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Economy of Cambodia vs Denmark compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Cambodia has a GDP of $46.4B compared to $425B for Denmark, ranking 97/197 and 37/197 by economy size, respectively.

Cambodia has $12B in government debt (25.9% of GDP), compared to $134B (31.5% of GDP) in Denmark.

Cambodia vs Denmark GDP by year

Cambodia
Denmark
1x
Year GDP, current $
Cambodia Denmark
2024 $46,352,647,037 $424,524,722,037
2023 $42,335,646,896 $404,651,706,118
2022 $39,994,532,960 $400,114,306,337
2021 $36,790,163,687 $406,110,162,088
2020 $34,818,073,901 $355,631,021,932
2019 $36,685,356,408 $345,401,473,013
2018 $33,145,892,169 $355,293,374,912
2017 $29,355,665,910 $331,610,593,962
2016 $26,556,545,153 $312,181,849,372
2015 $24,174,170,369 $301,758,922,338
2014 $22,041,463,968 $352,832,602,064
2013 $19,807,135,253 $344,631,016,965
2012 $17,826,536,700 $326,792,574,245
2011 $16,032,622,024 $344,315,595,263
2010 $13,808,673,288 $322,345,594,075
2009 $12,502,901,170 $322,619,152,195
2008 $12,174,303,999 $354,979,471,960
2007 $10,127,916,460 $320,213,157,595
2006 $8,350,531,017 $283,386,151,544
2005 $7,066,296,463 $265,150,087,712
2004 $5,883,297,160 $251,986,155,631
2003 $5,046,693,484 $218,421,193,436
2002 $4,501,227,627 $178,788,209,558
2001 $4,145,665,970 $164,881,594,415
2000 $3,694,168,979 $164,043,817,224
1999 $3,517,242,477 $177,887,720,536
1998 $3,120,425,503 $176,877,077,513
1997 $3,443,413,389 $173,241,365,735
1996 $3,506,695,720 $187,481,157,846
1995 $3,441,205,693 $184,848,481,008
1994 $2,791,435,272 $156,017,919,221
1993 $2,533,727,592 $143,111,306,004
1992 $2,491,486,594 $152,966,494,260
1991 $2,054,974,089 $139,180,507,778
1990 $1,402,541,177 $138,217,740,684
1989 $1,353,137,648 $112,312,200,761
1988 $1,662,877,859 $115,540,189,705
1987 $1,036,974,910 $109,183,446,340
1986 $1,167,630,318 $87,748,695,217
1985 $1,102,669,184 $62,452,421,011
1984 $1,021,176,059 $58,868,891,335
1983 $939,291,262 $60,331,158,447
1982 $865,516,040 $60,084,214,872
1981 $815,153,652 $61,459,941,461
1980 $744,384,130 $70,811,287,816
1979 $723,738,503 $70,393,030,603
1978 $766,642,356 $60,320,089,218
1977 $716,261,764 $49,711,709,588
1976 $790,357,255 $44,503,607,444
1975 $749,129,748 $40,418,967,666
1974 - $34,125,712,481
1973 - $30,718,181,337
1972 - $23,230,667,549
1971 - $19,086,192,720
1970 - $17,075,457,733
1969 - $15,414,902,667
1968 - $13,505,574,133
1967 - $13,059,064,806
1966 - $11,931,740,293
1965 - $10,870,670,865
1964 - $9,677,401,337
1963 - $8,466,044,980
1962 - $7,953,274,741
1961 - $7,058,361,229
1960 - $6,361,166,545

