Skip to content

Economy of Denmark vs Togo compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Denmark has a GDP of $425B compared to $10.7B for Togo, ranking 37/197 and 154/197 by economy size, respectively.

Denmark has $134B in government debt (31.5% of GDP), compared to $7.68B (72.1% of GDP) in Togo.

Denmark vs Togo GDP by year

Denmark
Togo
1x
Year GDP, current $
Denmark Togo
2024 $424,524,722,037 $10,651,180,147
2023 $404,651,706,118 $9,816,236,303
2022 $400,114,306,337 $8,646,453,099
2021 $406,110,162,088 $8,541,668,141
2020 $355,631,021,932 $7,486,031,562
2019 $345,401,473,013 $6,992,654,019
2018 $355,293,374,912 $7,029,215,766
2017 $331,610,593,962 $6,387,424,240
2016 $312,181,849,372 $6,071,167,584
2015 $301,758,922,338 $5,755,457,836
2014 $352,832,602,064 $6,393,314,708
2013 $344,631,016,965 $6,021,729,630
2012 $326,792,574,245 $5,413,541,649
2011 $344,315,595,263 $5,422,439,152
2010 $322,345,594,075 $4,746,386,893
2009 $322,619,152,195 $4,721,888,275
2008 $354,979,471,960 $4,578,847,113
2007 $320,213,157,595 $3,759,962,853
2006 $283,386,151,544 $3,320,907,722
2005 $265,150,087,712 $3,221,910,408
2004 $251,986,155,631 $3,191,561,509
2003 $218,421,193,436 $2,987,984,051
2002 $178,788,209,558 $2,410,199,032
2001 $164,881,594,415 $2,093,498,674
2000 $164,043,817,224 $2,106,848,752
1999 $177,887,720,536 $2,226,577,204
1998 $176,877,077,513 $2,241,650,112
1997 $173,241,365,735 $2,116,818,623
1996 $187,481,157,846 $2,069,506,014
1995 $184,848,481,008 $1,849,110,468
1994 $156,017,919,221 $1,387,662,121
1993 $143,111,306,004 $1,741,944,426
1992 $152,966,494,260 $2,390,796,916
1991 $139,180,507,778 $2,262,767,860
1990 $138,217,740,684 $2,299,665,506
1989 $112,312,200,761 $1,910,635,575
1988 $115,540,189,705 $1,947,208,354
1987 $109,183,446,340 $1,763,978,066
1986 $87,748,695,217 $1,498,219,579
1985 $62,452,421,011 $1,076,604,520
1984 $58,868,891,335 $1,014,170,069
1983 $60,331,158,447 $1,081,387,265
1982 $60,084,214,872 $1,160,337,039
1981 $61,459,941,461 $1,359,026,709
1980 $70,811,287,816 $1,604,836,916
1979 $70,393,030,603 $1,259,365,712
1978 $60,320,089,218 $1,164,025,637
1977 $49,711,709,588 $1,097,893,826
1976 $44,503,607,444 $874,681,612
1975 $40,418,967,666 $871,781,687
1974 $34,125,712,481 $791,450,308
1973 $30,718,181,337 $574,030,984
1972 $23,230,667,549 $474,043,922
1971 $19,086,192,720 $404,648,368
1970 $17,075,457,733 $358,665,754
1969 $15,414,902,667 $378,091,810
1968 $13,505,574,133 $341,691,567
1967 $13,059,064,806 $327,215,844
1966 $11,931,740,293 $305,227,595
1965 $10,870,670,865 $264,505,506
1964 $9,677,401,337 $234,572,186
1963 $8,466,044,980 $202,305,865
1962 $7,953,274,741 $186,745,758
1961 $7,058,361,229 $178,497,098
1960 $6,361,166,545 $171,057,069

