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Economy of Cameroon vs Denmark compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Cameroon has a GDP of $53.3B compared to $425B for Denmark, ranking 91/197 and 37/197 by economy size, respectively.

Cameroon has $22.8B in government debt (42.8% of GDP), compared to $134B (31.5% of GDP) in Denmark.

Cameroon vs Denmark GDP by year

Cameroon
Denmark
1x
Year GDP, current $
Cameroon Denmark
2024 $53,296,694,320 $424,524,722,037
2023 $48,814,501,547 $404,651,706,118
2022 $44,347,206,073 $400,114,306,337
2021 $45,011,937,347 $406,110,162,088
2020 $40,773,241,177 $355,631,021,932
2019 $39,667,757,528 $345,401,473,013
2018 $39,955,552,190 $355,293,374,912
2017 $36,098,547,033 $331,610,593,962
2016 $33,814,337,044 $312,181,849,372
2015 $32,210,233,020 $301,758,922,338
2014 $36,386,544,706 $352,832,602,064
2013 $33,728,621,180 $344,631,016,965
2012 $30,155,062,329 $326,792,574,245
2011 $30,630,910,495 $344,315,595,263
2010 $27,507,501,821 $322,345,594,075
2009 $27,932,970,317 $322,619,152,195
2008 $27,715,142,033 $354,979,471,960
2007 $23,928,250,433 $320,213,157,595
2006 $20,910,512,975 $283,386,151,544
2005 $19,509,852,207 $265,150,087,712
2004 $18,826,214,136 $251,986,155,631
2003 $15,970,315,035 $218,421,193,436
2002 $12,417,251,350 $178,788,209,558
2001 $10,953,485,349 $164,881,594,415
2000 $10,566,579,295 $164,043,817,224
1999 $11,565,826,465 $177,887,720,536
1998 $11,298,144,990 $176,877,077,513
1997 $10,789,458,433 $173,241,365,735
1996 $11,093,538,846 $187,481,157,846
1995 $10,864,772,471 $184,848,481,008
1994 $8,902,446,252 $156,017,919,221
1993 $16,181,814,713 $143,111,306,004
1992 $12,071,775,335 $152,966,494,260
1991 $11,840,192,296 $139,180,507,778
1990 $12,314,482,628 $138,217,740,684
1989 $11,012,566,195 $112,312,200,761
1988 $12,236,057,362 $115,540,189,705
1987 $13,049,659,981 $109,183,446,340
1986 $11,857,056,199 $87,748,695,217
1985 $8,544,810,498 $62,452,421,011
1984 $7,311,938,026 $58,868,891,335
1983 $6,870,200,010 $60,331,158,447
1982 $6,611,255,964 $60,084,214,872
1981 $6,610,938,617 $61,459,941,461
1980 $6,674,569,047 $70,811,287,816
1979 $5,919,002,983 $70,393,030,603
1978 $4,662,852,583 $60,320,089,218
1977 $3,394,664,024 $49,711,709,588
1976 $2,898,090,002 $44,503,607,444
1975 $2,857,037,371 $40,418,967,666
1974 $2,157,415,533 $34,125,712,481
1973 $1,901,393,361 $30,718,181,337
1972 $1,498,251,890 $23,230,667,549
1971 $1,236,941,394 $19,086,192,720
1970 $1,151,216,993 $17,075,457,733
1969 $1,100,551,489 $15,414,902,667
1968 $1,046,191,218 $13,505,574,133
1967 $936,175,260 $13,059,064,806
1966 $851,112,535 $11,931,740,293
1965 $814,083,266 $10,870,670,865
1964 $776,650,177 $9,677,401,337
1963 $718,320,845 $8,466,044,980
1962 $694,247,864 $7,953,274,741
1961 $652,777,608 $7,058,361,229
1960 $614,206,068 $6,361,166,545

