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Economy of Italy vs Philippines compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Italy has a GDP of $2.55T compared to $487B for the Philippines, ranking 9/197 and 34/197 by economy size, respectively.

Italy has $3.5T in government debt (137.1% of GDP), compared to $289B (59.4% of GDP) in the Philippines.

Italy vs Philippines GDP by year

Italy
Philippines
1x
Year GDP, current $
Italy Philippines
2025 $2,551,556,954,100 $487,086,123,720
2024 $2,383,435,562,458 $461,671,157,905
2023 $2,316,882,296,366 $437,055,627,245
2022 $2,104,067,630,319 $404,353,369,605
2021 $2,179,207,773,596 $394,087,359,848
2020 $1,907,481,094,079 $361,751,145,452
2019 $2,019,606,796,584 $376,823,402,239
2018 $2,099,435,266,459 $346,841,896,587
2017 $1,970,720,904,585 $328,480,736,803
2016 $1,887,111,188,177 $318,627,003,017
2015 $1,845,428,048,839 $306,445,871,242
2014 $2,173,255,507,986 $297,483,555,338
2013 $2,153,225,581,941 $283,902,828,589
2012 $2,097,929,495,122 $261,920,540,963
2011 $2,306,974,020,278 $234,216,730,291
2010 $2,144,936,254,535 $208,368,893,151
2009 $2,209,484,319,013 $175,974,755,881
2008 $2,417,508,414,187 $181,624,626,327
2007 $2,222,524,108,128 $155,980,408,673
2006 $1,958,563,654,386 $127,652,926,368
2005 $1,864,982,261,287 $107,419,977,318
2004 $1,812,808,753,295 $95,001,999,685
2003 $1,582,930,016,539 $87,039,092,974
2002 $1,281,746,271,196 $84,307,345,888
2001 $1,172,041,488,806 $78,921,234,458
2000 $1,149,661,363,439 $83,669,788,377
1999 $1,255,004,736,464 $85,640,171,045
1998 $1,272,729,786,997 $74,492,416,330
1997 $1,244,988,176,444 $94,106,317,565
1996 $1,314,776,508,972 $94,648,084,429
1995 $1,177,369,428,266 $84,644,328,727
1994 $1,101,750,159,702 $73,159,336,915
1993 $1,067,412,587,671 $62,036,529,147
1992 $1,323,204,350,354 $60,422,328,242
1991 $1,249,092,439,519 $51,784,144,943
1990 $1,183,945,130,899 $50,508,286,642
1989 $930,801,709,004 $48,513,773,721
1988 $893,663,934,841 $43,152,128,959
1987 $807,570,134,449 $37,791,488,666
1986 $641,862,313,287 $33,987,207,295
1985 $453,259,761,687 $34,961,486,348
1984 $438,896,930,791 $35,730,185,634
1983 $444,063,496,940 $37,759,179,895
1982 $428,257,421,618 $42,206,011,275
1981 $431,695,533,981 $40,499,388,869
1980 $478,356,755,596 $36,848,080,899
1979 $394,584,507,108 $31,218,296,292
1978 $315,784,469,541 $25,762,224,563
1977 $258,190,019,750 $22,283,109,803
1976 $225,235,205,862 $19,381,055,197
1975 $228,220,643,535 $16,875,240,684
1974 $200,024,444,775 $15,607,882,555
1973 $175,896,529,392 $11,412,449,735
1972 $145,594,833,997 $9,067,815,521
1971 $124,959,712,859 $8,375,075,630
1970 $113,656,669,765 $7,559,115,517
1969 $100,996,667,239 $9,571,800,653
1968 $91,485,448,148 $8,632,749,269
1967 $84,401,995,573 $7,724,873,935
1966 $76,622,444,787 $7,189,017,888
1965 $70,717,012,186 $6,517,349,772
1964 $65,720,771,779 $5,953,756,195
1963 $60,035,924,618 $5,505,023,238
1962 $52,413,872,628 $4,954,593,072
1961 $46,649,487,320 $8,171,194,425
1960 $42,012,422,612 $7,515,894,111