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/togo | CC BY

GDP per capita in Denmark vs Togo by year

Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Togo
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Denmark Togo
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $71,026 $81,878 $1,119 $3,365
2023 $68,044 $77,892 $1,055 $3,154
2022 $67,781 $78,914 $951 $2,935
2021 $69,341 $69,715 $962 $2,639
2020 $60,985 $62,682 $863 $2,384
2019 $59,404 $60,595 $826 $2,215
2018 $61,325 $57,234 $851 $2,067
2017 $57,522 $55,272 $793 $1,986
2016 $54,501 $51,821 $773 $1,933
2015 $53,094 $48,897 $751 $1,880
2014 $62,520 $47,880 $856 $1,803
2013 $61,378 $46,869 $827 $1,715
2012 $58,444 $44,755 $762 $1,645
2011 $61,810 $44,444 $784 $1,616
2010 $58,105 $43,038 $705 $1,537
2009 $58,413 $40,524 $721 $1,474
2008 $64,617 $41,467 $719 $1,429
2007 $58,632 $39,110 $608 $1,387
2006 $52,119 $37,392 $553 $1,407
2005 $48,926 $34,238 $551 $1,368
2004 $46,625 $33,016 $560 $1,427
2003 $40,519 $30,864 $538 $1,440
2002 $33,257 $30,667 $445 $1,357
2001 $30,768 $29,459 $397 $1,320
2000 $30,722 $28,648 $410 $1,315
1999 $33,426 $26,642 $445 $1,332
1998 $33,346 $25,799 $461 $1,318
1997 $32,780 $24,887 $448 $1,373
1996 $35,622 $23,723 $452 $1,218
1995 $35,321 $22,677 $419 $1,140
1994 $29,968 $21,669 $329 $1,082
1993 $27,582 $20,217 $414 $925
1992 $29,579 $19,830 $565 $1,057
1991 $27,003 $19,067 $550 $1,107
1990 $26,886 $18,225 $575 $1,110
1989 $21,882 - $492 -
1988 $22,525 - $517 -
1987 $21,296 - $482 -
1986 $17,137 - $422 -
1985 $12,213 - $313 -
1984 $11,517 - $304 -
1983 $11,797 - $336 -
1982 $11,740 - $372 -
1981 $12,000 - $451 -
1980 $13,822 - $549 -
1979 $13,757 - $443 -
1978 $11,818 - $421 -
1977 $9,770 - $406 -
1976 $8,773 - $332 -
1975 $7,988 - $339 -
1974 $6,764 - $315 -
1973 $6,117 - $234.4 -
1972 $4,654 - $198.8 -
1971 $3,846 - $174.6 -
1970 $3,464 - $159.8 -
1969 $3,151 - $174.7 -
1968 $2,776 - $164.3 -
1967 $2,701 - $163.9 -
1966 $2,487 - $159.1 -
1965 $2,284 - $142.7 -
1964 $2,049 - $130.1 -
1963 $1,807 - $114.6 -
1962 $1,711 - $107.8 -
1961 $1,531 - $104.8 -
1960 $1,389 - $102.2 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/togo | CC BY

Denmark's GDP per capita is $71,026, ranking 12/197, compared to $1,119 in Togo, ranking 172/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878, while Togo ranks 173rd at $3,365.

Economic indicators

Denmark Togo
Gross domestic product
$425B
2024
$10.7B
2024
GDP rank
37/197
2024
154/197
2024
GDP growth
3.48%
2023-2024
6.53%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$71,026
2024
$1,119
2024
GDP per capita rank
12/197
2024
172/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$81,878
2024
$3,365
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
14/197
2024
173/197
2024
Government debt
$134B
2024
$7.68B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
31.5%
2024
72.1%
2024
Government debt per person
$22,340
2024
$807
2024
Government debt per person rank
30/185
2024
149/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$53,468
2026
$1,661
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$151B
2004
n/a
Number of millionaires
376,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
9
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2023
29.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
2.8%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.3%
2024
26.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.37%
2023-2024
2.86%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.6%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.15%
2024
1.97%
2022
Population
6032403
9990340

