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Economy of Denmark vs Niger compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Denmark has a GDP of $429B compared to $19.5B for Niger, ranking 38/197 and 132/197 by economy size, respectively.

Denmark has $120B in government debt (26.6% of GDP), compared to $9.22B (43.4% of GDP) in Niger.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Denmark
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Niger
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Denmark Niger
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $6,361,166,545 $80,238,063,131 $449,526,873 $2,602,180,353
1961 $7,058,361,229 $85,356,314,760 $485,785,231 $2,720,485,699
1962 $7,953,274,741 $90,193,305,331 $531,736,599 $3,000,116,630
1963 $8,466,044,980 $90,767,855,838 $586,294,879 $3,282,974,506
1964 $9,677,401,337 $99,181,979,992 $582,816,396 $3,287,276,512
1965 $10,870,670,865 $103,699,971,911 $673,383,511 $3,514,748,217
1966 $11,931,740,293 $106,542,294,924 $702,296,079 $3,501,304,403
1967 $13,059,064,806 $112,813,620,773 $665,586,872 $3,505,606,409
1968 $13,505,574,133 $119,416,599,037 $641,214,226 $3,519,050,223
1969 $15,414,902,667 $127,535,877,471 $625,867,985 $3,325,997,034
1970 $17,075,457,733 $129,902,945,560 $649,916,621 $3,427,632,151
1971 $19,086,192,720 $134,031,029,530 $693,573,704 $3,622,298,371
1972 $23,230,667,549 $139,120,989,452 $742,779,661 $3,435,160,574
1973 $30,718,181,337 $145,686,794,688 $946,385,105 $2,849,548,704
1974 $34,125,712,481 $144,281,984,443 $1,026,137,111 $3,099,603,386
1975 $40,418,967,666 $142,247,753,419 $1,048,690,933 $3,013,025,468
1976 $44,503,607,444 $150,773,233,048 $1,064,517,601 $3,033,459,909
1977 $49,711,709,588 $153,766,730,433 $1,291,458,041 $3,268,995,364
1978 $60,320,089,218 $157,483,262,379 $1,774,365,590 $3,709,414,437
1979 $70,393,030,603 $163,866,531,124 $2,109,277,666 $3,974,526,141
1980 $70,811,287,816 $162,635,188,845 $2,508,524,721 $3,876,950,088
1981 $61,459,941,461 $161,430,084,232 $2,170,893,414 $3,870,062,063
1982 $60,084,214,872 $167,713,124,649 $2,017,612,216 $3,954,215,023
1983 $60,331,158,447 $172,165,579,297 $1,803,099,561 $3,801,438,868
1984 $58,868,891,335 $179,636,437,842 $1,461,243,326 $3,162,043,119
1985 $62,452,421,011 $187,096,889,700 $1,440,581,652 $3,406,093,637
1986 $87,748,695,217 $195,952,945,326 $1,904,096,998 $3,622,453,381
1987 $109,183,446,340 $196,860,120,911 $2,233,006,105 $3,625,651,332
1988 $115,540,189,705 $197,397,452,814 $2,280,356,193 $3,874,775,279
1989 $112,312,200,761 $198,773,654,972 $2,179,567,114 $3,911,858,659
1990 $138,217,740,684 $202,073,829,845 $3,512,356,508 $3,860,672,838
1991 $139,180,507,778 $205,020,430,124 $3,285,796,875 $3,843,705,602
1992 $152,966,494,260 $209,167,606,432 $3,386,232,579 $3,920,608,632
1993 $143,111,306,004 $209,002,572,327 $3,052,673,849 $3,933,219,485
1994 $156,017,919,221 $220,068,623,481 $1,938,058,175 $4,006,172,006
1995 $184,848,481,008 $226,754,355,587 $2,302,537,562 $4,104,613,432
1996 $187,481,157,846 $233,320,596,409 $2,405,686,940 $4,108,739,820
1997 $173,241,365,735 $240,713,316,197 $2,290,318,910 $4,171,499,823
1998 $176,877,077,513 $246,313,036,680 $2,643,363,519 $4,587,507,438
1999 $177,887,720,536 $253,621,896,626 $2,537,789,821 $4,577,434,991
2000 $164,043,817,224 $263,066,798,869 $2,241,753,193 $4,522,117,709
2001 $164,881,594,415 $265,566,018,287 $2,448,714,704 $4,850,791,324
2002 $178,788,209,558 $266,778,406,880 $2,782,192,879 $5,089,376,068
2003 $218,421,193,436 $267,955,142,441 $3,394,084,732 $5,199,846,593
2004 $251,986,155,631 $275,394,519,881 $3,760,443,738 $5,218,763,717
2005 $265,150,087,712 $281,892,753,289 $4,383,315,965 $5,601,396,628
2006 $283,386,151,544 $292,651,155,543 $4,756,361,252 $5,933,618,262
2007 $320,213,157,595 $295,540,131,122 $5,731,485,052 $6,120,095,512
2008 $354,979,471,960 $294,307,201,414 $7,297,600,226 $6,593,265,447
2009 $322,619,152,195 $279,666,951,317 $7,352,131,310 $6,722,664,934
2010 $322,345,594,075 $284,093,791,187 $7,851,192,502 $7,299,346,342
2011 $344,315,595,263 $287,817,703,286 $8,772,950,778 $7,471,447,187
2012 $326,792,574,245 $287,802,068,160 $9,426,912,648 $8,259,606,009
2013 $344,631,016,965 $291,810,211,099 $10,224,897,438 $8,698,614,859
2014 $352,832,602,064 $295,539,545,107 $10,862,943,544 $9,276,388,745
2015 $301,758,922,338 $301,758,922,338 $9,683,867,926 $9,683,867,926
2016 $312,181,849,372 $311,032,111,298 $10,398,861,982 $10,239,808,437
2017 $331,610,593,962 $320,538,736,986 $11,185,104,252 $10,752,347,793
2018 $355,293,374,912 $326,500,781,503 $12,837,307,497 $11,527,744,540
2019 $345,401,473,013 $332,088,518,944 $12,889,555,561 $12,212,475,571
2020 $355,631,021,932 $326,176,991,232 $13,744,653,103 $12,646,096,747
2021 $408,378,204,640 $350,255,593,093 $14,915,002,436 $12,821,067,681
2022 $401,945,576,108 $355,650,135,426 $15,433,852,714 $14,346,774,736
2023 $407,091,920,305 $364,524,261,929 $16,698,786,973 $14,586,026,438
2024 $429,457,372,072 $377,924,893,185 $19,537,639,288 $15,814,402,934