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/denmark | CC BY

GDP per capita in Cameroon vs Denmark by year

Cameroon
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Cameroon Denmark
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $1,830 $5,589 $71,026 $81,878
2023 $1,720 $5,411 $68,044 $77,892
2022 $1,605 $5,189 $67,781 $78,914
2021 $1,672 $4,794 $69,341 $69,715
2020 $1,556 $4,365 $60,985 $62,682
2019 $1,555 $4,241 $59,404 $60,595
2018 $1,611 $4,011 $61,325 $57,234
2017 $1,496 $3,767 $57,522 $55,272
2016 $1,442 $3,627 $54,501 $51,821
2015 $1,415 $3,498 $53,094 $48,897
2014 $1,649 $3,422 $62,520 $47,880
2013 $1,576 $3,239 $61,378 $46,869
2012 $1,449 $3,060 $58,444 $44,755
2011 $1,514 $2,989 $61,810 $44,444
2010 $1,399 $2,914 $58,105 $43,038
2009 $1,461 $2,879 $58,413 $40,524
2008 $1,492 $2,870 $64,617 $41,467
2007 $1,326 $2,818 $58,632 $39,110
2006 $1,191 $2,704 $52,119 $37,392
2005 $1,143 $2,598 $48,926 $34,238
2004 $1,133 $2,533 $46,625 $33,016
2003 $988 $2,368 $40,519 $30,864
2002 $790 $2,263 $33,257 $30,667
2001 $715 $2,191 $30,768 $29,459
2000 $709 $2,108 $30,722 $28,648
1999 $796 $2,039 $33,426 $26,642
1998 $799 $1,975 $33,346 $25,799
1997 $783 $1,915 $32,780 $24,887
1996 $827 $1,850 $35,622 $23,723
1995 $832 $1,790 $35,321 $22,677
1994 $701 $1,752 $29,968 $21,669
1993 $1,310 $1,731 $27,582 $20,217
1992 $1,005 $1,890 $29,579 $19,830
1991 $1,015 $1,963 $27,003 $19,067
1990 $1,087 $2,032 $26,886 $18,225
1989 $1,001 - $21,882 -
1988 $1,145 - $22,525 -
1987 $1,258 - $21,296 -
1986 $1,179 - $17,137 -
1985 $875 - $12,213 -
1984 $772 - $11,517 -
1983 $746 - $11,797 -
1982 $732 - $11,740 -
1981 $750 - $12,000 -
1980 $784 - $13,822 -
1979 $718 - $13,757 -
1978 $582 - $11,818 -
1977 $435 - $9,770 -
1976 $381 - $8,773 -
1975 $386 - $7,988 -
1974 $299.9 - $6,764 -
1973 $271.8 - $6,117 -
1972 $220.1 - $4,654 -
1971 $186.7 - $3,846 -
1970 $178.5 - $3,464 -
1969 $175.2 - $3,151 -
1968 $170.8 - $2,776 -
1967 $156.6 - $2,701 -
1966 $145.8 - $2,487 -
1965 $142.7 - $2,284 -
1964 $139.2 - $2,049 -
1963 $131.6 - $1,807 -
1962 $130 - $1,711 -
1961 $124.6 - $1,531 -
1960 $119.1 - $1,389 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/denmark | CC BY

Cameroon's GDP per capita is $1,830, ranking 158/197, compared to $71,026 in Denmark, ranking 12/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Cameroon ranks 156th at $5,589, while Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878.

Economic indicators

Cameroon Denmark
Gross domestic product
$53.3B
2024
$425B
2024
GDP rank
91/197
2024
37/197
2024
GDP growth
3.52%
2023-2024
3.48%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$1,830
2024
$71,026
2024
GDP per capita rank
158/197
2024
12/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$5,589
2024
$81,878
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
156/197
2024
14/197
2024
Government debt
$22.8B
2024
$134B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
42.8%
2024
31.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$784
2024
$22,340
2024
Government debt per person rank
152/185
2024
30/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$1,578
2026
$53,468
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$151B
2004
Number of millionaires n/a
376,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
9
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.1%
2021
25.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.1%
2021
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
16.7%
2024
47.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.53%
2023-2024
1.37%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
1.6%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.28%
2021
6.15%
2024
Population
30864115
6032403

