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Economy of Azerbaijan vs Denmark compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Azerbaijan has a GDP of $75.9B compared to $463B for Denmark, ranking 87/197 and 36/197 by economy size, respectively.

Azerbaijan has $15.3B in government debt (20.1% of GDP), compared to $127B (27.5% of GDP) in Denmark.

Azerbaijan vs Denmark GDP by year

Azerbaijan
Denmark
1x
Year GDP, current $
Azerbaijan Denmark
2025 $75,937,647,059 $462,526,660,468
2024 $74,426,000,000 $424,524,722,037
2023 $72,428,470,588 $404,651,706,118
2022 $78,807,470,588 $400,114,306,337
2021 $54,825,411,765 $406,110,162,088
2020 $42,693,000,000 $355,631,021,932
2019 $48,174,235,294 $345,401,473,013
2018 $47,112,470,052 $355,293,374,912
2017 $40,866,627,352 $331,610,593,962
2016 $37,866,996,883 $312,181,849,372
2015 $53,076,235,355 $301,758,922,338
2014 $75,239,785,452 $352,832,602,064
2013 $74,160,560,124 $344,631,016,965
2012 $69,679,944,504 $326,792,574,245
2011 $65,952,796,428 $344,315,595,263
2010 $52,909,294,792 $322,345,594,075
2009 $44,292,427,185 $322,619,152,195
2008 $48,851,293,785 $354,979,471,960
2007 $33,049,419,431 $320,213,157,595
2006 $20,981,929,498 $283,386,151,544
2005 $13,245,421,881 $265,150,087,712
2004 $8,680,405,741 $251,986,155,631
2003 $7,276,413,079 $218,421,193,436
2002 $6,236,087,738 $178,788,209,558
2001 $5,707,616,204 $164,881,594,415
2000 $5,272,615,723 $164,043,817,224
1999 $4,581,248,567 $177,887,720,536
1998 $4,446,368,571 $176,877,077,513
1997 $3,962,362,387 $173,241,365,735
1996 $3,176,507,376 $187,481,157,846
1995 $2,417,331,193 $184,848,481,008
1994 $1,193,141,110 $156,017,919,221
1993 $1,570,392,598 $143,111,306,004
1992 $444,658,672 $152,966,494,260
1991 $5,344,000,000 $139,180,507,778
1990 $8,884,848,485 $138,217,740,684
1989 - $112,312,200,761
1988 - $115,540,189,705
1987 - $109,183,446,340
1986 - $87,748,695,217
1985 - $62,452,421,011
1984 - $58,868,891,335
1983 - $60,331,158,447
1982 - $60,084,214,872
1981 - $61,459,941,461
1980 - $70,811,287,816
1979 - $70,393,030,603
1978 - $60,320,089,218
1977 - $49,711,709,588
1976 - $44,503,607,444
1975 - $40,418,967,666
1974 - $34,125,712,481
1973 - $30,718,181,337
1972 - $23,230,667,549
1971 - $19,086,192,720
1970 - $17,075,457,733
1969 - $15,414,902,667
1968 - $13,505,574,133
1967 - $13,059,064,806
1966 - $11,931,740,293
1965 - $10,870,670,865
1964 - $9,677,401,337
1963 - $8,466,044,980
1962 - $7,953,274,741
1961 - $7,058,361,229
1960 - $6,361,166,545

