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Economy of Greece vs Philippines compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Greece has a GDP of $281B compared to $487B for the Philippines, ranking 52/197 and 34/197 by economy size, respectively.

Greece has $409B in government debt (145.7% of GDP), compared to $289B (59.4% of GDP) in the Philippines.

Greece vs Philippines GDP by year

Greece
Philippines
1x
Year GDP, current $
Greece Philippines
2025 $280,635,521,324 $487,086,123,720
2024 $256,238,371,778 $461,671,157,905
2023 $242,946,187,738 $437,055,627,245
2022 $217,990,189,601 $404,353,369,605
2021 $218,303,801,895 $394,087,359,848
2020 $191,362,985,555 $361,751,145,452
2019 $207,305,649,887 $376,823,402,239
2018 $213,298,873,494 $346,841,896,587
2017 $200,381,103,984 $328,480,736,803
2016 $193,097,239,006 $318,627,003,017
2015 $194,567,373,678 $306,445,871,242
2014 $233,911,581,521 $297,483,555,338
2013 $236,556,279,641 $283,902,828,589
2012 $238,841,140,018 $261,920,540,963
2011 $283,228,079,776 $234,216,730,291
2010 $296,417,644,404 $208,368,893,151
2009 $326,829,054,686 $175,974,755,881
2008 $351,121,399,546 $181,624,626,327
2007 $314,226,996,944 $155,980,408,673
2006 $269,073,415,334 $127,652,926,368
2005 $242,315,668,619 $107,419,977,318
2004 $234,979,615,898 $95,001,999,685
2003 $196,930,509,813 $87,039,092,974
2002 $150,253,800,086 $84,307,345,888
2001 $132,050,474,720 $78,921,234,458
2000 $125,760,166,225 $83,669,788,377
1999 $137,131,371,955 $85,640,171,045
1998 $139,612,812,176 $74,492,416,330
1997 $138,766,067,640 $94,106,317,565
1996 $142,502,984,145 $94,648,084,429
1995 $134,974,613,914 $84,644,328,727
1994 $114,980,063,202 $73,159,336,915
1993 $107,295,704,518 $62,036,529,147
1992 $114,608,178,405 $60,422,328,242
1991 $103,680,863,713 $51,784,144,943
1990 $96,529,587,274 $50,508,286,642
1989 $78,067,933,277 $48,513,773,721
1988 $75,200,610,137 $43,152,128,959
1987 $64,739,630,096 $37,791,488,666
1986 $55,595,445,472 $33,987,207,295
1985 $47,155,741,426 $34,961,486,348
1984 $47,352,146,312 $35,730,185,634
1983 $48,741,397,059 $37,759,179,895
1982 $53,858,346,939 $42,206,011,275
1981 $51,618,456,335 $40,499,388,869
1980 $56,039,256,595 $36,848,080,899
1979 $53,724,121,435 $31,218,296,292
1978 $43,654,480,519 $25,762,224,563
1977 $35,673,080,481 $22,283,109,803
1976 $30,719,552,239 $19,381,055,197
1975 $28,129,128,587 $16,875,240,684
1974 $24,998,715,909 $15,607,882,555
1973 $22,037,019,563 $11,412,449,735
1972 $16,650,659,091 $9,067,815,521
1971 $14,388,806,818 $8,375,075,630
1970 $12,957,113,636 $7,559,115,517
1969 $11,454,106,327 $9,571,800,653
1968 $9,950,331,206 $8,632,749,269
1967 $9,146,592,856 $7,724,873,935
1966 $8,472,021,467 $7,189,017,888
1965 $7,582,209,670 $6,517,349,772
1964 $6,576,906,345 $5,953,756,195
1963 $5,813,285,627 $5,505,023,238
1962 $5,140,542,929 $4,954,593,072
1961 $4,892,397,431 $8,171,194,425
1960 $4,274,890,307 $7,515,894,111