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/denmark | CC BY

GDP per capita in Cambodia vs Denmark by year

Cambodia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Cambodia Denmark
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,628 $7,967 $71,026 $81,878
2023 $2,430 $7,431 $68,044 $77,892
2022 $2,325 $6,919 $67,781 $78,914
2021 $2,167 $6,226 $69,341 $69,715
2020 $2,082 $5,942 $60,985 $62,682
2019 $2,226 $6,154 $59,404 $60,595
2018 $2,037 $5,617 $61,325 $57,234
2017 $1,826 $5,050 $57,522 $55,272
2016 $1,675 $4,748 $54,501 $51,821
2015 $1,547 $4,434 $53,094 $48,897
2014 $1,432 $4,118 $62,520 $47,880
2013 $1,306 $3,891 $61,378 $46,869
2012 $1,193 $3,583 $58,444 $44,755
2011 $1,089 $3,223 $61,810 $44,444
2010 $952 $2,989 $58,105 $43,038
2009 $876 $2,854 $58,413 $40,524
2008 $866 $2,769 $64,617 $41,467
2007 $732 $2,566 $58,632 $39,110
2006 $612 $2,297 $52,119 $37,392
2005 $526 $2,038 $48,926 $34,238
2004 $444 $1,770 $46,625 $33,016
2003 $387 $1,598 $40,519 $30,864
2002 $350 $1,442 $33,257 $30,667
2001 $328 $1,357 $30,768 $29,459
2000 $296.4 $1,256 $30,722 $28,648
1999 $286.8 $1,134 $33,426 $26,642
1998 $258.8 $1,009 $33,346 $25,799
1997 $297.6 $994 $32,780 $24,887
1996 $325 $1,006 $35,622 $23,723
1995 $343 $1,006 $35,321 $22,677
1994 $302 $972 $29,968 $21,669
1993 $294.1 $1,565 $27,582 $20,217
1992 $307 $1,560 $29,579 $19,830
1991 $267.3 $1,504 $27,003 $19,067
1990 $190.2 $1,410 $26,886 $18,225
1989 $191.3 - $21,882 -
1988 $244.1 - $22,525 -
1987 $158.1 - $21,296 -
1986 $185.8 - $17,137 -
1985 $182.4 - $12,213 -
1984 $174.7 - $11,517 -
1983 $166.7 - $11,797 -
1982 $159.2 - $11,740 -
1981 $154.3 - $12,000 -
1980 $143.2 - $13,822 -
1979 $142.2 - $13,757 -
1978 $147.1 - $11,818 -
1977 $126.4 - $9,770 -
1976 $128.8 - $8,773 -
1975 $113.8 - $7,988 -
1974 - - $6,764 -
1973 - - $6,117 -
1972 - - $4,654 -
1971 - - $3,846 -
1970 - - $3,464 -
1969 - - $3,151 -
1968 - - $2,776 -
1967 - - $2,701 -
1966 - - $2,487 -
1965 - - $2,284 -
1964 - - $2,049 -
1963 - - $1,807 -
1962 - - $1,711 -
1961 - - $1,531 -
1960 - - $1,389 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/denmark | CC BY

Cambodia's GDP per capita is $2,628, ranking 145/197, compared to $71,026 in Denmark, ranking 12/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Cambodia ranks 142nd at $7,967, while Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878.

Economic indicators

Cambodia Denmark
Gross domestic product
$46.4B
2024
$425B
2024
GDP rank
97/197
2024
37/197
2024
GDP growth
5.98%
2023-2024
3.48%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,628
2024
$71,026
2024
GDP per capita rank
145/197
2024
12/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$7,967
2024
$81,878
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
142/197
2024
14/197
2024
Government debt
$12B
2024
$134B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
25.9%
2024
31.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$681
2024
$22,340
2024
Government debt per person rank
156/185
2024
30/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,258
2026
$53,468
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$151B
2004
Number of millionaires n/a
376,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
9
2025
Income share by richest 10% n/a
25.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
17.3%
2024
47.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.9%
2023-2024
1.37%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
1.6%
2025
Unemployment rate
0.26%
2023
6.15%
2024
Population
18113986
6032403