Economic indicators

Denmark Niger
Gross domestic product
$429B
2024
$19.5B
2024
GDP rank
38/197
2024
132/197
2024
GDP growth
5.49%
2023-2024
17%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$71,852
2024
$723
2024
GDP per capita rank
12/197
2024
187/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$79,514
2024
$2,015
2024
Government debt
$120B
2024
$9.22B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
26.6%
2025
43.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$20,114
2024
$341
2024
Government debt per person rank
31/185
2024
176/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$50,067
2025
$1,379
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$151B
2004
n/a
Number of billionaires
9
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2023
27.8%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
3.8%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
48.4%
2025
13.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.37%
2023-2024
9.07%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.6%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.15%
2024
0.4%
2022
Population
6018959
28638403

GDP per capita in Denmark vs Niger

Denmark's GDP per capita is $71,852, ranking 12/197, compared to $723 in Niger, ranking 187/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Denmark ranks 14th at $79,514, while Niger ranks 186th at $2,015.

Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Niger
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Denmark Niger
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,389 - $128.3 -
1961 $1,531 - $134.6 -
1962 $1,711 - $143.2 -
1963 $1,807 - $153.3 -
1964 $2,049 - $148.1 -
1965 $2,284 - $166.3 -
1966 $2,487 - $168.6 -
1967 $2,701 - $155.4 -
1968 $2,776 - $145.6 -
1969 $3,151 - $138.3 -
1970 $3,464 - $139.8 -
1971 $3,846 - $145.2 -
1972 $4,654 - $151.4 -
1973 $6,117 - $187.9 -
1974 $6,764 - $198.3 -
1975 $7,988 - $197.2 -
1976 $8,773 - $194.8 -
1977 $9,770 - $229.8 -
1978 $11,818 - $307 -
1979 $13,757 - $354 -
1980 $13,822 - $409 -
1981 $12,000 - $343 -
1982 $11,740 - $310 -
1983 $11,797 - $268.8 -
1984 $11,517 - $211.5 -
1985 $12,213 - $202.4 -
1986 $17,137 - $259.6 -
1987 $21,296 - $295.3 -
1988 $22,525 - $292.6 -
1989 $21,882 - $271.3 -
1990 $26,886 $18,227 $424 $739
1991 $27,003 $19,055 $384 $738
1992 $29,579 $19,818 $384 $746
1993 $27,582 $20,204 $335 $742
1994 $29,968 $21,655 $206.2 $748
1995 $35,321 $22,662 $237 $757
1996 $35,622 $23,714 $239.5 $746
1997 $32,780 $24,881 $220.6 $745
1998 $33,346 $25,797 $246.1 $801
1999 $33,426 $26,642 $228.3 $783
2000 $30,722 $28,642 $194.8 $764
2001 $30,768 $29,462 $205.4 $809
2002 $33,257 $30,667 $225.3 $832
2003 $40,519 $30,868 $265.2 $837
2004 $46,625 $33,020 $283.5 $832
2005 $48,926 $34,238 $319 $888
2006 $52,119 $37,400 $333 $935
2007 $58,632 $39,112 $387 $955
2008 $64,617 $41,467 $475 $1,010
2009 $58,413 $40,503 $461 $999
2010 $58,105 $43,042 $474 $1,058
2011 $61,810 $44,444 $511 $1,064
2012 $58,444 $44,755 $529 $1,162