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/philippines | CC BY

GDP per capita in Greece vs Philippines by year

Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Philippines
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Greece Philippines
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $26,948 - $4,171 -
2024 $24,626 $44,327 $3,985 $11,794
2023 $23,344 $42,711 $3,804 $10,986
2022 $20,885 $39,612 $3,548 $10,131
2021 $20,653 $33,531 $3,484 $8,858
2020 $17,887 $29,533 $3,228 $8,238
2019 $19,335 $31,927 $3,401 $8,924
2018 $19,873 $29,792 $3,169 $8,358
2017 $18,632 $28,682 $3,038 $7,774
2016 $17,919 $27,505 $2,985 $7,383
2015 $17,981 $26,608 $2,910 $6,894
2014 $21,475 $26,450 $2,867 $6,689
2013 $21,573 $25,731 $2,781 $6,373
2012 $21,624 $24,583 $2,615 $6,094
2011 $25,505 $25,693 $2,384 $5,705
2010 $26,653 $27,839 $2,163 $5,489
2009 $29,425 $29,963 $1,864 $5,157
2008 $31,696 $30,441 $1,959 $5,144
2007 $28,441 $28,896 $1,713 $4,923
2006 $24,416 $28,076 $1,426 $4,579
2005 $22,054 $25,004 $1,220 $4,289
2004 $21,449 $24,826 $1,100 $4,037
2003 $18,021 $23,253 $1,027 $3,761
2002 $13,782 $21,985 $1,015 $3,580
2001 $12,157 $20,304 $970 $3,469
2000 $11,638 $18,820 $1,051 $3,366
1999 $12,743 $17,758 $1,101 $3,229
1998 $13,023 $17,434 $983 $3,160
1997 $13,016 $16,630 $1,273 $3,221
1996 $13,433 $15,778 $1,311 $3,082
1995 $12,779 $15,218 $1,200 $2,926
1994 $10,937 $14,667 $1,060 $2,800
1993 $10,257 $14,150 $919 $2,684
1992 $11,021 $14,130 $917 $2,629
1991 $10,047 $13,824 $804 $2,621
1990 $9,467 $13,126 $804 $2,608
1989 $7,738 - $792 -
1988 $7,492 - $722 -
1987 $6,474 - $650 -
1986 $5,578 - $600 -
1985 $4,747 - $633 -
1984 $4,785 - $665 -
1983 $4,950 - $723 -
1982 $5,502 - $833 -
1981 $5,305 - $821 -
1980 $5,812 - $767 -
1979 $5,627 - $667 -
1978 $4,629 - $565 -
1977 $3,832 - $502 -
1976 $3,343 - $449 -
1975 $3,109 - $401 -
1974 $2,789 - $379 -
1973 $2,468 - $283.2 -
1972 $1,873 - $230.1 -
1971 $1,629 - $217.4 -
1970 $1,474 - $200.9 -
1969 $1,306 - $261.1 -
1968 $1,138 - $242.2 -
1967 $1,053 - $223.1 -
1966 $984 - $213.8 -
1965 $887 - $199.8 -
1964 $773 - $188.2 -
1963 $686 - $179.5 -
1962 $608 - $166.7 -
1961 $583 - $283.8 -
1960 $513 - $269.5 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/philippines | CC BY

Greece's GDP per capita is $26,948, ranking 50/197, compared to $4,171 in the Philippines, ranking 130/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327, while the Philippines ranks 127th at $11,794.

Economic indicators

Greece Philippines
Gross domestic product
$281B
2025
$487B
2025
GDP rank
52/197
2025
34/197
2025
GDP growth
2.07%
2024-2025
4.4%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$26,948
2025
$4,171
2025
GDP per capita rank
50/197
2025
130/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$44,327
2024
$11,794
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
52/197
2024
127/197
2024
Government debt
$409B
2025
$289B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
145.7%
2025
59.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$39,257
2025
$2,476
2025
Government debt per person rank
19/185
2025
113/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$14,117
2026
$3,163
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$129B
2025
$232B
2025
Number of millionaires
82,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
16
2026
15
2026
Income share by richest 10%
26%
2023
31.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2023
2.9%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.7%
2025
24.3%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.48%
2024-2025
1.66%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
4.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.84%
2025
2.41%
2023
Population
10371575
118213646