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/philippines | CC BY

GDP per capita in Italy vs Philippines by year

Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Philippines
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Italy Philippines
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $43,309 - $4,171 -
2024 $40,430 $62,014 $3,985 $11,794
2023 $39,280 $60,030 $3,804 $10,986
2022 $35,654 $57,261 $3,548 $10,131
2021 $36,853 $49,825 $3,484 $8,858
2020 $32,091 $44,436 $3,228 $8,238
2019 $33,813 $46,662 $3,401 $8,924
2018 $35,062 $43,387 $3,169 $8,358
2017 $32,844 $42,142 $3,038 $7,774
2016 $31,392 $40,483 $2,985 $7,383
2015 $30,640 $37,384 $2,910 $6,894
2014 $36,028 $36,666 $2,867 $6,689
2013 $35,702 $36,459 $2,781 $6,373
2012 $34,854 $36,281 $2,615 $6,094
2011 $38,432 $36,392 $2,384 $5,705
2010 $35,857 $34,974 $2,163 $5,489
2009 $37,100 $34,502 $1,864 $5,157
2008 $40,829 $35,422 $1,959 $5,144
2007 $37,826 $34,108 $1,713 $4,923
2006 $33,537 $32,454 $1,426 $4,579
2005 $32,063 $30,138 $1,220 $4,289
2004 $31,348 $29,581 $1,100 $4,037
2003 $27,578 $29,249 $1,027 $3,761
2002 $22,451 $28,833 $1,015 $3,580
2001 $20,570 $28,134 $970 $3,469
2000 $20,190 $27,152 $1,051 $3,366
1999 $22,050 $25,655 $1,101 $3,229
1998 $22,365 $25,075 $983 $3,160
1997 $21,884 $23,937 $1,273 $3,221
1996 $23,123 $23,101 $1,311 $3,082
1995 $20,712 $22,446 $1,200 $2,926
1994 $19,382 $21,369 $1,060 $2,800
1993 $18,782 $20,485 $919 $2,684
1992 $23,297 $20,196 $917 $2,629
1991 $22,007 $19,596 $804 $2,621
1990 $20,874 $18,680 $804 $2,608
1989 $16,424 - $792 -
1988 $15,781 - $722 -
1987 $14,268 - $650 -
1986 $11,341 - $600 -
1985 $8,009 - $633 -
1984 $7,758 - $665 -
1983 $7,851 - $723 -
1982 $7,574 - $833 -
1981 $7,640 - $821 -
1980 $8,476 - $767 -
1979 $7,006 - $667 -
1978 $5,623 - $565 -
1977 $4,614 - $502 -
1976 $4,042 - $449 -
1975 $4,116 - $401 -
1974 $3,629 - $379 -
1973 $3,213 - $283.2 -
1972 $2,677 - $230.1 -
1971 $2,311 - $217.4 -
1970 $2,112 - $200.9 -
1969 $1,886 - $261.1 -
1968 $1,718 - $242.2 -
1967 $1,595 - $223.1 -
1966 $1,459 - $213.8 -
1965 $1,357 - $199.8 -
1964 $1,272 - $188.2 -
1963 $1,171 - $179.5 -
1962 $1,030 - $166.7 -
1961 $923 - $283.8 -
1960 $837 - $269.5 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/philippines | CC BY

Italy's GDP per capita is $43,309, ranking 29/197, compared to $4,171 in the Philippines, ranking 130/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Italy ranks 31st at $62,014, while the Philippines ranks 127th at $11,794.

Economic indicators

Italy Philippines
Gross domestic product
$2.55T
2025
$487B
2025
GDP rank
9/197
2025
34/197
2025
GDP growth
0.54%
2024-2025
4.4%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$43,309
2025
$4,171
2025
GDP per capita rank
29/197
2025
130/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,014
2024
$11,794
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
31/197
2024
127/197
2024
Government debt
$3.5T
2025
$289B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
137.1%
2025
59.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$59,371
2025
$2,476
2025
Government debt per person rank
6/185
2025
113/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,424
2026
$3,163
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$587B
2014
$232B
2025
Number of millionaires
1,235,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
89
2026
15
2026
Income share by richest 10%
25.8%
2023
31.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2023
2.9%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
51.1%
2025
24.3%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.53%
2024-2025
1.66%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
4.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
6.1%
2025
2.41%
2023
Population
58708169
118213646

