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Economy of Denmark vs Kenya compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Denmark has a GDP of $425B compared to $120B for Kenya, ranking 37/197 and 64/197 by economy size, respectively.

Denmark has $134B in government debt (31.5% of GDP), compared to $81B (67.3% of GDP) in Kenya.

Denmark vs Kenya GDP by year

Denmark
Kenya
1x
Year GDP, current $
Denmark Kenya
2024 $424,524,722,037 $120,339,557,906
2023 $404,651,706,118 $107,500,884,685
2022 $400,114,306,337 $114,448,978,153
2021 $406,110,162,088 $109,703,658,905
2020 $355,631,021,932 $100,657,505,751
2019 $345,401,473,013 $100,378,436,207
2018 $355,293,374,912 $92,202,979,985
2017 $331,610,593,962 $82,036,510,877
2016 $312,181,849,372 $74,815,144,164
2015 $301,758,922,338 $70,120,446,897
2014 $352,832,602,064 $68,285,796,514
2013 $344,631,016,965 $61,671,440,408
2012 $326,792,574,245 $56,396,704,672
2011 $344,315,595,263 $46,869,473,151
2010 $322,345,594,075 $45,405,615,064
2009 $322,619,152,195 $42,347,217,913
2008 $354,979,471,960 $35,895,153,328
2007 $320,213,157,595 $31,958,195,182
2006 $283,386,151,544 $25,825,512,284
2005 $265,150,087,712 $18,737,895,513
2004 $251,986,155,631 $16,095,337,094
2003 $218,421,193,436 $14,904,517,650
2002 $178,788,209,558 $13,147,736,899
2001 $164,881,594,415 $12,986,007,426
2000 $164,043,817,224 $12,705,350,098
1999 $177,887,720,536 $12,896,010,459
1998 $176,877,077,513 $14,093,998,844
1997 $173,241,365,735 $13,115,764,358
1996 $187,481,157,846 $12,045,865,396
1995 $184,848,481,008 $9,046,320,255
1994 $156,017,919,221 $7,148,148,564
1993 $143,111,306,004 $5,751,786,643
1992 $152,966,494,260 $8,209,120,763
1991 $139,180,507,778 $8,151,488,783
1990 $138,217,740,684 $8,572,359,038
1989 $112,312,200,761 $8,283,114,514
1988 $115,540,189,705 $8,355,380,879
1987 $109,183,446,340 $7,970,820,369
1986 $87,748,695,217 $7,239,126,568
1985 $62,452,421,011 $6,135,034,214
1984 $58,868,891,335 $6,191,437,070
1983 $60,331,158,447 $5,979,198,314
1982 $60,084,214,872 $6,431,579,357
1981 $61,459,941,461 $6,854,491,706
1980 $70,811,287,816 $7,265,315,820
1979 $70,393,030,603 $6,234,391,113
1978 $60,320,089,218 $5,303,735,111
1977 $49,711,709,588 $4,494,378,764
1976 $44,503,607,444 $3,474,542,392
1975 $40,418,967,666 $3,259,345,083
1974 $34,125,712,481 $2,969,958,812
1973 $30,718,181,337 $2,509,001,324
1972 $23,230,667,549 $2,107,279,157
1971 $19,086,192,720 $1,778,391,289
1970 $17,075,457,733 $1,603,447,359
1969 $15,414,902,667 $1,458,379,417
1968 $13,505,574,133 $1,353,295,459
1967 $13,059,064,806 $1,232,559,507
1966 $11,931,740,293 $1,164,519,674
1965 $10,870,670,865 $997,919,321
1964 $9,677,401,337 $998,759,334
1963 $8,466,044,980 $926,589,349
1962 $7,953,274,741 $868,111,401
1961 $7,058,361,229 $792,959,473
1960 $6,361,166,545 $791,265,459

