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Economy of Philippines vs Portugal compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Philippines has a GDP of $462B compared to $313B for Portugal, ranking 35/197 and 46/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Philippines has $261B in government debt (56.6% of GDP), compared to $297B (94.9% of GDP) in Portugal.

Philippines vs Portugal GDP by year

Philippines
Portugal
1x
Year GDP, current $
Philippines Portugal
2024 $461,617,509,782 $313,271,185,085
2023 $437,055,627,244 $292,323,800,949
2022 $404,353,369,605 $256,898,677,175
2021 $394,087,359,848 $256,055,879,091
2020 $361,751,145,452 $229,618,773,423
2019 $376,823,402,239 $240,115,970,063
2018 $346,841,896,587 $242,092,894,543
2017 $328,480,736,803 $220,862,990,767
2016 $318,627,003,017 $206,305,431,242
2015 $306,445,871,242 $199,038,523,120
2014 $297,483,555,338 $230,078,616,300
2013 $283,902,828,589 $226,677,408,292
2012 $261,920,540,963 $216,536,676,772
2011 $234,216,730,291 $245,426,767,676
2010 $208,368,893,151 $238,443,864,993
2009 $175,974,755,881 $244,667,762,836
2008 $181,624,626,327 $263,416,394,624
2007 $155,980,408,673 $240,496,147,317
2006 $127,652,926,368 $208,756,449,276
2005 $107,419,977,318 $197,253,876,705
2004 $95,001,999,685 $189,382,122,532
2003 $87,039,092,974 $165,226,175,537
2002 $84,307,345,888 $134,795,565,549
2001 $78,921,234,458 $121,604,107,165
2000 $83,669,788,377 $118,605,192,877
1999 $85,640,171,045 $127,470,385,557
1998 $74,492,416,330 $123,946,327,916
1997 $94,106,317,565 $117,016,535,163
1996 $94,648,084,429 $122,630,089,680
1995 $84,644,328,727 $118,122,007,430
1994 $73,159,336,915 $99,688,641,304
1993 $62,036,529,147 $95,009,751,901
1992 $60,422,328,242 $107,592,098,307
1991 $51,784,144,943 $89,233,599,278
1990 $50,508,286,642 $78,713,860,217
1989 $48,513,773,721 $60,594,092,182
1988 $43,152,128,959 $56,347,250,696
1987 $37,791,488,666 $48,182,925,857
1986 $33,987,207,295 $38,745,901,354
1985 $34,961,486,348 $27,115,807,742
1984 $35,730,185,634 $25,217,969,050
1983 $37,759,179,895 $27,239,650,742
1982 $42,206,011,275 $30,527,754,793
1981 $40,499,388,869 $31,977,276,873
1980 $36,848,080,899 $32,896,519,824
1979 $31,218,296,292 $26,622,819,672
1978 $25,762,224,563 $23,487,614,051
1977 $22,283,109,803 $21,439,523,311
1976 $19,381,055,197 $20,332,831,565
1975 $16,875,240,684 $19,347,607,843
1974 $15,607,882,555 $17,512,391,476
1973 $11,412,449,735 $15,090,564,186
1972 $9,067,815,521 $11,239,117,865
1971 $8,375,075,630 $9,201,604,240
1970 $7,559,115,517 $8,108,235,704
1969 $9,571,800,653 $7,287,555,035
1968 $8,632,749,269 $6,644,693,214
1967 $7,724,873,935 $6,002,607,030
1966 $7,189,017,888 $5,370,108,031
1965 $6,517,349,772 $4,901,711,248
1964 $5,953,756,195 $4,429,202,657
1963 $5,505,023,238 $4,084,251,593
1962 $4,954,593,072 $3,835,883,663
1961 $8,171,194,425 $3,573,719,085
1960 $7,515,894,111 $3,339,150,158