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Italy
Spending

Debt
Philippines
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Italy Philippines
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 51.1% 137.1% 24.3% 59.4%
2024 50.4% 134.7% 25.6% 56.6%
2023 53.6% 133.9% 24.7% 56.5%
2022 54.9% 138.4% 25.9% 57.4%
2021 56% 145.8% 27.2% 57%
2020 56.8% 154.4% 25.9% 51.6%
2019 48.4% 133.9% 21.7% 37%
2018 48.3% 134.2% 20.9% 37.1%
2017 48.8% 133.7% 19.5% 38.1%
2016 49% 134.2% 19% 37.4%
2015 50.2% 134.8% 17.8% 39.7%
2014 50.7% 134.8% 16.8% 40.3%
2013 50.9% 131.9% 17.3% 43.9%
2012 50.5% 125.9% 17.7% 45.7%
2011 49% 119.1% 17.2% 45.4%
2010 49.8% 118.8% 18.3% 47.6%
2009 51.1% 116.1% 19.2% 49.8%
2008 47.8% 105.8% 17.9% 50%
2007 46.6% 103.5% 18.2% 50.2%
2006 47.6% 106.3% 18.3% 57.2%
2005 47.1% 106.2% 18.7% 64.7%
2004 46.7% 104.7% 19.4% 71.1%
2003 47% 105.1% 20.4% 71.4%
2002 46.5% 105.9% 20.6% 65.2%
2001 47.1% 108.5% 21% 59.5%
2000 46.4% 108.7% 20.8% 59.2%
1999 47.1% 113.1% 20.7% 54.2%
1998 48% 113.9% 20.3% 50.8%
1997 49.3% 116.5% 20.3% 56.9%
1996 51.3% 118.9% 19.6% 53.1%
1995 51.4% 119.1% 19.1% 60.8%
1994 55.1% 130.8% 19.7% 63.6%
1993 57.8% 124.1% 17.6% 73.9%
1992 56.8% 113% 18.4% 53.9%
1991 55.3% 105.3% 18% 55.6%
1990 54.2% 101.7% 18.8% 56.2%
1989 51.6% 91.8% 15.7% 55.2%
1988 50.4% 89.2% 15.9% 69%
1987 49.8% 87.4% 15.7% 79.2%
1986 50.5% 83.4% 13.5% 77.7%
1985 49.8% 79.1% 11.3% 53.1%
1984 49.1% 73.1% 10.1% 45.8%
1983 48.9% 67.8% 12.2% 43.1%
1982 46.7% 61.8% 12.8% 32.9%
1981 44.6% 57.3% 13.7% 27.6%
1980 40.8% 55.1% 13.4% 24.8%
1979 40.1% 58.9% 11.9% 22.5%
1978 40.9% 59.9% 13.3% 23.1%
1977 38.5% 56% 13.3% 19.8%
1976 38.1% 57.3% 13.8% 16.8%
1975 39.1% 57.9% 15.1% 13%
1974 34.8% 50.8% 10.7% 13.4%
1973 35.3% 51.1% 14% 11.5%
1972 36.4% 48.2% 13.4% 14.2%
1971 34.4% 42.4% 11.2% 14.8%
1970 32.3% 37.8% 10.4% 16.8%
1969 32.1% 37% 11.5% 16.4%
1968 32.6% 36.4% 11.2% 15.7%
1967 17.9% 33.3% 10.2% 15.4%
1966 19.1% 33.4% 9.77% 14.4%
1965 18.6% 28.4% 9.48% 15%
1964 18.2% 27.2% 9.66% 14.2%
1963 16.7% 27.2% 10.4% 14.1%
1962 17.5% 29% 10.8% 15.9%
1961 17.3% 30% 9.6% 16.5%
1960 16.5% 31.4% 10.1% 16.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/philippines | CC BY

In 2025, Italy's government spending was $1.3T, accounting for 51.1% of its GDP, while the Philippines spent $118B, or 24.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 137.1% in Italy and 59.4% in the Philippines, ranking 9/185 and 79/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Italy