2013 $61,378 $46,869 $552 $1,138
2014 $62,520 $47,880 $565 $1,161
2015 $53,094 $48,910 $486 $1,172
2016 $54,501 $51,821 $503 $1,189
2017 $57,522 $55,272 $522 $1,208
2018 $61,325 $57,234 $579 $1,276
2019 $59,404 $60,595 $562 $1,419
2020 $60,985 $62,682 $580 $1,497
2021 $69,728 $69,715 $609 $1,586
2022 $68,091 $77,400 $610 $1,840
2023 $68,454 $73,737 $638 $1,875
2024 $71,852 $79,514 $723 $2,015

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Denmark's government spending was $200B, accounting for 48.4% of its GDP, while Niger's spent $2.62B, or 13.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 26.6% in Denmark and 43.4% in Niger, ranking 166/185 and 123/185, respectively.

Denmark
Government spending

Government debt
Niger
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Denmark Niger
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 16.4% 20.1% - -
1961 15.6% 16.4% - -
1962 17% 15.3% - -
1963 18.2% 13.7% - -
1964 17.6% 14.5% - -
1965 17.1% 12.9% - -
1966 21.1% 11.2% - -
1967 22.2% 10.1% - -
1968 24.3% 9.36% - -
1969 25.3% 8.36% - -
1970 24.4% 7.62% - -
1971 42.2% 12.9% - -
1972 42.1% 11.5% - -
1973 39.5% 8.94% - -
1974 43.6% 6.2% - -
1975 45.3% 7.01% - -
1976 45% 11.4% - -
1977 45.6% 15.2% - -
1978 47.2% 25.5% - -
1979 49.6% 31.8% - -
1980 52.7% 39.2% - -
1981 56.3% 51.7% - -
1982 57.7% 64.5% - -
1983 57.9% 74.2% - -
1984 56.6% 77.7% - -
1985 55.5% 74.7% - -
1986 52.3% 66.8% - -
1987 54% 62.5% - -
1988 56.1% 64.7% - -
1989 56.2% 62.2% - -
1990 55.1% 62.4% - -
1991 55.5% 63.2% - -
1992 56.4% 66.7% - -
1993 59.5% 78.7% - -
1994 59.5% 75.3% - -
1995 58.7% 71.5% 12.5% 69.4%
1996 58.2% 68.3% 10.9% 63.5%
1997 56.2% 64.4% 12.9% 69.1%
1998 55.6% 60.3% 13.6% 61.3%
1999 54.7% 56.8% 15% 63.3%
2000 52.9% 53.6% 13.5% 82.1%
2001 53% 50.1% 13.7% 74%
2002 53.1% 50.3% 14.4% 69%
2003 53.5% 48.2% 14% 60.6%
2004 52.8% 46.2% 16.1% 55%
2005 51.1% 39.4% 15.6% 49.5%
2006 49.7% 33.2% 15.2% 18.3%
2007 49.5% 29.5% 17.4% 17.8%
2008 50.3% 35.5% 16.9% 14.2%
2009 56.3% 43% 17.7% 15.9%
2010 56.5% 46.1% 14.3% 15.1%
2011 56.3% 50% 15.3% 14.7%
2012 57.9% 48.7% 16.6% 18.1%
2013 55.6% 47.8% 20.4% 19.6%
2014 55.1% 48.7% 23.6% 22.1%
2015 54.4% 44.6% 24.2% 29.9%
2016 52.4% 41.7% 19.4% 32.8%
2017 50.6% 40.2% 19.5% 36.5%
2018 50.8% 38.5% 21.2% 37%
2019 49.8% 38.3% 21.6% 39.8%
2020 53.3% 46.3% 22.4% 45%
2021 49.4% 40.5% 24.3% 51.3%
2022 44.9% 34.1% 21.6% 50.6%
2023 46.8% 33.6% 15.8% 51.9%
2024 46.5% 28% 13.4% 47.2%
2025 48.4% 26.6% 13.4% 43.4%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Denmark's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $19.3B, equivalent to 4.5% of GDP. This compares to Niger's deficit of -$834M, or -4.27% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Denmark recorded a fiscal deficit in 10 of those years, while Niger ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, Denmark posted an annual surplus equal to +1.02% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.01% of GDP for Niger.