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/portugal | CC BY

GDP per capita in Philippines vs Portugal by year

Philippines
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Portugal
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Philippines Portugal
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $3,985 $11,794 $29,292 $51,680
2023 $3,804 $10,986 $27,635 $49,353
2022 $3,548 $10,131 $24,621 $45,250
2021 $3,484 $8,858 $24,711 $38,658
2020 $3,228 $8,238 $22,299 $35,967
2019 $3,401 $8,924 $23,343 $37,866
2018 $3,169 $8,358 $23,541 $34,897
2017 $3,038 $7,774 $21,442 $32,971
2016 $2,985 $7,383 $19,980 $31,589
2015 $2,910 $6,894 $19,216 $29,608
2014 $2,867 $6,689 $22,121 $28,765
2013 $2,781 $6,373 $21,676 $27,966
2012 $2,615 $6,094 $20,593 $26,476
2011 $2,384 $5,705 $23,247 $26,803
2010 $2,163 $5,489 $22,552 $27,292
2009 $1,864 $5,157 $23,151 $26,472
2008 $1,959 $5,144 $24,949 $26,666
2007 $1,713 $4,923 $22,811 $25,738
2006 $1,426 $4,579 $19,839 $24,677
2005 $1,220 $4,289 $18,780 $22,725
2004 $1,100 $4,037 $18,064 $21,476
2003 $1,027 $3,761 $15,798 $20,850
2002 $1,015 $3,580 $12,937 $20,357
2001 $970 $3,469 $11,735 $19,529
2000 $1,051 $3,366 $11,526 $18,883
1999 $1,101 $3,229 $12,475 $17,718
1998 $983 $3,160 $12,199 $16,688
1997 $1,273 $3,221 $11,576 $15,789
1996 $1,311 $3,082 $12,185 $14,922
1995 $1,200 $2,926 $11,781 $14,406
1994 $1,060 $2,800 $9,977 $13,578
1993 $919 $2,684 $9,535 $13,202
1992 $917 $2,629 $10,811 $13,182
1991 $804 $2,621 $8,959 $12,739
1990 $804 $2,608 $7,885 $11,780
1989 $792 - $6,056 -
1988 $722 - $5,624 -
1987 $650 - $4,804 -
1986 $600 - $3,862 -
1985 $633 - $2,705 -
1984 $665 - $2,523 -
1983 $723 - $2,735 -
1982 $833 - $3,080 -
1981 $821 - $3,246 -
1980 $767 - $3,368 -
1979 $667 - $2,756 -
1978 $565 - $2,457 -
1977 $502 - $2,267 -
1976 $449 - $2,173 -
1975 $401 - $2,128 -
1974 $379 - $2,000 -
1973 $283.2 - $1,748 -
1972 $230.1 - $1,302 -
1971 $217.4 - $1,065 -
1970 $200.9 - $934 -
1969 $261.1 - $832 -
1968 $242.2 - $752 -
1967 $223.1 - $676 -
1966 $213.8 - $601 -
1965 $199.8 - $545 -
1964 $188.2 - $490 -
1963 $179.5 - $452 -
1962 $166.7 - $426 -
1961 $283.8 - $400 -
1960 $269.5 - $377 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/portugal | CC BY

The Philippines' GDP per capita is $3,985, ranking 130/197, compared to $29,292 in Portugal, ranking 44/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Philippines ranks 127th at $11,794, while Portugal ranks 42nd at $51,680.

Economic indicators

Philippines Portugal
Gross domestic product
$462B
2024
$313B
2024
GDP rank
35/197
2024
46/197
2024
GDP growth
5.69%
2023-2024
2.14%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$3,985
2024
$29,292
2024
GDP per capita rank
130/197
2024
44/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,794
2024
$51,680
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
127/197
2024
42/197
2024
Government debt
$261B
2024
$297B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
56.6%
2024
94.9%
2024
Government debt per person
$2,257
2024
$27,807
2024
Government debt per person rank
117/185
2024
27/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$3,407
2026
$16,747
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$252B
2024
$61.9B
2018
Number of millionaires n/a
171,797
2025
Number of billionaires
15
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.6%
2023
26.9%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2023
2.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
24.9%
2024
42.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.21%
2023-2024
2.42%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
4.75%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
2.41%
2023
6.43%
2024
Population
117991570
10667081