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/azerbaijan/denmark | CC BY

GDP per capita in Azerbaijan vs Denmark by year

Azerbaijan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Azerbaijan Denmark
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $7,411 - $76,970 -
2024 $7,295 $25,089 $71,026 $81,878
2023 $7,133 $23,652 $68,044 $77,892
2022 $7,771 $22,552 $67,781 $78,914
2021 $5,408 $20,111 $69,341 $69,715
2020 $4,230 $15,164 $60,985 $62,682
2019 $4,806 $16,675 $59,404 $60,595
2018 $4,740 $15,283 $61,325 $57,234
2017 $4,147 $14,316 $57,522 $55,272
2016 $3,881 $14,536 $54,501 $51,821
2015 $5,501 $15,075 $53,094 $48,897
2014 $7,891 $17,564 $62,520 $47,880
2013 $7,875 $17,268 $61,378 $46,869
2012 $7,496 $15,994 $58,444 $44,755
2011 $7,190 $14,805 $61,810 $44,444
2010 $5,844 $14,930 $58,105 $43,038
2009 $4,950 $14,246 $58,413 $40,524
2008 $5,574 $13,217 $64,617 $41,467
2007 $3,851 $11,974 $58,632 $39,110
2006 $2,473 $9,398 $52,119 $37,392
2005 $1,578 $6,855 $48,926 $34,238
2004 $1,045 $5,248 $46,625 $33,016
2003 $884 $4,718 $40,519 $30,864
2002 $763 $4,230 $33,257 $30,667
2001 $704 $3,835 $30,768 $29,459
2000 $655 $3,439 $30,722 $28,648
1999 $574 $3,052 $33,426 $26,642
1998 $562 $2,827 $33,346 $25,799
1997 $506 $2,565 $32,780 $24,887
1996 $409 $2,407 $35,622 $23,723
1995 $315 $2,357 $35,321 $22,677
1994 $157.1 $2,648 $29,968 $21,669
1993 $209.5 $3,272 $27,582 $20,217
1992 $60.2 $4,220 $29,579 $19,830
1991 $735 $5,412 $27,003 $19,067
1990 $1,238 $5,343 $26,886 $18,225
1989 - - $21,882 -
1988 - - $22,525 -
1987 - - $21,296 -
1986 - - $17,137 -
1985 - - $12,213 -
1984 - - $11,517 -
1983 - - $11,797 -
1982 - - $11,740 -
1981 - - $12,000 -
1980 - - $13,822 -
1979 - - $13,757 -
1978 - - $11,818 -
1977 - - $9,770 -
1976 - - $8,773 -
1975 - - $7,988 -
1974 - - $6,764 -
1973 - - $6,117 -
1972 - - $4,654 -
1971 - - $3,846 -
1970 - - $3,464 -
1969 - - $3,151 -
1968 - - $2,776 -
1967 - - $2,701 -
1966 - - $2,487 -
1965 - - $2,284 -
1964 - - $2,049 -
1963 - - $1,807 -
1962 - - $1,711 -
1961 - - $1,531 -
1960 - - $1,389 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/azerbaijan/denmark | CC BY

Azerbaijan's GDP per capita is $7,411, ranking 101/197, compared to $76,970 in Denmark, ranking 11/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Azerbaijan ranks 82nd at $25,089, while Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878.

Economic indicators

Azerbaijan Denmark
Gross domestic product
$75.9B
2025
$463B
2025
GDP rank
87/197
2025
36/197
2025
GDP growth
1.45%
2024-2025
2.93%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$7,411
2025
$76,970
2025
GDP per capita rank
101/197
2025
11/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$25,089
2024
$81,878
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
82/197
2024
14/197
2024
Government debt
$15.3B
2025
$127B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
20.1%
2025
27.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$1,492
2025
$21,192
2025
Government debt per person rank
131/185
2025
32/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,426
2026
$52,602
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.57B
2025
$151B
2004
Number of millionaires n/a
376,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
9
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.2%
2005
25.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
4.8%
2005
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
34.6%
2025
47.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
5.62%
2024-2025
1.89%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
6.5%
2026
1.6%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.7%
2022
6.4%
2025
Population
10333222
6042125