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Cambodia
Spending

Debt
Denmark
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Cambodia Denmark
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 17.3% 25.9% 47.3% 31.5%
2023 19.1% 26.3% 47.4% 33.8%
2022 18.7% 25.5% 45.1% 34.2%
2021 21% 25.9% 49.7% 40.7%
2020 20.3% 25.2% 53.3% 46.3%
2019 17.6% 20.8% 49.8% 38.3%
2018 16.1% 21.1% 50.8% 38.5%
2017 16.2% 22.6% 50.6% 40.2%
2016 15.2% 21.8% 52.4% 41.7%
2015 14.5% 23.3% 54.4% 44.6%
2014 16.5% 24.2% 55.1% 48.7%
2013 16.4% 24.4% 55.6% 47.8%
2012 17.1% 24.9% 57.9% 48.7%
2011 16.5% 23.8% 56.3% 50%
2010 17% 23.4% 56.5% 46.1%
2009 17% 23.7% 56.3% 43%
2008 13.1% 23% 50.3% 35.5%
2007 12.3% 25.1% 49.5% 29.5%
2006 11.3% 26.7% 49.7% 33.2%
2005 11% 31.7% 51.1% 39.4%
2004 12.6% 38.7% 52.8% 46.2%
2003 14.5% 39.8% 53.5% 48.2%
2002 16.1% 37.8% 53.1% 50.3%
2001 14.5% 33.5% 53% 50.1%
2000 14.9% 34.9% 52.9% 53.6%
1999 13.8% 34.6% 54.7% 56.8%
1998 13.4% 37.2% 55.6% 60.3%
1997 12.4% 31.4% 56.2% 64.4%
1996 15.7% 30.1% 58.2% 68.3%
1995 - - 58.7% 71.5%
1994 - - 59.5% 75.3%
1993 - - 59.5% 78.7%
1992 - - 56.4% 66.7%
1991 - - 55.5% 63.2%
1990 - - 55.1% 62.4%
1989 - - 56.2% 62.2%
1988 - - 56.1% 64.7%
1987 - - 54% 62.5%
1986 - - 52.3% 66.8%
1985 - - 55.5% 74.7%
1984 - - 56.6% 77.7%
1983 - - 57.9% 74.2%
1982 - - 57.7% 64.5%
1981 - - 56.3% 51.7%
1980 - - 52.7% 39.2%
1979 - - 49.6% 31.8%
1978 - - 47.2% 25.5%
1977 - - 45.6% 15.2%
1976 - - 45% 11.4%
1975 - - 45.3% 7.01%
1974 - - 43.6% 6.2%
1973 - - 39.5% 8.94%
1972 - - 42.1% 11.5%
1971 - - 42.2% 12.9%
1970 - - 24.4% 7.62%
1969 - - 25.3% 8.36%
1968 - - 24.3% 9.36%
1967 - - 22.2% 10.1%
1966 - - 21.1% 11.2%
1965 - - 17.1% 12.9%
1964 - - 17.6% 14.5%
1963 - - 18.2% 13.7%
1962 - - 17% 15.3%
1961 - - 15.6% 16.4%
1960 - - 16.4% 20.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1991, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/denmark | CC BY

In 2024, Cambodia's government spending was $8B, accounting for 17.3% of its GDP, while Denmark spent $201B, or 47.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 25.9% in Cambodia and 31.5% in Denmark, ranking 164/185 and 155/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Cambodia