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Cameroon
Spending

Debt
Denmark
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Cameroon Denmark
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 16.7% 42.8% 47.3% 31.5%
2023 17.1% 43.1% 47.4% 33.8%
2022 17.1% 45.6% 45.1% 34.2%
2021 17.1% 47.2% 49.7% 40.7%
2020 16.6% 44.9% 53.3% 46.3%
2019 18.7% 41.6% 49.8% 38.3%
2018 18% 38.3% 50.8% 38.5%
2017 19.2% 36.5% 50.6% 40.2%
2016 20.2% 32.1% 52.4% 41.7%
2015 20.1% 31.6% 54.4% 44.6%
2014 20.1% 20.7% 55.1% 48.7%
2013 19.2% 17.5% 55.6% 47.8%
2012 17.2% 14.9% 57.9% 48.7%
2011 17.8% 15.9% 56.3% 50%
2010 15.2% 14% 56.5% 46.1%
2009 14.7% 11.3% 56.3% 43%
2008 15.9% 11.2% 50.3% 35.5%
2007 13.5% 13.8% 49.5% 29.5%
2006 12.5% 18.4% 49.7% 33.2%
2005 12.4% 43.8% 51.1% 39.4%
2004 13.4% 51.7% 52.8% 46.2%
2003 13.2% 51.5% 53.5% 48.2%
2002 13.9% 56.6% 53.1% 50.3%
2001 14.6% 62.2% 53% 50.1%
2000 14.6% 75.9% 52.9% 53.6%
1999 - 68.4% 54.7% 56.8%
1998 - 67.8% 55.6% 60.3%
1997 - - 56.2% 64.4%
1996 - - 58.2% 68.3%
1995 - - 58.7% 71.5%
1994 - - 59.5% 75.3%
1993 - - 59.5% 78.7%
1992 - - 56.4% 66.7%
1991 - - 55.5% 63.2%
1990 - - 55.1% 62.4%
1989 - - 56.2% 62.2%
1988 - - 56.1% 64.7%
1987 - - 54% 62.5%
1986 - - 52.3% 66.8%
1985 - - 55.5% 74.7%
1984 - - 56.6% 77.7%
1983 - - 57.9% 74.2%
1982 - - 57.7% 64.5%
1981 - - 56.3% 51.7%
1980 - - 52.7% 39.2%
1979 - - 49.6% 31.8%
1978 - - 47.2% 25.5%
1977 - - 45.6% 15.2%
1976 - - 45% 11.4%
1975 - - 45.3% 7.01%
1974 - - 43.6% 6.2%
1973 - - 39.5% 8.94%
1972 - - 42.1% 11.5%
1971 - - 42.2% 12.9%
1970 - - 24.4% 7.62%
1969 - - 25.3% 8.36%
1968 - - 24.3% 9.36%
1967 - - 22.2% 10.1%
1966 - - 21.1% 11.2%
1965 - - 17.1% 12.9%
1964 - - 17.6% 14.5%
1963 - - 18.2% 13.7%
1962 - - 17% 15.3%
1961 - - 15.6% 16.4%
1960 - - 16.4% 20.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1991, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/denmark | CC BY

In 2024, Cameroon's government spending was $8.91B, accounting for 16.7% of its GDP, while Denmark spent $201B, or 47.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 42.8% in Cameroon and 31.5% in Denmark, ranking 125/185 and 155/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Cameroon