Deficit/surplus
Denmark

Niger
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Denmark Niger
1880 -2.65% -
1881 0.42% -
1882 0.35% -
1883 0.73% -
1884 1.2% -
1885 0.48% -
1886 -0.39% -
1887 -0.68% -
1888 -0.49% -
1889 -0.55% -
1890 -0.97% -
1891 -0.76% -
1892 -0.73% -
1893 -0.42% -
1894 -0.26% -
1895 -0.17% -
1896 -0.07% -
1897 -0.61% -
1898 -0.43% -
1899 -0.59% -
1900 -0.84% -
1901 -0.71% -
1902 -0.06% -
1903 0.03% -
1904 -0.1% -
1905 0.22% -
1906 -0.42% -
1907 0.26% -
1908 -0.82% -
1909 -2.49% -
1910 -1.72% -
1911 -1.02% -
1912 0.13% -
1913 0.07% -
1914 0.43% -
1915 -0.48% -
1916 1.51% -
1917 3.1% -
1918 1.95% -
1919 -0.38% -
1920 -0.46% -
1921 -2.41% -
1922 -1.33% -
1923 -0.56% -
1924 -0.8% -
1925 -3.1% -
1926 -0.48% -
1927 -2.33% -
1928 -4.99% -
1929 0.13% -
1930 0.03% -
1931 -1.67% -
1932 -3.22% -
1933 1.69% -
1934 0.03% -
1935 -0.97% -
1936 -1.36% -
1937 0.22% -
1938 0.03% -
1939 0% -
1940 0% -
1941 0% -
1942 0% -
1943 0% -
1944 0% -
1945 -1.03% -
1946 2.69% -
1947 0.84% -
1948 1.07% -
1949 0.63% -
1950 1.08% -
1951 0.79% -
1952 1.18% -
1953 1.75% -
1954 -0.84% -
1955 -1.17% -
1956 -0.01% -
1957 0.26% -
1958 0.25% -
1959 0.79% -
1960 1.25% -
1961 1.73% -
1962 -0.09% -
1963 1.2% -
1964 1.79% -
1965 2.13% -
1966 0.99% -
1967 1.49% -
1968 -0.06% -
1969 0.3% -
1970 0.7% -
1971 4.96% -
1972 5.01% -
1973 4.97% -
1974 3.7% -
1975 -1.23% -
1976 0.19% -
1977 0.37% -
1978 0.41% -
1979 -0.69% -
1980 -2.32% -
1981 -5.84% -
1982 -8.22% -
1983 -6.29% -
1984 -3.58% -
1985 -1.38% -
1986 3.23% -
1987 2.46% -
1988 1.46% -
1989 0.3% -
1990 -1.78% -
1991 -3.15% -
1992 -2.6% -
1993 -3.73% -
1994 -3.85% -
1995 -3.5% -3.19%
1996 -2.4% -0.36%
1997 -1.22% -2.39%
1998 -0.28% -2.23%
1999 1.06% -4.27%
2000 1.79% -2.83%
2001 1.13% -2.59%
2002 0.25% -2.21%
2003 0.14% -2.17%
2004 2.23% -2.76%
2005 5.2% -1.53%
2006 5.29% 31%
2007 5.31% -0.75%
2008 3.46% 1.11%
2009 -2.75% -3.93%
2010 -2.52% -0.99%
2011 -1.77% -2.19%
2012 -3.2% -0.83%
2013 -0.94% -1.93%
2014 1.43% -6.12%
2015 -0.9% -6.75%
2016 0.3% -4.46%
2017 1.69% -4.12%
2018 0.81% -3.01%
2019 4.28% -3.56%
2020 0.36% -4.82%
2021 4.1% -6.1%
2022 3.44% -6.77%
2023 3.31% -5.37%
2024 4.5% -4.27%
2025 1.2% -3.02%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Denmark has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.95%, compared with 2.49% in Niger. In 2024, inflation was 1.37% in Denmark and 9.07% in Niger.