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/kenya | CC BY

GDP per capita in Denmark vs Kenya by year

Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Kenya
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Denmark Kenya
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $71,026 $81,878 $2,132 $6,644
2023 $68,044 $77,892 $1,943 $6,317
2022 $67,781 $78,914 $2,110 $5,883
2021 $69,341 $69,715 $2,061 $5,339
2020 $60,985 $62,682 $1,928 $4,793
2019 $59,404 $60,595 $1,960 $4,687
2018 $61,325 $57,234 $1,836 $4,412
2017 $57,522 $55,272 $1,667 $4,177
2016 $54,501 $51,821 $1,554 $3,917
2015 $53,094 $48,897 $1,489 $3,678
2014 $62,520 $47,880 $1,483 $3,359
2013 $61,378 $46,869 $1,371 $3,106
2012 $58,444 $44,755 $1,285 $2,847
2011 $61,810 $44,444 $1,096 $2,750
2010 $58,105 $43,038 $1,092 $2,635
2009 $58,413 $40,524 $1,048 $2,480
2008 $64,617 $41,467 $916 $2,459
2007 $58,632 $39,110 $840 $2,481
2006 $52,119 $37,392 $700 $2,330
2005 $48,926 $34,238 $523 $2,189
2004 $46,625 $33,016 $464 $2,066
2003 $40,519 $30,864 $443 $1,975
2002 $33,257 $30,667 $403 $1,940
2001 $30,768 $29,459 $411 $1,961
2000 $30,722 $28,648 $415 $1,907
1999 $33,426 $26,642 $434 $1,910
1998 $33,346 $25,799 $488 $1,895
1997 $32,780 $24,887 $467 $1,865
1996 $35,622 $23,723 $441 $1,875
1995 $35,321 $22,677 $340 $1,818
1994 $29,968 $21,669 $276.4 $1,754
1993 $27,582 $20,217 $229 $1,723
1992 $29,579 $19,830 $337 $1,728
1991 $27,003 $19,067 $345 $1,756
1990 $26,886 $18,225 $374 $1,729
1989 $21,882 - $374 -
1988 $22,525 - $391 -
1987 $21,296 - $387 -
1986 $17,137 - $364 -
1985 $12,213 - $320 -
1984 $11,517 - $334 -
1983 $11,797 - $335 -
1982 $11,740 - $374 -
1981 $12,000 - $413 -
1980 $13,822 - $454 -
1979 $13,757 - $403 -
1978 $11,818 - $355 -
1977 $9,770 - $311 -
1976 $8,773 - $248.9 -
1975 $7,988 - $241.2 -
1974 $6,764 - $227.2 -
1973 $6,117 - $198.6 -
1972 $4,654 - $172.6 -
1971 $3,846 - $150.9 -
1970 $3,464 - $141 -
1969 $3,151 - $133.3 -
1968 $2,776 - $128.7 -
1967 $2,701 - $121.9 -
1966 $2,487 - $119.8 -
1965 $2,284 - $106.9 -
1964 $2,049 - $111.3 -
1963 $1,807 - $107.4 -
1962 $1,711 - $104.6 -
1961 $1,531 - $99.3 -
1960 $1,389 - $102.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/kenya | CC BY

Denmark's GDP per capita is $71,026, ranking 12/197, compared to $2,132 in Kenya, ranking 154/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878, while Kenya ranks 149th at $6,644.

Economic indicators

Denmark Kenya
Gross domestic product
$425B
2024
$120B
2024
GDP rank
37/197
2024
64/197
2024
GDP growth
3.48%
2023-2024
4.72%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$71,026
2024
$2,132
2024
GDP per capita rank
12/197
2024
154/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$81,878
2024
$6,644
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
14/197
2024
149/197
2024
Government debt
$134B
2024
$81B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
31.5%
2024
67.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$22,340
2024
$1,436
2024
Government debt per person rank
30/185
2024
133/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$53,468
2026
$3,229
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$151B
2004
$15B
2024
Number of millionaires
376,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
9
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2023
30.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
2.9%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.3%
2024
23.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.37%
2023-2024
4.49%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.6%
2025
9.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
6.15%
2024
5.44%
2022
Population
6032403
58955623