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Azerbaijan
Spending

Debt
Denmark
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Azerbaijan Denmark
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 34.6% 20.1% 47.6% 27.5%
2024 33.9% 21.6% 47.3% 30.5%
2023 32.7% 21.8% 47.4% 33%
2022 26.2% 17.3% 45.1% 33.3%
2021 32.2% 26.3% 49.7% 39.6%
2020 40.2% 21.3% 53.3% 45.2%
2019 32.5% 17.7% 49.8% 38.3%
2018 33.2% 18.7% 50.8% 38.5%
2017 35.6% 22.5% 50.6% 40.2%
2016 35.4% 20.6% 52.4% 41.7%
2015 38.7% 18% 54.4% 44.6%
2014 36.4% 8.53% 55.1% 48.7%
2013 37.8% 6.18% 55.6% 47.8%
2012 36.6% 5.83% 57.9% 48.7%
2011 33.7% 4.97% 56.3% 50%
2010 32% 4.98% 56.5% 46.1%
2009 34.5% 4.73% 56.3% 43%
2008 31.4% 3.22% 50.3% 35.5%
2007 26.1% 4% 49.5% 29.5%
2006 25.3% 5.3% 49.7% 33.2%
2005 22.5% 6.85% 51.1% 39.4%
2004 24.2% 9.71% 52.8% 46.2%
2003 21.7% 10.7% 53.5% 48.2%
2002 23.1% 11.9% 53.1% 50.3%
2001 16.8% 13% 53% 50.1%
2000 18.2% 13.1% 52.9% 53.6%
1999 19.5% 25.4% 54.7% 56.8%
1998 18.7% 14.3% 55.6% 60.3%
1997 18.5% 11.4% 56.2% 64.4%
1996 19.8% 16.7% 58.2% 68.3%
1995 18.9% 19.2% 58.7% 71.5%
1994 14.7% 11.7% 59.5% 75.3%
1993 - - 59.5% 78.7%
1992 - - 56.4% 66.7%
1991 - - 55.5% 63.2%
1990 - - 55.1% 62.4%
1989 - - 56.2% 62.2%
1988 - - 56.1% 64.7%
1987 - - 54% 62.5%
1986 - - 52.3% 66.8%
1985 - - 55.5% 74.7%
1984 - - 56.6% 77.7%
1983 - - 57.9% 74.2%
1982 - - 57.7% 64.5%
1981 - - 56.3% 51.7%
1980 - - 52.7% 39.2%
1979 - - 49.6% 31.8%
1978 - - 47.2% 25.5%
1977 - - 45.6% 15.2%
1976 - - 45% 11.4%
1975 - - 45.3% 7.01%
1974 - - 43.6% 6.2%
1973 - - 39.5% 8.94%
1972 - - 42.1% 11.5%
1971 - - 42.2% 12.9%
1970 - - 24.4% 7.62%
1969 - - 25.3% 8.36%
1968 - - 24.3% 9.36%
1967 - - 22.2% 10.1%
1966 - - 21.1% 11.2%
1965 - - 17.1% 12.9%
1964 - - 17.6% 14.5%
1963 - - 18.2% 13.7%
1962 - - 17% 15.3%
1961 - - 15.6% 16.4%
1960 - - 16.4% 20.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/azerbaijan/denmark | CC BY

In 2025, Azerbaijan's government spending was $26.3B, accounting for 34.6% of its GDP, while Denmark spent $220B, or 47.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 20.1% in Azerbaijan and 27.5% in Denmark, ranking 174/185 and 161/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Azerbaijan