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Philippines
Spending

Debt
Portugal
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Philippines Portugal
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 24.9% 56.6% 42.8% 94.9%
2023 24.7% 56.5% 42.3% 97.7%
2022 25.9% 57.4% 43.9% 111.2%
2021 27.2% 57% 47.3% 123.9%
2020 25.9% 51.6% 49.1% 134.1%
2019 21.7% 37% 42.5% 116.1%
2018 20.9% 37.1% 43.3% 121.1%
2017 19.5% 38.1% 45.5% 126%
2016 19% 37.4% 44.9% 131.2%
2015 17.8% 39.7% 48.2% 131%
2014 16.8% 40.3% 51.7% 132.5%
2013 17.3% 43.9% 50% 130.8%
2012 17.7% 45.7% 48.8% 128.6%
2011 17.2% 45.4% 50% 114%
2010 18.3% 47.6% 51.9% 100.1%
2009 19.2% 49.8% 50.3% 87.8%
2008 17.9% 50% 45.5% 75.6%
2007 18.2% 50.2% 44.5% 72.7%
2006 18.3% 57.2% 45.1% 73.7%
2005 18.7% 64.7% 46.8% 72.2%
2004 19.4% 71.1% 46.1% 67.1%
2003 20.4% 71.4% 45.4% 63.9%
2002 20.6% 65.2% 44.2% 60%
2001 21% 59.5% 44.1% 57.4%
2000 20.8% 59.2% 42.8% 54.2%
1999 20.7% 54.2% 42.5% 55.4%
1998 20.3% 50.8% 42.6% 55.6%
1997 20.3% 56.9% 42.4% 58.7%
1996 19.6% 53.1% 43% 63.3%
1995 19.1% 60.8% 42.6% 62.2%
1994 19.7% 63.6% 42.8% 60.4%
1993 17.6% 73.9% 46.5% 57.2%
1992 18.4% 53.9% 48.2% 58.1%
1991 18% 55.6% 45.9% 63.9%
1990 18.8% 56.2% 42.2% 60.2%
1989 15.7% 55.2% 36.2% 55.4%
1988 15.9% 69% 36.2% 56.8%
1987 15.7% 79.2% 37.5% 57.2%
1986 13.5% 77.7% 38.9% 59.8%
1985 11.3% 53.1% 37.5% 59.4%
1984 10.1% 45.8% 34.6% 51.3%
1983 12.2% 43.1% 34.7% 46.7%
1982 12.8% 32.9% 35.8% 43%
1981 13.7% 27.6% 35.3% 39.3%
1980 13.4% 24.8% 32.4% 31%
1979 11.9% 22.5% 30.8% 35.2%
1978 13.3% 23.1% 31.7% 31.4%
1977 13.3% 19.8% 35.1% 26.9%
1976 13.8% 16.8% 38.2% 24.5%
1975 15.1% 13% 31.9% 19.2%
1974 10.7% 13.4% 25.8% 13.5%
1973 14% 11.5% 25.7% 13.6%
1972 13.4% 14.2% 22.8% 14.5%
1971 11.2% 14.8% 15.5% 15.7%
1970 10.4% 16.8% 15.5% 16.5%
1969 11.5% 16.4% 14.9% 16.8%
1968 11.2% 15.7% 14.3% 17.2%
1967 10.2% 15.4% 14.1% 18.5%
1966 9.77% 14.4% 14.4% 20.2%
1965 9.48% 15% 13.4% 20.4%
1964 9.66% 14.2% 13.9% 21.9%
1963 10.4% 14.1% 14.6% 20.8%
1962 10.8% 15.9% 14.5% 18.7%
1961 9.6% 16.5% 14.6% 17.1%
1960 10.1% 16.6% 14.3% 16.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/portugal | CC BY

In 2024, the Philippines' government spending was $115B, accounting for 24.9% of its GDP, while Portugal spent $134B, or 42.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 56.6% in the Philippines and 94.9% in Portugal, ranking 93/185 and 27/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Philippines