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Denmark
Spending

Debt
Kenya
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Denmark Kenya
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 47.3% 31.5% 23.3% 67.3%
2023 47.4% 33.8% 22.7% 73.4%
2022 45.1% 34.2% 23.2% 67.8%
2021 49.7% 40.7% 24% 68.2%
2020 53.3% 46.3% 24.8% 68%
2019 49.8% 38.3% 24.4% 59.1%
2018 50.8% 38.5% 24.5% 56.4%
2017 50.6% 40.2% 25.2% 53.9%
2016 52.4% 41.7% 25.4% 50.4%
2015 54.4% 44.6% 23.8% 45.8%
2014 55.1% 48.7% 23.4% 41.3%
2013 55.6% 47.8% 23.2% 39.8%
2012 57.9% 48.7% 22.1% 37.6%
2011 56.3% 50% 20.1% 35.7%
2010 56.5% 46.1% 21.5% 36.7%
2009 56.3% 43% 20.3% 36%
2008 50.3% 35.5% 18.9% 34.3%
2007 49.5% 29.5% 18.1% 34.2%
2006 49.7% 33.2% 17.3% 37.1%
2005 51.1% 39.4% 16.2% 37.4%
2004 52.8% 46.2% 15.4% 40.8%
2003 53.5% 48.2% 16% 43.8%
2002 53.1% 50.3% 15.7% 42%
2001 53% 50.1% 14.9% 41.3%
2000 52.9% 53.6% 14.1% 43.1%
1999 54.7% 56.8% 13.7% 38.4%
1998 55.6% 60.3% 15.3% 38.5%
1997 56.2% 64.4% 15.6% 36%
1996 58.2% 68.3% 15.2% 40.5%
1995 58.7% 71.5% 17.3% 52.1%
1994 59.5% 75.3% 18.8% 57%
1993 59.5% 78.7% 18.9% 61.6%
1992 56.4% 66.7% 17.6% 41.2%
1991 55.5% 63.2% 16.4% 43%
1990 55.1% 62.4% 17.2% 37.6%
1989 56.2% 62.2% 16.3% 33.4%
1988 56.1% 64.7% 15.9% 33.9%
1987 54% 62.5% 15.5% 36.3%
1986 52.3% 66.8% 15.3% 31.3%
1985 55.5% 74.7% 15.6% 28.8%
1984 56.6% 77.7% 14.9% 25.6%
1983 57.9% 74.2% 14.6% 26.1%
1982 57.7% 64.5% 16.2% 26.9%
1981 56.3% 51.7% - -
1980 52.7% 39.2% - -
1979 49.6% 31.8% - -
1978 47.2% 25.5% - -
1977 45.6% 15.2% - -
1976 45% 11.4% - -
1975 45.3% 7.01% - -
1974 43.6% 6.2% - -
1973 39.5% 8.94% - -
1972 42.1% 11.5% - -
1971 42.2% 12.9% - -
1970 24.4% 7.62% - -
1969 25.3% 8.36% - -
1968 24.3% 9.36% - -
1967 22.2% 10.1% - -
1966 21.1% 11.2% - -
1965 17.1% 12.9% - -
1964 17.6% 14.5% - -
1963 18.2% 13.7% - -
1962 17% 15.3% - -
1961 15.6% 16.4% - -
1960 16.4% 20.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/kenya | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government spending was $201B, accounting for 47.3% of its GDP, while Kenya spent $28B, or 23.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 31.5% in Denmark and 67.3% in Kenya, ranking 155/185 and 64/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Denmark