Denmark
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Cameroon Denmark
2024 -1.48% 4.46%
2023 -0.63% 3.43%
2022 -1.11% 3.39%
2021 -3.01% 4.12%
2020 -3.19% 0.36%
2019 -3.24% 4.28%
2018 -2.41% 0.81%
2017 -4.72% 1.69%
2016 -5.88% 0.3%
2015 -4.25% -0.9%
2014 -4.09% 1.43%
2013 -3.55% -0.94%
2012 -1.4% -3.2%
2011 -2.26% -1.77%
2010 -0.93% -2.52%
2009 -0.04% -2.75%
2008 2% 3.46%
2007 3.87% 5.31%
2006 28.2% 5.29%
2005 3.03% 5.2%
2004 -0.46% 2.23%
2003 0.56% 0.14%
2002 1.51% 0.25%
2001 0.86% 1.13%
2000 1.54% 1.79%
1999 - 1.06%
1998 - -0.28%
1997 - -1.22%
1996 - -2.4%
1995 - -3.5%
1994 - -3.85%
1993 - -3.73%
1992 - -2.6%
1991 - -3.15%
1990 - -1.78%
1989 - 0.3%
1988 - 1.46%
1987 - 2.46%
1986 - 3.23%
1985 - -1.38%
1984 - -3.58%
1983 - -6.29%
1982 - -8.22%
1981 - -5.84%
1980 - -2.32%
1979 - -0.69%
1978 - 0.41%
1977 - 0.37%
1976 - 0.19%
1975 - -1.23%
1974 - 3.7%
1973 - 4.97%
1972 - 5.01%
1971 - 4.96%
1970 - 0.7%
1969 - 0.3%
1968 - -0.06%
1967 - 1.49%
1966 - 0.99%
1965 - 2.13%
1964 - 1.79%
1963 - 1.2%
1962 - -0.09%
1961 - 1.73%
1960 - 1.25%
1959 - 0.79%
1958 - 0.25%
1957 - 0.26%
1956 - -0.01%
1955 - -1.17%
1954 - -0.84%
1953 - 1.75%
1952 - 1.18%
1951 - 0.79%
1950 - 1.08%
1949 - 0.63%
1948 - 1.07%
1947 - 0.84%
1946 - 2.69%
1945 - -1.03%
1944 - 0%
1943 - 0%
1942 - 0%
1941 - 0%
1940 - 0%
1939 - 0%
1938 - 0.03%
1937 - 0.22%
1936 - -1.36%
1935 - -0.97%
1934 - 0.03%
1933 - 1.69%
1932 - -3.22%
1931 - -1.67%
1930 - 0.03%
1929 - 0.13%
1928 - -4.99%
1927 - -2.33%
1926 - -0.48%
1925 - -3.1%
1924 - -0.8%
1923 - -0.56%
1922 - -1.33%
1921 - -2.41%
1920 - -0.46%
1919 - -0.38%
1918 - 1.95%
1917 - 3.1%
1916 - 1.51%
1915 - -0.48%
1914 - 0.43%
1913 - 0.07%
1912 - 0.13%
1911 - -1.02%
1910 - -1.72%
1909 - -2.49%
1908 - -0.82%
1907 - 0.26%
1906 - -0.42%
1905 - 0.22%
1904 - -0.1%
1903 - 0.03%
1902 - -0.06%
1901 - -0.71%
1900 - -0.84%
1899 - -0.59%
1898 - -0.43%
1897 - -0.61%
1896 - -0.07%
1895 - -0.17%
1894 - -0.26%
1893 - -0.42%
1892 - -0.73%
1891 - -0.76%
1890 - -0.97%
1889 - -0.55%
1888 - -0.49%
1887 - -0.68%
1886 - -0.39%
1885 - 0.48%
1884 - 1.2%
1883 - 0.73%
1882 - 0.35%
1881 - 0.42%
1880 - -2.65%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/denmark | CC BY

In 2024, Cameroon's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $789M, equivalent to 1.48% of GDP. This compares to Denmark's surplus of $18.9B, or 4.46% of GDP.