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Denmark
Spending

Debt
Togo
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Denmark Togo
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 47.3% 31.5% 26.4% 72.1%
2023 47.4% 33.8% 26.6% 68.6%
2022 45.1% 34.2% 26% 67%
2021 49.7% 40.7% 21.8% 64.9%
2020 53.3% 46.3% 23.7% 62.2%
2019 49.8% 38.3% 16.6% 54.9%
2018 50.8% 38.5% 18.8% 58%
2017 50.6% 40.2% 16.3% 57.1%
2016 52.4% 41.7% 22.9% 59.9%
2015 54.4% 44.6% 22.9% 52.4%
2014 55.1% 48.7% 21.9% 44.9%
2013 55.6% 47.8% 20.5% 41.1%
2012 57.9% 48.7% 19.1% 34.3%
2011 56.3% 50% 18.2% 37%
2010 56.5% 46.1% 15.1% 33.5%
2009 56.3% 43% 14.3% 57.6%
2008 50.3% 35.5% 12.4% 67.3%
2007 49.5% 29.5% 13.7% 70.5%
2006 49.7% 33.2% 14.7% 67.7%
2005 51.1% 39.4% 13.3% 63.1%
2004 52.8% 46.2% 10.6% 48.7%
2003 53.5% 48.2% 8.88% 50%
2002 53.1% 50.3% 8.42% 54.8%
2001 53% 50.1% 10.9% 68.5%
2000 52.9% 53.6% 11.9% 66.5%
1999 54.7% 56.8% 11.9% 59.9%
1998 55.6% 60.3% 12.8% 62.8%
1997 56.2% 64.4% 10.6% 54.4%
1996 58.2% 68.3% 12.4% 60.4%
1995 58.7% 71.5% 12.7% 64.8%
1994 59.5% 75.3% 13.2% 79%
1993 59.5% 78.7% 14.8% 58.3%
1992 56.4% 66.7% 12.6% 45%
1991 55.5% 63.2% 14.6% 46.9%
1990 55.1% 62.4% 16.8% 44.7%
1989 56.2% 62.2% 16.9% 46.3%
1988 56.1% 64.7% - -
1987 54% 62.5% - -
1986 52.3% 66.8% - -
1985 55.5% 74.7% - -
1984 56.6% 77.7% - -
1983 57.9% 74.2% - -
1982 57.7% 64.5% - -
1981 56.3% 51.7% - -
1980 52.7% 39.2% - -
1979 49.6% 31.8% - -
1978 47.2% 25.5% - -
1977 45.6% 15.2% - -
1976 45% 11.4% - -
1975 45.3% 7.01% - -
1974 43.6% 6.2% - -
1973 39.5% 8.94% - -
1972 42.1% 11.5% - -
1971 42.2% 12.9% - -
1970 24.4% 7.62% - -
1969 25.3% 8.36% - -
1968 24.3% 9.36% - -
1967 22.2% 10.1% - -
1966 21.1% 11.2% - -
1965 17.1% 12.9% - -
1964 17.6% 14.5% - -
1963 18.2% 13.7% - -
1962 17% 15.3% - -
1961 15.6% 16.4% - -
1960 16.4% 20.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2004, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/togo | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government spending was $201B, accounting for 47.3% of its GDP, while Togo spent $2.81B, or 26.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 31.5% in Denmark and 72.1% in Togo, ranking 155/185 and 54/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Denmark