Denmark
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Azerbaijan Denmark
2025 2.56% 2.85%
2024 4.05% 4.46%
2023 7.92% 3.43%
2022 5.96% 3.39%
2021 4.21% 4.08%
2020 -6.44% 0.36%
2019 8.95% 4.28%
2018 5.43% 0.81%
2017 -1.34% 1.69%
2016 -1.17% 0.3%
2015 -4.83% -0.9%
2014 2.74% 1.43%
2013 1.64% -0.94%
2012 3.71% -3.2%
2011 10.9% -1.77%
2010 13.8% -2.52%
2009 5.86% -2.75%
2008 17.2% 3.46%
2007 2.34% 5.31%
2006 0.66% 5.29%
2005 2.74% 5.2%
2004 1.78% 2.23%
2003 1.6% 0.14%
2002 19.4% 0.25%
2001 21.8% 1.13%
2000 0.14% 1.79%
1999 -1.03% 1.06%
1998 1.63% -0.28%
1997 -0.94% -1.22%
1996 -2.25% -2.4%
1995 -1.34% -3.5%
1994 3.21% -3.85%
1993 - -3.73%
1992 - -2.6%
1991 - -3.15%
1990 - -1.78%
1989 - 0.3%
1988 - 1.46%
1987 - 2.46%
1986 - 3.23%
1985 - -1.38%
1984 - -3.58%
1983 - -6.29%
1982 - -8.22%
1981 - -5.84%
1980 - -2.32%
1979 - -0.69%
1978 - 0.41%
1977 - 0.37%
1976 - 0.19%
1975 - -1.23%
1974 - 3.7%
1973 - 4.97%
1972 - 5.01%
1971 - 4.96%
1970 - 0.7%
1969 - 0.3%
1968 - -0.06%
1967 - 1.49%
1966 - 0.99%
1965 - 2.13%
1964 - 1.79%
1963 - 1.2%
1962 - -0.09%
1961 - 1.73%
1960 - 1.25%
1959 - 0.79%
1958 - 0.25%
1957 - 0.26%
1956 - -0.01%
1955 - -1.17%
1954 - -0.84%
1953 - 1.75%
1952 - 1.18%
1951 - 0.79%
1950 - 1.08%
1949 - 0.63%
1948 - 1.07%
1947 - 0.84%
1946 - 2.69%
1945 - -1.03%
1944 - 0%
1943 - 0%
1942 - 0%
1941 - 0%
1940 - 0%
1939 - 0%
1938 - 0.03%
1937 - 0.22%
1936 - -1.36%
1935 - -0.97%
1934 - 0.03%
1933 - 1.69%
1932 - -3.22%
1931 - -1.67%
1930 - 0.03%
1929 - 0.13%
1928 - -4.99%
1927 - -2.33%
1926 - -0.48%
1925 - -3.1%
1924 - -0.8%
1923 - -0.56%
1922 - -1.33%
1921 - -2.41%
1920 - -0.46%
1919 - -0.38%
1918 - 1.95%
1917 - 3.1%
1916 - 1.51%
1915 - -0.48%
1914 - 0.43%
1913 - 0.07%
1912 - 0.13%
1911 - -1.02%
1910 - -1.72%
1909 - -2.49%
1908 - -0.82%
1907 - 0.26%
1906 - -0.42%
1905 - 0.22%
1904 - -0.1%
1903 - 0.03%
1902 - -0.06%
1901 - -0.71%
1900 - -0.84%
1899 - -0.59%
1898 - -0.43%
1897 - -0.61%
1896 - -0.07%
1895 - -0.17%
1894 - -0.26%
1893 - -0.42%
1892 - -0.73%
1891 - -0.76%
1890 - -0.97%
1889 - -0.55%
1888 - -0.49%
1887 - -0.68%
1886 - -0.39%
1885 - 0.48%
1884 - 1.2%
1883 - 0.73%
1882 - 0.35%
1881 - 0.42%
1880 - -2.65%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/azerbaijan/denmark | CC BY

In 2025, Azerbaijan's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.94B, equivalent to 2.56% of GDP. This compares to Denmark's surplus of $13.2B, or 2.85% of GDP.

Over the past 32 years, Azerbaijan recorded a fiscal deficit in 8 of those years, while Denmark ran a deficit in 11 years. On average, Azerbaijan posted an annual surplus equal to 4.09% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.93% of GDP for Denmark.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Azerbaijan