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Greece
Spending

Debt
Philippines
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Greece Philippines
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 49.7% 145.7% 24.3% 59.4%
2024 48.2% 155.4% 25.6% 56.6%
2023 49.6% 165.5% 24.7% 56.5%
2022 53.1% 179.2% 25.9% 57.4%
2021 56.7% 197.8% 27.2% 57%
2020 59.3% 209.9% 25.9% 51.6%
2019 47.6% 183.7% 21.7% 37%
2018 48.6% 189.6% 20.9% 37.1%
2017 48.5% 182.6% 19.5% 38.1%
2016 50.3% 183.7% 19% 37.4%
2015 51.9% 180% 17.8% 39.7%
2014 51.5% 182.8% 16.8% 40.3%
2013 53% 180.5% 17.3% 43.9%
2012 54.9% 164.3% 17.7% 45.7%
2011 55.1% 175.1% 17.2% 45.4%
2010 53.1% 147.8% 18.3% 47.6%
2009 54.8% 128.5% 19.2% 49.8%
2008 51.5% 110.9% 17.9% 50%
2007 47.8% 104.6% 18.2% 50.2%
2006 45.9% 105.3% 18.3% 57.2%
2005 46.6% 109.9% 18.7% 64.7%
2004 48.8% 105.5% 19.4% 71.1%
2003 47.9% 104.3% 20.4% 71.4%
2002 47.1% 107.9% 20.6% 65.2%
2001 47.5% 110.5% 21% 59.5%
2000 48.2% 108.9% 20.8% 59.2%
1999 48% 102.8% 20.7% 54.2%
1998 46.7% 100.8% 20.3% 50.8%
1997 45.1% 102.6% 20.3% 56.9%
1996 46.1% 103.7% 19.6% 53.1%
1995 46.6% 100.4% 19.1% 60.8%
1994 36.9% 99.7% 19.7% 63.6%
1993 38.6% 101.7% 17.6% 73.9%
1992 36.9% 81.1% 18.4% 53.9%
1991 35.2% 75.7% 18% 55.6%
1990 38.5% 74.2% 18.8% 56.2%
1989 34.8% 60.7% 15.7% 55.2%
1988 33.8% 57.9% 15.9% 69%
1987 34% 53.2% 15.7% 79.2%
1986 33.8% 47.8% 13.5% 77.7%
1985 34.2% 47.3% 11.3% 53.1%
1984 32% 40.6% 10.1% 45.8%
1983 30.2% 34.1% 12.2% 43.1%
1982 28.7% 29.7% 12.8% 32.9%
1981 28.1% 27.1% 13.7% 27.6%
1980 24.5% 22.8% 13.4% 24.8%
1979 24.1% 22.7% 11.9% 22.5%
1978 30.1% 32.3% 13.3% 23.1%
1977 30.1% 24.5% 13.3% 19.8%
1976 29.1% 23.7% 13.8% 16.8%
1975 28.7% 24.1% 15.1% 13%
1974 25.3% 22.5% 10.7% 13.4%
1973 24.3% 22% 14% 11.5%
1972 26.8% 26.5% 13.4% 14.2%
1971 25.8% 25% 11.2% 14.8%
1970 25.2% 24.7% 10.4% 16.8%
1969 29.7% 25.8% 11.5% 16.4%
1968 26.3% 23% 11.2% 15.7%
1967 24.6% 21.1% 10.2% 15.4%
1966 22.8% 19% 9.77% 14.4%
1965 21.7% 16.5% 9.48% 15%
1964 20.4% 21.3% 9.66% 14.2%
1963 19.5% 22.6% 10.4% 14.1%
1962 19.7% 16.6% 10.8% 15.9%
1961 19.3% 14.4% 9.6% 16.5%
1960 20% 13.4% 10.1% 16.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/philippines | CC BY

In 2025, Greece's government spending was $139B, accounting for 49.7% of its GDP, while the Philippines spent $118B, or 24.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 145.7% in Greece and 59.4% in the Philippines, ranking 7/185 and 79/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Greece