Denmark
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Cambodia Denmark
2024 -2.67% 4.46%
2023 -2.83% 3.43%
2022 -0.29% 3.39%
2021 -5.18% 4.12%
2020 -2.53% 0.36%
2019 2.19% 4.28%
2018 0.28% 0.81%
2017 -0.76% 1.69%
2016 -0.29% 0.3%
2015 -0.65% -0.9%
2014 -1.24% 1.43%
2013 -2.01% -0.94%
2012 -3.57% -3.2%
2011 -3.76% -1.77%
2010 -3.09% -2.52%
2009 -3.98% -2.75%
2008 0.43% 3.46%
2007 0.62% 5.31%
2006 -0.15% 5.29%
2005 -0.34% 5.2%
2004 -3.23% 2.23%
2003 -5.69% 0.14%
2002 -6.07% 0.25%
2001 -4.95% 1.13%
2000 -4.76% 1.79%
1999 -3.79% 1.06%
1998 -5.35% -0.28%
1997 -3.7% -1.22%
1996 -7.53% -2.4%
1995 - -3.5%
1994 - -3.85%
1993 - -3.73%
1992 - -2.6%
1991 - -3.15%
1990 - -1.78%
1989 - 0.3%
1988 - 1.46%
1987 - 2.46%
1986 - 3.23%
1985 - -1.38%
1984 - -3.58%
1983 - -6.29%
1982 - -8.22%
1981 - -5.84%
1980 - -2.32%
1979 - -0.69%
1978 - 0.41%
1977 - 0.37%
1976 - 0.19%
1975 - -1.23%
1974 - 3.7%
1973 - 4.97%
1972 - 5.01%
1971 - 4.96%
1970 - 0.7%
1969 - 0.3%
1968 - -0.06%
1967 - 1.49%
1966 - 0.99%
1965 - 2.13%
1964 - 1.79%
1963 - 1.2%
1962 - -0.09%
1961 - 1.73%
1960 - 1.25%
1959 - 0.79%
1958 - 0.25%
1957 - 0.26%
1956 - -0.01%
1955 - -1.17%
1954 - -0.84%
1953 - 1.75%
1952 - 1.18%
1951 - 0.79%
1950 - 1.08%
1949 - 0.63%
1948 - 1.07%
1947 - 0.84%
1946 - 2.69%
1945 - -1.03%
1944 - 0%
1943 - 0%
1942 - 0%
1941 - 0%
1940 - 0%
1939 - 0%
1938 - 0.03%
1937 - 0.22%
1936 - -1.36%
1935 - -0.97%
1934 - 0.03%
1933 - 1.69%
1932 - -3.22%
1931 - -1.67%
1930 - 0.03%
1929 - 0.13%
1928 - -4.99%
1927 - -2.33%
1926 - -0.48%
1925 - -3.1%
1924 - -0.8%
1923 - -0.56%
1922 - -1.33%
1921 - -2.41%
1920 - -0.46%
1919 - -0.38%
1918 - 1.95%
1917 - 3.1%
1916 - 1.51%
1915 - -0.48%
1914 - 0.43%
1913 - 0.07%
1912 - 0.13%
1911 - -1.02%
1910 - -1.72%
1909 - -2.49%
1908 - -0.82%
1907 - 0.26%
1906 - -0.42%
1905 - 0.22%
1904 - -0.1%
1903 - 0.03%
1902 - -0.06%
1901 - -0.71%
1900 - -0.84%
1899 - -0.59%
1898 - -0.43%
1897 - -0.61%
1896 - -0.07%
1895 - -0.17%
1894 - -0.26%
1893 - -0.42%
1892 - -0.73%
1891 - -0.76%
1890 - -0.97%
1889 - -0.55%
1888 - -0.49%
1887 - -0.68%
1886 - -0.39%
1885 - 0.48%
1884 - 1.2%
1883 - 0.73%
1882 - 0.35%
1881 - 0.42%
1880 - -2.65%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/denmark | CC BY

In 2024, Cambodia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.24B, equivalent to 2.67% of GDP. This compares to Denmark's surplus of $18.9B, or 4.46% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Cambodia recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while Denmark ran a deficit in 9 years. On average, Cambodia posted an annual deficit equal to 2.58% of GDP, compared to surplus of 1.18% of GDP for Denmark.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Cambodia