Inflation
Denmark

Niger
Year Inflation
Denmark Niger Denmark Niger
1996 2.13% 5.29%
1997 2.18% 2.93%
1998 1.85% 4.55%
1999 2.5% -2.3%
2000 2.9% 2.9%
2001 2.34% 4.01%
2002 2.42% 2.63%
2003 2.08% -1.61%
2004 1.15% 0.26%
2005 1.82% 7.8%
2006 1.92% 0.04%
2007 1.69% 0.05%
2008 3.42% 11.3%
2009 1.3% 0.58%
2010 2.31% 0.8%
2011 2.76% 2.94%
2012 2.4% 0.46%
2013 0.79% 2.3%
2014 0.56% -0.93%
2015 0.45% -0.58%
2016 0.25% 1.65%
2017 1.15% 2.8%
2018 0.81% 2.97%
2019 0.76% -2.49%
2020 0.42% 2.9%
2021 1.85% 3.84%
2022 7.7% 4.23%
2023 3.31% 3.7%
2024 1.37% 9.07%

Top exports between countries

Denmark
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $7.86M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.82M
Chemicals & pharma $649K
Textiles & consumer goods $495K
Wood & paper products $231K
Miscellaneous $35K
Animal & marine products $30K
Raw agricultural goods $15K
Precious metals & jewellery $3K
Raw materials & minerals $3K
Niger
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $5K

Balance of trade

Denmark Niger
Current account balance
$52.1B
2024
-$2.33B
2023
Current account balance ranking
11/189
2024
145/189
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
+12.1%
2024
-14%
2023
Goods imports
$132B
2024
$2.59B
2023
Goods exports
$172B
2024
$992M
2023
Service imports
$125B
2024
$1.22B
2023
Service exports
$129B
2024
$231M
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
58.9%
2024
20.8%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
69.7%
2024
31.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Denmark Niger
Economic freedom 79.1 51.5
Economic freedom ranking 8/197 151/197
Property rights 99.3 29.6
Government integrity 98 31.8
Judicial effectiveness 90.5 37.1
Tax burden 45 77.9
Government spending 33.6 87.3
Fiscal health 98.2 34.4
Business freedom 93 33.8
Labor freedom 64.9 54
Monetary freedom 76.6 72.6
Trade freedom 79.6 64
Investment freedom 90 55
Financial freedom 80 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Denmark is 79.1, ranking 8/197, compared to 51.5 for Niger, ranking 151/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Denmark
Niger
Year Economic freedom index
Denmark Niger
1996 67.3 45.8
1997 67.5 46.6
1998 67.5 47.5
1999 68.1 48.6
2000 68.3 45.9
2001 68.3 48.9
2002 71.1 48.2
2003 73.2 54.2
2004 72.4 54.6
2005 75.3 54.1
2006 75.4 52.5
2007 77 53.2
2008 79.2 52.9
2009 79.6 53.8
2010 77.9 52.9
2011 78.6 54.3
2012 76.2 54.3
2013 76.1 53.9
2014 76.1 55.1
2015 76.3 54.6
2016 75.3 54.3
2017 75.1 50.8
2018 76.6 49.5
2019 76.7 51.6
2020 78.3 54.7
2021 77.8 57.3
2022 78 54.9
2023 77.6 53.7
2024 77.8 52.3
2025 79.1 51.5

More economic indicators

Denmark Niger
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
45.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2024
17.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.74%
2024
33.8%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$441B
2024
$17.9B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$82,240
2024
$1,990
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
n/a
Total reserves ranking
25/177
2024
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
$11.9B
2024
-$1.02B
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.5B
2024
$526M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30.4B
2024
$12.2M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
1.16%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2021
41.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.6%
2024
18.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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Economy comparisons

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.