Kenya
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Denmark Kenya
2024 4.46% -5.77%
2023 3.43% -5.71%
2022 3.39% -6.06%
2021 4.12% -7.2%
2020 0.36% -8.13%
2019 4.28% -7.42%
2018 0.81% -6.94%
2017 1.69% -7.4%
2016 0.3% -7.47%
2015 -0.9% -6.68%
2014 1.43% -5.75%
2013 -0.94% -5.25%
2012 -3.2% -5.29%
2011 -1.77% -3.64%
2010 -2.52% -3.67%
2009 -2.75% -3.12%
2008 3.46% -1.95%
2007 5.31% -0.95%
2006 5.29% -0.43%
2005 5.2% -0.19%
2004 2.23% 0.5%
2003 0.14% -0.73%
2002 0.25% -1.29%
2001 1.13% -0.53%
2000 1.79% 0.38%
1999 1.06% 0.84%
1998 -0.28% -0.03%
1997 -1.22% -0.91%
1996 -2.4% -0.49%
1995 -3.5% -0.23%
1994 -3.85% -4.14%
1993 -3.73% -8.57%
1992 -2.6% -8.28%
1991 -3.15% -6.56%
1990 -1.78% -3.28%
1989 0.3% -2.39%
1988 1.46% -1.97%
1987 2.46% -2.27%
1986 3.23% -2.98%
1985 -1.38% -3.05%
1984 -3.58% -2.55%
1983 -6.29% -2.17%
1982 -8.22% -3.07%
1981 -5.84% -
1980 -2.32% -
1979 -0.69% -
1978 0.41% -
1977 0.37% -
1976 0.19% -
1975 -1.23% -
1974 3.7% -
1973 4.97% -
1972 5.01% -
1971 4.96% -
1970 0.7% -
1969 0.3% -
1968 -0.06% -
1967 1.49% -
1966 0.99% -
1965 2.13% -
1964 1.79% -
1963 1.2% -
1962 -0.09% -
1961 1.73% -
1960 1.25% -
1959 0.79% -
1958 0.25% -
1957 0.26% -
1956 -0.01% -
1955 -1.17% -
1954 -0.84% -
1953 1.75% -
1952 1.18% -
1951 0.79% -
1950 1.08% -
1949 0.63% -
1948 1.07% -
1947 0.84% -
1946 2.69% -
1945 -1.03% -
1944 0% -
1943 0% -
1942 0% -
1941 0% -
1940 0% -
1939 0% -
1938 0.03% -
1937 0.22% -
1936 -1.36% -
1935 -0.97% -
1934 0.03% -
1933 1.69% -
1932 -3.22% -
1931 -1.67% -
1930 0.03% -
1929 0.13% -
1928 -4.99% -
1927 -2.33% -
1926 -0.48% -
1925 -3.1% -
1924 -0.8% -
1923 -0.56% -
1922 -1.33% -
1921 -2.41% -
1920 -0.46% -
1919 -0.38% -
1918 1.95% -
1917 3.1% -
1916 1.51% -
1915 -0.48% -
1914 0.43% -
1913 0.07% -
1912 0.13% -
1911 -1.02% -
1910 -1.72% -
1909 -2.49% -
1908 -0.82% -
1907 0.26% -
1906 -0.42% -
1905 0.22% -
1904 -0.1% -
1903 0.03% -
1902 -0.06% -
1901 -0.71% -
1900 -0.84% -
1899 -0.59% -
1898 -0.43% -
1897 -0.61% -
1896 -0.07% -
1895 -0.17% -
1894 -0.26% -
1893 -0.42% -
1892 -0.73% -
1891 -0.76% -
1890 -0.97% -
1889 -0.55% -
1888 -0.49% -
1887 -0.68% -
1886 -0.39% -
1885 0.48% -
1884 1.2% -
1883 0.73% -
1882 0.35% -
1881 0.42% -
1880 -2.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/kenya | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $18.9B, equivalent to 4.46% of GDP. This compares to Kenya's deficit of $6.94B, or 5.77% of GDP.