Philippines
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Italy Philippines
2025 -3.11% -3.97%
2024 -3.35% -4.44%
2023 -7.13% -4.38%
2022 -8.1% -5.48%
2021 -8.88% -6.23%
2020 -9.38% -5.55%
2019 -1.45% -1.5%
2018 -2.19% -1.48%
2017 -2.51% -0.75%
2016 -2.4% -0.74%
2015 -2.46% 0.14%
2014 -2.82% 1.32%
2013 -2.87% 0.37%
2012 -2.99% -0.22%
2011 -3.52% -0.38%
2010 -4.16% -2.25%
2009 -5.06% -2.57%
2008 -2.58% 0.02%
2007 -1.33% -0.28%
2006 -3.61% -0.05%
2005 -4.1% -1.62%
2004 -3.46% -2.81%
2003 -3.23% -3.49%
2002 -2.88% -3.71%
2001 -3.18% -3.49%
2000 -2.42% -3.27%
1999 -1.77% -2.29%
1998 -2.99% -1.31%
1997 -2.98% 0.37%
1996 -6.61% 0.54%
1995 -7.2% -0.02%
1994 -8.84% -0.44%
1993 -9.76% 0.63%
1992 -10.1% -0.43%
1991 -11.1% -0.26%
1990 -11.1% -1.52%
1989 -11.4% -1.64%
1988 -11% -2.71%
1987 -11.5% -1.06%
1986 -12% -0.55%
1985 -12.4% 0.71%
1984 -11.5% 0.64%
1983 -10.1% 0.1%
1982 -10% -0.88%
1981 -10.9% -1.09%
1980 -6.97% 0.56%
1979 -8.23% 1.54%
1978 -8.47% 0.05%
1977 -6.96% -0.42%
1976 -7.88% -0.55%
1975 -10.3% 0.13%
1974 -6.24% 5.94%
1973 -6.36% 2.49%
1972 -6.84% 3.39%
1971 -4.71% -0.96%
1970 -3.22% -0.31%
1969 -2.85% -2.67%
1968 -2.55% -2.33%
1967 -0.97% -1.35%
1966 -1.59% -0.74%
1965 -2.67% -1.53%
1964 -2.35% -0.99%
1963 -0.3% -0.68%
1962 -0.95% -0.43%
1961 -0.57% -0.29%
1960 -0.28% -1.06%
1959 -1% -0.15%
1958 -0.98% -0.21%
1957 -1.09% -0.56%
1956 -1.46% -0.77%
1955 -2.03% -1.3%
1954 -1.84% -0.79%
1953 -2.33% -0.88%
1952 -4.08% 0.49%
1951 -3.86% 1.5%
1950 -2.42% -0.19%
1949 -2.82% -2.33%
1948 -4.58% -0.65%
1947 -6.62% 0.05%
1946 -9.82% -2.54%
1945 -16.9% -
1944 -35.1% -
1943 -16.1% -
1942 -26.9% -
1941 -25.1% -
1940 -24.3% -
1939 -9.49% -
1938 -5.97% -
1937 -5.78% -
1936 -7.93% -
1935 -9.83% -
1934 -2.5% -
1933 -4.85% -
1932 -3.06% -
1931 -2.14% -
1930 -0.55% -
1929 -0.59% -
1928 -2.09% -
1927 -1.71% -
1926 -0.09% -
1925 1.7% -
1924 1.19% -
1923 -3.21% -
1922 -11% -
1921 -7.77% -
1920 -5.89% -
1919 -11.2% -
1918 -22.7% -
1917 -27.6% -
1916 -28.2% -
1915 -25.8% -
1914 -12.4% -
1913 -0.86% -
1912 -1.86% -
1911 -0.63% -
1910 -0.32% -
1909 -0.69% -
1908 -1.31% -
1907 -0.51% -
1906 -0.69% -
1905 -1.57% -
1904 0.58% -
1903 0.32% -
1902 0.48% -
1901 0.36% -
1900 0.28% -
1899 -0.11% -
1898 -0.21% -
1897 0.009% -
1896 -0.43% -
1895 -0.69% -
1894 -0.23% -
1893 -0.49% -
1892 -0.25% -
1891 -1.41% -
1890 -0.32% -
1889 -1.32% -
1888 -2.11% -
1887 -1.94% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 0.2% -
1884 -1.46% -
1883 -0.51% -
1882 -0.5% -
1881 -0.04% -
1880 0.38% -
1879 0.73% -
1878 0.09% -
1877 -0.009% -
1876 -0.05% -
1875 0.58% -
1874 -0.08% -
1873 0.21% -
1872 0% -
1871 -0.13% -
1870 -0.82% -
1869 0.33% -
1868 -0.79% -
1867 -1.45% -
1866 -3.1% -
1865 -2.72% -
1864 -3.06% -
1863 -4.16% -
1862 -3.96% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/philippines | CC BY