Philippines
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Greece Philippines
2025 1.26% -3.97%
2024 1.23% -4.44%
2023 -1.44% -4.38%
2022 -2.57% -5.48%
2021 -7.76% -6.23%
2020 -10.4% -5.55%
2019 -0.09% -1.5%
2018 0.78% -1.48%
2017 1.05% -0.75%
2016 0.28% -0.74%
2015 -3.03% 0.14%
2014 -4.29% 1.32%
2013 -4.06% 0.37%
2012 -6.94% -0.22%
2011 -10.5% -0.38%
2010 -11.4% -2.25%
2009 -15.4% -2.57%
2008 -10.3% 0.02%
2007 -6.81% -0.28%
2006 -6.04% -0.05%
2005 -6.33% -1.62%
2004 -9.05% -2.81%
2003 -8.05% -3.49%
2002 -6.2% -3.71%
2001 -5.64% -3.49%
2000 -4.21% -3.27%
1999 -6.02% -2.29%
1998 -6.48% -1.31%
1997 -6.25% 0.37%
1996 -8.35% 0.54%
1995 -9.87% -0.02%
1994 -8.48% -0.44%
1993 -11.5% 0.63%
1992 -10.6% -0.43%
1991 -9.63% -0.26%
1990 -13.3% -1.52%
1989 -11.9% -1.64%
1988 -9.63% -2.71%
1987 -8.09% -1.06%
1986 -8.62% -0.55%
1985 -9.56% 0.71%
1984 -7.19% 0.64%
1983 -6.17% 0.1%
1982 -5.49% -0.88%
1981 -7.08% -1.09%
1980 -2.5% 0.56%
1979 -2.34% 1.54%
1978 -5.39% 0.05%
1977 -5.21% -0.42%
1976 -5.05% -0.55%
1975 -5.3% 0.13%
1974 -4.39% 5.94%
1973 -3.71% 2.49%
1972 -4.16% 3.39%
1971 -3.32% -0.96%
1970 -3.24% -0.31%
1969 -6.65% -2.67%
1968 -3.39% -2.33%
1967 -2.59% -1.35%
1966 -2.17% -0.74%
1965 -2.55% -1.53%
1964 -2.89% -0.99%
1963 -2.25% -0.68%
1962 -2.4% -0.43%
1961 -2.69% -0.29%
1960 -3.3% -1.06%
1959 -2.77% -0.15%
1958 -2.27% -0.21%
1957 -2.45% -0.56%
1956 -0.39% -0.77%
1955 -3.57% -1.3%
1954 -2.87% -0.79%
1953 -3.01% -0.88%
1952 -7.21% 0.49%
1951 -11.5% 1.5%
1950 -12.7% -0.19%
1949 -10.4% -2.33%
1948 -7.65% -0.65%
1947 - 0.05%
1946 - -2.54%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 0.48% -
1938 1.78% -
1937 1.06% -
1936 0.95% -
1935 0.72% -
1934 0.88% -
1933 -2.79% -
1932 -1.78% -
1931 -4% -
1930 -2.23% -
1929 -18.7% -
1928 -0.27% -
1927 2.65% -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -8.96% -
1912 -7.43% -
1911 -4.61% -
1910 -1.53% -
1909 -2.64% -
1908 -1.54% -
1907 -1.23% -
1906 0.66% -
1905 0.91% -
1904 -0.04% -
1903 -0.22% -
1902 -1.67% -
1901 0.1% -
1900 0.41% -
1899 0.86% -
1898 -34.5% -
1897 -8.46% -
1896 0.82% -
1895 0.37% -
1894 2.91% -
1893 0.14% -
1892 -2.28% -
1891 -6.48% -
1890 -11.2% -
1889 -15.7% -
1888 -3.59% -
1887 -4.88% -
1886 -11.5% -
1885 -12.1% -
1884 -7.16% -
1883 -2.42% -
1882 -1.69% -
1881 -14.5% -
1880 -13.5% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/philippines | CC BY

In 2025, Greece's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.53B, equivalent to 1.26% of GDP. This compares to the Philippines' deficit of $19.4B, or 3.97% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Greece recorded a fiscal deficit in 61 of those years, while the Philippines ran a deficit in 49 years. On average, Greece posted an annual deficit equal to 5.69% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.03% of GDP for the Philippines.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Greece