Over the past 43 years, Denmark recorded a fiscal deficit in 19 of those years, while Kenya ran a deficit in 40 years. On average, Denmark posted an annual surplus equal to 0.08% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.55% of GDP for Kenya.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Denmark

Kenya
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Denmark Kenya
2024 1.37% 4.49%
2023 3.31% 7.67%
2022 7.7% 7.66%
2021 1.85% 6.11%
2020 0.42% 5.41%
2019 0.76% 5.24%
2018 0.81% 4.69%
2017 1.15% 8.01%
2016 0.25% 6.3%
2015 0.45% 6.58%
2014 0.56% 6.88%
2013 0.79% 5.72%
2012 2.4% 9.38%
2011 2.76% 14%
2010 2.31% 3.96%
2009 1.3% 9.23%
2008 3.42% 26.2%
2007 1.69% 9.76%
2006 1.92% 14.5%
2005 1.82% 10.3%
2004 1.15% 11.6%
2003 2.08% 9.82%
2002 2.42% 1.96%
2001 2.34% 5.74%
2000 2.9% 9.98%
1999 2.5% 5.74%
1998 1.85% 6.72%
1997 2.18% 11.4%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/kenya | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Denmark has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.95%, compared with 8.39% in Kenya. In 2024, inflation was 1.37% in Denmark and 4.49% in Kenya.

Top exports between countries

Denmark
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $13.3M
Chemicals & pharma $8.02M
Raw agricultural goods $3.22M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.58M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.22M
Metals $1.18M
Animal & marine products $738K
Wood & paper products $703K
Raw materials & minerals $409K
Miscellaneous $74K
Kenya
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $8.58M
Chemicals & pharma $967K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $406K
Textiles & consumer goods $139K
Precious metals & jewellery $59K
Machinery & equipment $52K
Wood & paper products $34K
Animal & marine products $20K
Raw materials & minerals $17K
Metals $2K

Balance of trade

Denmark Kenya
Current account balance
$52.1B
2024
-$1.55B
2024
Current account balance ranking
14/190
2024
134/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+12.3%
2024
-1.29%
2024
Goods imports
$132B
2024
$22.2B
2024
Goods exports
$172B
2024
$12.5B
2024
Service imports
$125B
2024
$5.64B
2024
Service exports
$129B
2024
$8.04B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
60.8%
2024
23.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
71%
2024
17.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Denmark Kenya
Economic freedom 79 55.5
Economic freedom ranking 8/197 128/197
Property rights 99.9 40.2
Government integrity 98 32.7
Judicial effectiveness 89.3 47
Tax burden 43.4 76.3
Government spending 34.8 84.1
Fiscal health 98 36.2
Business freedom 90.4 61.5
Labor freedom 65 56.5
Monetary freedom 80.1 75.1
Trade freedom 79.4 52
Investment freedom 90 55
Financial freedom 80 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Denmark
Kenya
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Denmark Kenya
2026 79 55.5
2025 79.1 54.8
2024 77.8 53.6
2023 77.6 52.5
2022 78 52.6
2021 77.8 54.9
2020 78.3 55.3
2019 76.7 55.1
2018 76.6 54.7
2017 75.1 53.5
2016 75.3 57.5
2015 76.3 55.6
2014 76.1 57.1
2013 76.1 55.9
2012 76.2 57.5
2011 78.6 57.4
2010 77.9 57.5
2009 79.6 58.7
2008 79.2 59.3
2007 77 59.6
2006 75.4 59.7
2005 75.3 57.9
2004 72.4 57.7
2003 73.2 58.6
2002 71.1 58.2
2001 68.3 57.6
2000 68.3 59.7
1999 68.1 58.2
1998 67.5 58.4
1997 67.5 60.1
1996 67.3 56.4
1995 - 54.5

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/kenya | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Denmark is 79, ranking 8/197, compared to 55.5 for Kenya, ranking 128/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Denmark Kenya
Services, % of GDP
63.5%
2024
55.3%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.1%
2024
16.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.93%
2024
22.5%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$434B
2024
$118B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$84,680
2024
$6,540
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
$10.1B
2024
Total reserves ranking
25/177
2024
75/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$11.9B
2024
-$45.8M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.5B
2024
$463M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30.7B
2024
$418M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
4.79%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2021
39.8%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
16.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/kenya | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.