Over the past 25 years, Cameroon recorded a fiscal deficit in 17 of those years, while Denmark ran a deficit in 6 years. On average, Cameroon posted an annual deficit equal to 0.04% of GDP, compared to surplus of 1.48% of GDP for Denmark.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Cameroon

Denmark
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Cameroon Denmark
2024 4.53% 1.37%
2023 7.38% 3.31%
2022 6.25% 7.7%
2021 2.27% 1.85%
2020 2.44% 0.42%
2019 2.45% 0.76%
2018 1.07% 0.81%
2017 0.64% 1.15%
2016 0.87% 0.25%
2015 2.68% 0.45%
2014 1.85% 0.56%
2013 2.05% 0.79%
2012 2.74% 2.4%
2011 2.94% 2.76%
2010 1.28% 2.31%
2009 3.04% 1.3%
2008 5.34% 3.42%
2007 0.92% 1.69%
2006 5.12% 1.92%
2005 2.01% 1.82%
2004 0.23% 1.15%
2003 0.62% 2.08%
2002 2.83% 2.42%
2001 4.42% 2.34%
2000 1.23% 2.9%
1999 1.87% 2.5%
1998 3.17% 1.85%
1997 4.79% 2.18%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/denmark | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Cameroon has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.75%, compared with 1.95% in Denmark. In 2024, inflation was 4.53% in Cameroon and 1.37% in Denmark.

Top exports between countries

Cameroon
Export category Export value
Wood & paper products $416K
Raw agricultural goods $162K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $11K
Machinery & equipment $3K
Metals $1K
Miscellaneous $1K
Denmark
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $5.79M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.1M
Animal & marine products $675K
Chemicals & pharma $666K
Metals $597K
Textiles & consumer goods $221K
Weapons & explosives $208K
Raw agricultural goods $144K
Miscellaneous $96K
Wood & paper products $73K

Balance of trade

Cameroon Denmark
Current account balance
-$2.02B
2023
$52.1B
2024
Current account balance ranking
144/190
2023
14/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-4.14%
2023
+12.3%
2024
Goods imports
$7.74B
2023
$132B
2024
Goods exports
$6.34B
2023
$172B
2024
Service imports
$2.55B
2023
$125B
2024
Service exports
$2.01B
2023
$129B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
18.7%
2024
60.8%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
15.7%
2024
71%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Cameroon Denmark
Economic freedom 52 79
Economic freedom ranking 151/197 8/197
Property rights 28.1 99.9
Government integrity 21 98
Judicial effectiveness 10.1 89.3
Tax burden 72.2 43.4
Government spending 91.4 34.8
Fiscal health 94.5 98
Business freedom 48.6 90.4
Labor freedom 45.6 65
Monetary freedom 75.3 80.1
Trade freedom 57.2 79.4
Investment freedom 30 90
Financial freedom 50 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Cameroon
Denmark
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Cameroon Denmark
2026 52 79
2025 52.1 79.1
2024 53.6 77.8
2023 51.9 77.6
2022 52.9 78
2021 53.4 77.8
2020 53.6 78.3
2019 52.4 76.7
2018 51.9 76.6
2017 51.8 75.1
2016 54.2 75.3
2015 51.9 76.3
2014 52.6 76.1
2013 52.3 76.1
2012 51.8 76.2
2011 51.8 78.6
2010 52.3 77.9
2009 53 79.6
2008 54.3 79.2
2007 55.6 77
2006 54.6 75.4
2005 53 75.3
2004 52.3 72.4
2003 52.7 73.2
2002 52.8 71.1
2001 53.3 68.3
2000 49.9 68.3
1999 50.3 68.1
1998 48 67.5
1997 44.6 67.5
1996 45.7 67.3
1995 51.3 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/denmark | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Cameroon is 52, ranking 151/197, compared to 79 for Denmark, ranking 8/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Cameroon Denmark
Services, % of GDP
50.7%
2024
63.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
24.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
18.5%
2024
0.93%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$49.5B
2024
$434B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$5,490
2024
$84,680
2024
Total reserves including gold
$4.88B
2023
$108B
2024
Total reserves ranking
103/177
2023
25/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$901M
2023
$11.9B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$888M
2024
$18.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$63.4M
2024
$30.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.2%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
37.7%
2021
12.4%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
18.9%
2024
23.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/denmark | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1991, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.