In 2025, Italy's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $79.4B, equivalent to 3.11% of GDP. This compares to the Philippines' deficit of $19.4B, or 3.97% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Italy recorded a fiscal deficit in 66 of those years, while the Philippines ran a deficit in 49 years. On average, Italy posted an annual deficit equal to 5.51% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.03% of GDP for the Philippines.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Italy

Philippines
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Italy Philippines
2025 1.53% 1.66%
2024 0.98% 3.21%
2023 5.62% 5.98%
2022 8.2% 5.82%
2021 1.87% 3.93%
2020 -0.14% 2.39%
2019 0.61% 2.39%
2018 1.14% 5.31%
2017 1.23% 2.85%
2016 -0.09% 1.25%
2015 0.04% 0.67%
2014 0.24% 3.6%
2013 1.22% 2.58%
2012 3.04% 3.03%
2011 2.78% 4.72%
2010 1.53% 3.79%
2009 0.77% 4.22%
2008 3.35% 8.26%
2007 1.83% 2.9%
2006 2.09% 5.49%
2005 1.99% 6.52%
2004 2.21% 4.83%
2003 2.67% 2.29%
2002 2.47% 2.72%
2001 2.79% 5.35%
2000 2.54% 3.98%
1999 1.66% 5.94%
1998 1.96% 9.23%
1997 2.04% 5.59%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/philippines | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Italy has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.01%, compared with 4.16% in the Philippines. In 2025, inflation was 1.53% in Italy and 1.66% in the Philippines.

Top exports between countries

Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $573M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $162M
Chemicals & pharma $147M
Textiles & consumer goods $104M
Transport & tourism services $59.5M
Animal & marine products $38M
Raw materials & minerals $30.4M
Business & finance services $28.3M
Precious metals & jewellery $24.6M
Metals $14.8M
Philippines
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $215M
Machinery & equipment $55.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $33.2M
Precious metals & jewellery $24.6M
Raw materials & minerals $9.23M
Metals $7.68M
Chemicals & pharma $5.84M
Raw agricultural goods $3.94M
Animal & marine products $3.71M
Wood & paper products $885K

Balance of trade

Italy Philippines
Current account balance
$29.3B
2025
-$16.3B
2025
Current account balance ranking
19/190
2025
181/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.15%
2025
-3.34%
2025
Goods imports
$597B
2025
$130B
2025
Goods exports
$655B
2025
$63.4B
2025
Service imports
$177B
2025
$38.2B
2025
Service exports
$168B
2025
$51.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.3%
2025
40.2%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
26.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Italy Philippines
Economic freedom 63.3 62.9
Economic freedom ranking 80/197 85/197
Property rights 84.8 45.8
Government integrity 60.8 35.4
Judicial effectiveness 80.9 41.8
Tax burden 57.5 78.3
Government spending 15.3 81
Fiscal health 17.2 60.5
Business freedom 74.5 69.2
Labor freedom 70.6 57.8
Monetary freedom 79.1 72.1
Trade freedom 79.4 83
Investment freedom 80 70
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Italy
Philippines
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Italy Philippines
2026 63.3 62.9
2025 60.9 60.6
2024 60.1 59
2023 62.3 59.3
2022 65.4 61.1
2021 64.9 64.1
2020 63.8 64.5
2019 62.2 63.8
2018 62.5 65
2017 62.5 65.6
2016 61.2 63.1
2015 61.7 62.2
2014 60.9 60.1
2013 60.6 58.2
2012 58.8 57.1
2011 60.3 56.2
2010 62.7 56.3
2009 61.4 56.8
2008 62.6 56
2007 62.8 56
2006 62 56.3
2005 64.9 54.7
2004 64.2 59.1
2003 64.3 61.3
2002 63.6 60.7
2001 63 60.9
2000 61.9 62.5
1999 61.6 61.9
1998 59.1 62.8
1997 58.1 62.2
1996 60.8 60.2
1995 61.2 55

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/philippines | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Italy is 63.3, ranking 80/197, compared to 62.9 for the Philippines, ranking 85/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Italy Philippines
Services, % of GDP
64.5%
2025
64.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
22.6%
2025
27%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.07%
2025
8.59%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.48T
2025
$567B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$62,870
2025
$14,460
2025
Total reserves including gold
$434B
2025
$111B
2025
Total reserves ranking
10/177
2025
28/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$22B
2025
-$6.19B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$28.5B
2024
$9.4B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$45.9B
2024
$2.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.45%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.1%
2021
15.5%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.2%
2025
22.1%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/philippines | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.