -
1970 0.7% -
1969 0.3% -
1968 -0.06% -
1967 1.49% -
1966 0.99% -
1965 2.13% -
1964 1.79% -
1963 1.2% -
1962 -0.09% -
1961 1.73% -
1960 1.25% -
1959 0.79% -
1958 0.25% -
1957 0.26% -
1956 -0.01% -
1955 -1.17% -
1954 -0.84% -
1953 1.75% -
1952 1.18% -
1951 0.79% -
1950 1.08% -
1949 0.63% -
1948 1.07% -
1947 0.84% -
1946 2.69% -
1945 -1.03% -
1944 0% -
1943 0% -
1942 0% -
1941 0% -
1940 0% -
1939 0% -
1938 0.03% -
1937 0.22% -
1936 -1.36% -
1935 -0.97% -
1934 0.03% -
1933 1.69% -
1932 -3.22% -
1931 -1.67% -
1930 0.03% -
1929 0.13% -
1928 -4.99% -
1927 -2.33% -
1926 -0.48% -
1925 -3.1% -
1924 -0.8% -
1923 -0.56% -
1922 -1.33% -
1921 -2.41% -
1920 -0.46% -
1919 -0.38% -
1918 1.95% -
1917 3.1% -
1916 1.51% -
1915 -0.48% -
1914 0.43% -
1913 0.07% -
1912 0.13% -
1911 -1.02% -
1910 -1.72% -
1909 -2.49% -
1908 -0.82% -
1907 0.26% -
1906 -0.42% -
1905 0.22% -
1904 -0.1% -
1903 0.03% -
1902 -0.06% -
1901 -0.71% -
1900 -0.84% -
1899 -0.59% -
1898 -0.43% -
1897 -0.61% -
1896 -0.07% -
1895 -0.17% -
1894 -0.26% -
1893 -0.42% -
1892 -0.73% -
1891 -0.76% -
1890 -0.97% -
1889 -0.55% -
1888 -0.49% -
1887 -0.68% -
1886 -0.39% -
1885 0.48% -
1884 1.2% -
1883 0.73% -
1882 0.35% -
1881 0.42% -
1880 -2.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/egypt | CC BY

In 2025, Denmark's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $13.2B, equivalent to 2.85% of GDP. This compares to Egypt's deficit of $23.9B, or 6.55% of GDP.

Over the past 27 years, Denmark recorded a fiscal deficit in 6 of those years, while Egypt ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, Denmark posted an annual surplus equal to 1.51% of GDP, compared to deficit of 6.85% of GDP for Egypt.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Denmark

Egypt
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Denmark Egypt
2025 1.89% 14.1%
2024 1.37% 28.3%
2023 3.31% 33.9%
2022 7.7% 13.9%
2021 1.85% 5.21%
2020 0.42% 5.04%
2019 0.76% 9.15%
2018 0.81% 14.4%
2017 1.15% 29.5%
2016 0.25% 13.8%
2015 0.45% 10.4%
2014 0.56% 10.1%
2013 0.79% 9.47%
2012 2.4% 7.11%
2011 2.76% 10.1%
2010 2.31% 11.3%
2009 1.3% 11.8%
2008 3.42% 18.3%
2007 1.69% 9.32%
2006 1.92% 7.64%
2005 1.82% 4.87%
2004 1.15% 11.3%
2003 2.08% 4.51%
2002 2.42% 2.74%
2001 2.34% 2.27%
2000 2.9% 2.68%
1999 2.5% 3.08%
1998 1.85% 3.87%
1997 2.18% 4.63%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/egypt | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Denmark has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.94%, compared with 10.8% in Egypt. In 2025, inflation was 1.89% in Denmark and 14.1% in Egypt.

Top exports between countries

Denmark
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $413M
Machinery & equipment $91.4M
Chemicals & pharma $60.9M
Business & finance services $21M
Manufacturing & construction services $20.3M
Animal & marine products $20M
IT & IP services $13.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7.65M
Raw agricultural goods $7.01M
Metals $3.88M
Egypt
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $25.3M
Machinery & equipment $24.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $17.3M
Raw agricultural goods $11.8M
Raw materials & minerals $3.16M
Chemicals & pharma $1.14M
Metals $739K
Wood & paper products $39K
Miscellaneous $5K
Animal & marine products $1K

Balance of trade

Denmark Egypt
Current account balance
$51.8B
2024
-$13.9B
2025
Current account balance ranking
13/190
2024
178/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+12.2%
2024
-3.82%
2025
Goods imports
$132B
2024
$85.5B
2025
Goods exports
$172B
2024
$42.4B
2025
Service imports
$125B
2024
$29.6B
2025
Service exports
$129B
2024
$34.1B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
59.1%
2025
31.5%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
70.1%
2025
19.8%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Denmark Egypt
Economic freedom 79 50.3
Economic freedom ranking 8/197 160/197
Property rights 99.9 35.5
Government integrity 98 27.1
Judicial effectiveness 89.3 24
Tax burden 43.4 85.7
Government spending 34.8 83.4
Fiscal health 98 21.8
Business freedom 90.4 51.4
Labor freedom 65 43.1
Monetary freedom 80.1 56
Trade freedom 79.4 60.2
Investment freedom 90 65
Financial freedom 80 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Denmark
Egypt
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Denmark Egypt
2026 79 50.3
2025 79.1 50.9
2024 77.8 49.7
2023 77.6 49.6
2022 78 49.1
2021 77.8 55.7
2020 78.3 54
2019 76.7 52.5
2018 76.6 53.4
2017 75.1 52.6
2016 75.3 56
2015 76.3 55.2
2014 76.1 52.9
2013 76.1 54.8
2012 76.2 57.9
2011 78.6 59.1
2010 77.9 59
2009 79.6 58
2008 79.2 58.5
2007 77 54.4
2006 75.4 53.2
2005 75.3 55.8
2004 72.4 55.5
2003 73.2 55.3
2002 71.1 54.1
2001 68.3 51.5
2000 68.3 51.7
1999 68.1 58
1998 67.5 55.8
1997 67.5 54.5
1996 67.3 52
1995 - 45.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/egypt | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Denmark is 79, ranking 8/197, compared to 50.3 for Egypt, ranking 160/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Denmark Egypt
Services, % of GDP
62.7%
2025
47.3%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
24.8%
2025
32.1%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.17%
2025
16.6%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$464B
2025
$386B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$85,460
2025
$19,330
2025
Total reserves including gold
$128B
2025
$48.9B
2025
Total reserves ranking
24/177
2025
49/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$12.5B
2024
-$14.8B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.2B
2024
$46.6B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30.7B
2024
$508M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
8.86%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2021
33.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.1%
2025
12.9%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/egypt | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1991, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.