Portugal
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Philippines Portugal
2024 -3.78% 0.7%
2023 -4.38% 1.21%
2022 -5.48% -0.31%
2021 -6.23% -2.83%
2020 -5.55% -5.75%
2019 -1.5% 0.12%
2018 -1.48% -0.43%
2017 -0.75% -3%
2016 -0.74% -1.94%
2015 0.14% -4.37%
2014 1.32% -7.32%
2013 0.37% -5.21%
2012 -0.22% -6.2%
2011 -0.38% -7.73%
2010 -2.25% -11.4%
2009 -2.57% -9.87%
2008 0.02% -3.81%
2007 -0.28% -2.91%
2006 -0.05% -4.07%
2005 -1.62% -6.11%
2004 -2.81% -5.99%
2003 -3.49% -5.66%
2002 -3.71% -3.73%
2001 -3.49% -4.73%
2000 -3.27% -3.35%
1999 -2.29% -2.99%
1998 -1.31% -4.3%
1997 0.37% -3.65%
1996 0.54% -4.63%
1995 -0.02% -5.14%
1994 -0.44% -7.37%
1993 0.63% -8.06%
1992 -0.43% -5.19%
1991 -0.26% -7.93%
1990 -1.52% -6.82%
1989 -1.64% -2.86%
1988 -2.71% -3.52%
1987 -1.06% -6.79%
1986 -0.55% -7.45%
1985 0.71% -8.35%
1984 0.64% -5.23%
1983 0.1% -4.86%
1982 -0.88% -7.02%
1981 -1.09% -8.34%
1980 0.56% -6.92%
1979 1.54% -6.08%
1978 0.05% -7.15%
1977 -0.42% -7.5%
1976 -0.55% -10.2%
1975 0.13% -7.1%
1974 5.94% -3.2%
1973 2.49% -5.39%
1972 3.39% -7.72%
1971 -0.96% -0.23%
1970 -0.31% -0.24%
1969 -2.67% -1.53%
1968 -2.33% -1.24%
1967 -1.35% -0.46%
1966 -0.74% -2%
1965 -1.53% -0.03%
1964 -0.99% -1.93%
1963 -0.68% -3.33%
1962 -0.43% -1.69%
1961 -0.29% -3.17%
1960 -1.06% -3.13%
1959 -0.15% -1.73%
1958 -0.21% -0.52%
1957 -0.56% 0.08%
1956 -0.77% -0.18%
1955 -1.3% -0.31%
1954 -0.79% -0.58%
1953 -0.88% -0.35%
1952 0.49% -0.34%
1951 1.5% 0.94%
1950 -0.19% -0.83%
1949 -2.33% -0.46%
1948 -0.65% -2.04%
1947 0.05% -1.65%
1946 -2.54% -2.32%
1945 - -2.38%
1944 - -1.44%
1943 - 0.03%
1942 - -0.35%
1941 - -0.08%
1940 - -1.74%
1939 - -0.73%
1938 - -0.08%
1937 - -0.09%
1936 - 0.08%
1935 - 0.75%
1934 - 0.6%
1933 - -0.07%
1932 - -0.03%
1931 - 0.04%
1930 - 0.79%
1929 - 1.86%
1928 - 0.2%
1927 - -2.27%
1926 - -4.21%
1925 - -1.48%
1924 - -3.16%
1923 - -3.47%
1922 - -10%
1921 - -6.5%
1920 - -5.66%
1919 - -8.83%
1918 - -8.3%
1917 - -5.49%
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.34%
1912 - -0.02%
1911 - -0.73%
1910 - -0.19%
1909 - -0.82%
1908 - -0.56%
1907 - -0.69%
1906 - -0.45%
1905 - -0.75%
1904 - -0.26%
1903 - -0.91%
1902 - -0.5%
1901 - -0.69%
1900 - -0.35%
1899 - -0.77%
1898 - -0.5%
1897 - -0.93%
1896 - -1.35%
1895 - -0.2%
1894 - -0.16%
1893 - -0.02%
1892 - -0.8%
1891 - -2.15%
1890 - -2.01%
1889 - -1.95%
1888 - -2.14%
1887 - -0.67%
1886 - -1.43%
1885 - -1.68%
1884 - -1.48%
1883 - -1.1%
1882 - -0.39%
1881 - -1.2%
1880 - -1.63%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/portugal | CC BY

In 2024, the Philippines' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $17.5B, equivalent to 3.78% of GDP. This compares to Portugal's surplus of $2.19B, or 0.7% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, the Philippines recorded a fiscal deficit in 48 of those years, while Portugal ran a deficit in 62 years. On average, the Philippines posted an annual deficit equal to 0.98% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.55% of GDP for Portugal.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Philippines