Philippines
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Greece Philippines
2025 2.48% 1.66%
2024 2.74% 3.21%
2023 3.46% 5.98%
2022 9.65% 5.82%
2021 1.22% 3.93%
2020 -1.25% 2.39%
2019 0.25% 2.39%
2018 0.63% 5.31%
2017 1.12% 2.85%
2016 -0.83% 1.25%
2015 -1.74% 0.67%
2014 -1.31% 3.6%
2013 -0.92% 2.58%
2012 1.5% 3.03%
2011 3.33% 4.72%
2010 4.71% 3.79%
2009 1.21% 4.22%
2008 4.15% 8.26%
2007 2.9% 2.9%
2006 3.2% 5.49%
2005 3.55% 6.52%
2004 2.9% 4.83%
2003 3.53% 2.29%
2002 3.63% 2.72%
2001 3.37% 5.35%
2000 3.15% 3.98%
1999 2.64% 5.94%
1998 4.77% 9.23%
1997 5.54% 5.59%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/philippines | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Greece has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 4.16% in the Philippines. In 2025, inflation was 2.48% in Greece and 1.66% in the Philippines.

Top exports between countries

Greece
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $52.6M
Chemicals & pharma $18.8M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5M
Business & finance services $1.8M
Machinery & equipment $1.67M
Metals $1.55M
Government & miscellaneous services $757K
Manufacturing & construction services $541K
Textiles & consumer goods $406K
Raw materials & minerals $349K
Philippines
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $15.3M
Machinery & equipment $14.1M
Precious metals & jewellery $1.26M
Metals $1.02M
Textiles & consumer goods $871K
Raw agricultural goods $509K
Raw materials & minerals $415K
Chemicals & pharma $230K
Miscellaneous $205K
Wood & paper products $117K

Balance of trade

Greece Philippines
Current account balance
-$18.2B
2024
-$16.3B
2025
Current account balance ranking
183/190
2024
181/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.11%
2024
-3.34%
2025
Goods imports
$91.2B
2024
$130B
2025
Goods exports
$52.6B
2024
$63.4B
2025
Service imports
$31.1B
2024
$38.2B
2025
Service exports
$55.8B
2024
$51.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
44%
2025
40.2%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
39.5%
2025
26.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Greece Philippines
Economic freedom 63.2 62.9
Economic freedom ranking 82/197 85/197
Property rights 78 45.8
Government integrity 54.8 35.4
Judicial effectiveness 68 41.8
Tax burden 59.9 78.3
Government spending 24.7 81
Fiscal health 78.9 60.5
Business freedom 77.8 69.2
Labor freedom 59.7 57.8
Monetary freedom 72.6 72.1
Trade freedom 79.4 83
Investment freedom 55 70
Financial freedom 50 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Greece
Philippines
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Greece Philippines
2026 63.2 62.9
2025 60.6 60.6
2024 55.1 59
2023 56.9 59.3
2022 61.5 61.1
2021 60.9 64.1
2020 59.9 64.5
2019 57.7 63.8
2018 57.3 65
2017 55 65.6
2016 53.2 63.1
2015 54 62.2
2014 55.7 60.1
2013 55.4 58.2
2012 55.4 57.1
2011 60.3 56.2
2010 62.7 56.3
2009 60.8 56.8
2008 60.6 56
2007 58.7 56
2006 60.1 56.3
2005 59 54.7
2004 59.1 59.1
2003 58.8 61.3
2002 59.1 60.7
2001 63.4 60.9
2000 61 62.5
1999 61 61.9
1998 60.6 62.8
1997 59.6 62.2
1996 60.5 60.2
1995 61.2 55

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/philippines | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Greece is 63.2, ranking 82/197, compared to 62.9 for the Philippines, ranking 85/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Greece Philippines
Services, % of GDP
67.4%
2025
64.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
15.2%
2025
27%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.57%
2025
8.59%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$264B
2025
$567B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$44,310
2025
$14,460
2025
Total reserves including gold
$24B
2025
$111B
2025
Total reserves ranking
63/177
2025
28/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
-$6.19B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$6.74B
2024
$9.4B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.22B
2024
$2.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.45%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
18.8%
2021
15.5%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.2%
2025
22.1%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.