Denmark
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Azerbaijan Denmark
2025 5.62% 1.89%
2024 2.21% 1.37%
2023 8.79% 3.31%
2022 13.9% 7.7%
2021 6.65% 1.85%
2020 2.76% 0.42%
2019 2.61% 0.76%
2018 2.27% 0.81%
2017 12.9% 1.15%
2016 12.4% 0.25%
2015 4.03% 0.45%
2014 1.37% 0.56%
2013 2.42% 0.79%
2012 1.07% 2.4%
2011 7.86% 2.76%
2010 5.73% 2.31%
2009 1.46% 1.3%
2008 20.8% 3.42%
2007 16.7% 1.69%
2006 8.33% 1.92%
2005 9.68% 1.82%
2004 6.71% 1.15%
2003 2.23% 2.08%
2002 2.77% 2.42%
2001 1.55% 2.34%
2000 1.81% 2.9%
1999 -8.53% 2.5%
1998 -0.77% 1.85%
1997 3.67% 2.18%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/azerbaijan/denmark | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Azerbaijan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 5.49%, compared with 1.94% in Denmark. In 2025, inflation was 5.62% in Azerbaijan and 1.89% in Denmark.

Top exports between countries

Azerbaijan
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $50.2M
Machinery & equipment $4M
Metals $293K
Textiles & consumer goods $147K
Chemicals & pharma $123K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $56K
Wood & paper products $15K
Precious metals & jewellery $14K
Animal & marine products $1K
Denmark
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $27.9M
Textiles & consumer goods $19.3M
Metals $17.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.86M
Wood & paper products $2.76M
Raw agricultural goods $2.28M
Animal & marine products $2.2M
Chemicals & pharma $2.15M
Precious metals & jewellery $545K
Raw materials & minerals $156K

Balance of trade

Azerbaijan Denmark
Current account balance
$3.48B
2025
$51.8B
2024
Current account balance ranking
35/190
2025
13/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.58%
2025
+12.2%
2024
Goods imports
$17.7B
2025
$132B
2024
Goods exports
$24.1B
2025
$172B
2024
Service imports
$10.3B
2025
$125B
2024
Service exports
$8.6B
2025
$129B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
36.8%
2025
59.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
43%
2025
70.1%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Azerbaijan Denmark
Economic freedom 64.3 79
Economic freedom ranking 74/197 8/197
Property rights 53.3 99.9
Government integrity 23.6 98
Judicial effectiveness 16.5 89.3
Tax burden 87.9 43.4
Government spending 71.3 34.8
Fiscal health 99.1 98
Business freedom 71.2 90.4
Labor freedom 56.9 65
Monetary freedom 76 80.1
Trade freedom 75.8 79.4
Investment freedom 70 90
Financial freedom 70 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Azerbaijan
Denmark
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Azerbaijan Denmark
2026 64.3 79
2025 62.5 79.1
2024 61.6 77.8
2023 61.4 77.6
2022 61.6 78
2021 70.1 77.8
2020 69.3 78.3
2019 65.4 76.7
2018 64.3 76.6
2017 63.6 75.1
2016 60.2 75.3
2015 61 76.3
2014 61.3 76.1
2013 59.7 76.1
2012 58.9 76.2
2011 59.7 78.6
2010 58.8 77.9
2009 58 79.6
2008 55.3 79.2
2007 54.6 77
2006 53.2 75.4
2005 54.4 75.3
2004 53.4 72.4
2003 54.1 73.2
2002 53.3 71.1
2001 50.3 68.3
2000 49.8 68.3
1999 47.4 68.1
1998 43.1 67.5
1997 34 67.5
1996 30 67.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/azerbaijan/denmark | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Azerbaijan is 64.3, ranking 74/197, compared to 79 for Denmark, ranking 8/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Azerbaijan Denmark
Services, % of GDP
45.3%
2025
62.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
39.5%
2025
24.8%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
5.93%
2025
1.17%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$75.4B
2025
$464B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$25,430
2025
$85,460
2025
Total reserves including gold
$13.6B
2025
$128B
2025
Total reserves ranking
74/177
2025
24/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$536M
2025
$12.5B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$231M
2024
$18.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$742M
2024
$30.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.82%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
6%
2012
12.4%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
18.9%
2025
22.1%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/azerbaijan/denmark | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.