Portugal
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Philippines Portugal
2024 3.21% 2.42%
2023 5.98% 4.31%
2022 5.82% 7.83%
2021 3.93% 1.27%
2020 2.39% -0.01%
2019 2.39% 0.34%
2018 5.31% 0.99%
2017 2.85% 1.37%
2016 1.25% 0.61%
2015 0.67% 0.49%
2014 3.6% -0.28%
2013 2.58% 0.27%
2012 3.03% 2.77%
2011 4.72% 3.65%
2010 3.79% 1.4%
2009 4.22% -0.84%
2008 8.26% 2.59%
2007 2.9% 2.45%
2006 5.49% 3.11%
2005 6.52% 2.28%
2004 4.83% 2.37%
2003 2.29% 3.22%
2002 2.72% 3.6%
2001 5.35% 4.37%
2000 3.98% 2.85%
1999 5.94% 2.34%
1998 9.23% 2.57%
1997 5.59% 2.34%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/portugal | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the Philippines has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.24%, compared with 2.17% in Portugal. In 2024, inflation was 3.21% in the Philippines and 2.42% in Portugal.

Top exports between countries

Philippines
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $19.7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7.83M
Raw materials & minerals $2.98M
Textiles & consumer goods $643K
Animal & marine products $512K
Raw agricultural goods $256K
Chemicals & pharma $170K
Metals $84K
Precious metals & jewellery $67K
Weapons & explosives $36K
Portugal
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.6M
Machinery & equipment $4.54M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.97M
Chemicals & pharma $1.85M
Wood & paper products $1.63M
Raw materials & minerals $793K
Metals $643K
Animal & marine products $422K
Precious metals & jewellery $134K
Raw agricultural goods $38K

Balance of trade

Philippines Portugal
Current account balance
-$18.3B
2024
$6.51B
2024
Current account balance ranking
183/190
2024
28/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.96%
2024
+2.08%
2024
Goods imports
$124B
2024
$109B
2024
Goods exports
$55.1B
2024
$81.4B
2024
Service imports
$37.6B
2024
$27.9B
2024
Service exports
$51.6B
2024
$62.7B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
40.1%
2024
43.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.8%
2024
45.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Philippines Portugal
Economic freedom 62.9 71.2
Economic freedom ranking 85/197 33/197
Property rights 45.8 88.9
Government integrity 35.4 63.4
Judicial effectiveness 41.8 90.1
Tax burden 78.3 60.6
Government spending 81 44.6
Fiscal health 60.5 82
Business freedom 69.2 83.1
Labor freedom 57.8 54.8
Monetary freedom 72.1 77.7
Trade freedom 83 79.4
Investment freedom 70 70
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Philippines
Portugal
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Philippines Portugal
2026 62.9 71.2
2025 60.6 70.5
2024 59 68.7
2023 59.3 69.5
2022 61.1 70.8
2021 64.1 67.5
2020 64.5 67
2019 63.8 65.3
2018 65 63.4
2017 65.6 62.6
2016 63.1 65.1
2015 62.2 65.3
2014 60.1 63.5
2013 58.2 63.1
2012 57.1 63
2011 56.2 64
2010 56.3 64.4
2009 56.8 64.9
2008 56 63.9
2007 56 64
2006 56.3 62.9
2005 54.7 62.4
2004 59.1 64.9
2003 61.3 64.9
2002 60.7 65.4
2001 60.9 66
2000 62.5 65.5
1999 61.9 65.6
1998 62.8 65
1997 62.2 63.6
1996 60.2 64.5
1995 55 62.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/portugal | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Philippines is 62.9, ranking 85/197, compared to 71.2 for Portugal, ranking 33/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Philippines Portugal
Services, % of GDP
63.2%
2024
66.3%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
27.7%
2024
18.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
9.08%
2024
2.02%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$518B
2024
$288B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$13,330
2024
$50,730
2024
Total reserves including gold
$106B
2024
$42.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking
27/177
2024
48/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$6.57B
2024
-$6.64B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$9.44B
2024
$13.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.87B
2024
$6.84B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.45%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
15.5%
2023
16.4%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.7%
2024
20.4%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/portugal | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.