Denmark
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Cambodia Denmark
2024 0.9% 1.37%
2023 2.1% 3.31%
2022 5.3% 7.7%
2021 2.9% 1.85%
2020 2.9% 0.42%
2019 2% 0.76%
2018 2.4% 0.81%
2017 2.9% 1.15%
2016 3% 0.25%
2015 1.2% 0.45%
2014 3.9% 0.56%
2013 2.9% 0.79%
2012 2.9% 2.4%
2011 5.5% 2.76%
2010 4% 2.31%
2009 -0.7% 1.3%
2008 25% 3.42%
2007 7.7% 1.69%
2006 6.1% 1.92%
2005 6.3% 1.82%
2004 3.9% 1.15%
2003 1% 2.08%
2002 0% 2.42%
2001 -0.1% 2.34%
2000 -0.8% 2.9%
1999 2% 2.5%
1998 12.9% 1.85%
1997 10.5% 2.18%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/denmark | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Cambodia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.24%, compared with 1.95% in Denmark. In 2024, inflation was 0.9% in Cambodia and 1.37% in Denmark.

Top exports between countries

Cambodia
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $53.6M
Machinery & equipment $7.57M
Raw agricultural goods $5M
Metals $3.87M
Chemicals & pharma $432K
Miscellaneous $64K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $24K
Wood & paper products $22K
Denmark
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $167M
Raw agricultural goods $10.3M
Animal & marine products $1.95M
Chemicals & pharma $1.02M
Machinery & equipment $975K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $459K
Miscellaneous $49K
Precious metals & jewellery $45K
Raw materials & minerals $18K
Wood & paper products $16K

Balance of trade

Cambodia Denmark
Current account balance
$228M
2024
$52.1B
2024
Current account balance ranking
65/190
2024
14/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+0.49%
2024
+12.3%
2024
Goods imports
$31.2B
2024
$132B
2024
Goods exports
$26.8B
2024
$172B
2024
Service imports
$3.08B
2024
$125B
2024
Service exports
$4.97B
2024
$129B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
72.1%
2024
60.8%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
71.4%
2024
71%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Cambodia Denmark
Economic freedom 58.7 79
Economic freedom ranking 108/197 8/197
Property rights 38.1 99.9
Government integrity 18.9 98
Judicial effectiveness 21.2 89.3
Tax burden 90.3 43.4
Government spending 89.9 34.8
Fiscal health 92.7 98
Business freedom 60.8 90.4
Labor freedom 48.3 65
Monetary freedom 77 80.1
Trade freedom 67.8 79.4
Investment freedom 50 90
Financial freedom 50 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Cambodia
Denmark
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Cambodia Denmark
2026 58.7 79
2025 58.2 79.1
2024 55.6 77.8
2023 56.5 77.6
2022 57.1 78
2021 57.3 77.8
2020 57.3 78.3
2019 57.8 76.7
2018 58.7 76.6
2017 59.5 75.1
2016 57.9 75.3
2015 57.5 76.3
2014 57.4 76.1
2013 58.5 76.1
2012 57.6 76.2
2011 57.9 78.6
2010 56.6 77.9
2009 56.6 79.6
2008 55.9 79.2
2007 55.9 77
2006 56.7 75.4
2005 60 75.3
2004 61.1 72.4
2003 63.7 73.2
2002 60.7 71.1
2001 59.6 68.3
2000 59.3 68.3
1999 59.9 68.1
1998 59.8 67.5
1997 52.8 67.5
1996 - 67.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/denmark | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Cambodia is 58.7, ranking 108/197, compared to 79 for Denmark, ranking 8/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Cambodia Denmark
Services, % of GDP
35.6%
2024
63.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
41.8%
2024
24.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.6%
2024
0.93%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$44.9B
2024
$434B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$7,910
2024
$84,680
2024
Total reserves including gold
$22.5B
2024
$108B
2024
Total reserves ranking
58/177
2024
25/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.22B
2024
$11.9B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.39B
2024
$18.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$172M
2024
$30.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
7.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
17.7%
2012
12.4%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
32.2%
2024
23.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/denmark | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1991, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.