Togo
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Denmark Togo
2024 4.46% -7.43%
2023 3.43% -6.73%
2022 3.39% -8.33%
2021 4.12% -4.65%
2020 0.36% -7.05%
2019 4.28% 1.67%
2018 0.81% -0.59%
2017 1.69% -0.21%
2016 0.3% -7.02%
2015 -0.9% -7.04%
2014 1.43% -7.11%
2013 -0.94% -5.08%
2012 -3.2% -4.63%
2011 -1.77% -4.48%
2010 -2.52% -1.66%
2009 -2.75% -2.63%
2008 3.46% -0.59%
2007 5.31% -1.83%
2006 5.29% -1.94%
2005 5.2% -1.67%
2004 2.23% 0.61%
2003 0.14% 1.43%
2002 0.25% -0.28%
2001 1.13% -0.72%
2000 1.79% -3.45%
1999 1.06% -1.76%
1998 -0.28% -3.25%
1997 -1.22% -0.98%
1996 -2.4% -3.26%
1995 -3.5% -2.97%
1994 -3.85% -5.37%
1993 -3.73% -8.46%
1992 -2.6% -2.27%
1991 -3.15% -3.52%
1990 -1.78% -1.65%
1989 0.3% -2.18%
1988 1.46% -
1987 2.46% -
1986 3.23% -
1985 -1.38% -
1984 -3.58% -
1983 -6.29% -
1982 -8.22% -
1981 -5.84% -
1980 -2.32% -
1979 -0.69% -
1978 0.41% -
1977 0.37% -
1976 0.19% -
1975 -1.23% -
1974 3.7% -
1973 4.97% -
1972 5.01% -
1971 4.96% -
1970 0.7% -
1969 0.3% -
1968 -0.06% -
1967 1.49% -
1966 0.99% -
1965 2.13% -
1964 1.79% -
1963 1.2% -
1962 -0.09% -
1961 1.73% -
1960 1.25% -
1959 0.79% -
1958 0.25% -
1957 0.26% -
1956 -0.01% -
1955 -1.17% -
1954 -0.84% -
1953 1.75% -
1952 1.18% -
1951 0.79% -
1950 1.08% -
1949 0.63% -
1948 1.07% -
1947 0.84% -
1946 2.69% -
1945 -1.03% -
1944 0% -
1943 0% -
1942 0% -
1941 0% -
1940 0% -
1939 0% -
1938 0.03% -
1937 0.22% -
1936 -1.36% -
1935 -0.97% -
1934 0.03% -
1933 1.69% -
1932 -3.22% -
1931 -1.67% -
1930 0.03% -
1929 0.13% -
1928 -4.99% -
1927 -2.33% -
1926 -0.48% -
1925 -3.1% -
1924 -0.8% -
1923 -0.56% -
1922 -1.33% -
1921 -2.41% -
1920 -0.46% -
1919 -0.38% -
1918 1.95% -
1917 3.1% -
1916 1.51% -
1915 -0.48% -
1914 0.43% -
1913 0.07% -
1912 0.13% -
1911 -1.02% -
1910 -1.72% -
1909 -2.49% -
1908 -0.82% -
1907 0.26% -
1906 -0.42% -
1905 0.22% -
1904 -0.1% -
1903 0.03% -
1902 -0.06% -
1901 -0.71% -
1900 -0.84% -
1899 -0.59% -
1898 -0.43% -
1897 -0.61% -
1896 -0.07% -
1895 -0.17% -
1894 -0.26% -
1893 -0.42% -
1892 -0.73% -
1891 -0.76% -
1890 -0.97% -
1889 -0.55% -
1888 -0.49% -
1887 -0.68% -
1886 -0.39% -
1885 0.48% -
1884 1.2% -
1883 0.73% -
1882 0.35% -
1881 0.42% -
1880 -2.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/togo | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $18.9B, equivalent to 4.46% of GDP. This compares to Togo's deficit of $791M, or 7.43% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Denmark recorded a fiscal deficit in 15 of those years, while Togo ran a deficit in 33 years. On average, Denmark posted an annual surplus equal to 0.44% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.25% of GDP for Togo.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Denmark

Togo
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Denmark Togo
2024 1.37% 2.86%
2023 3.31% 5.49%
2022 7.7% 7.97%
2021 1.85% 4.19%
2020 0.42% 1.7%
2019 0.76% 0.67%
2018 0.81% 0.93%
2017 1.15% -0.98%
2016 0.25% 1.29%
2015 0.45% 2.59%
2014 0.56% 0.19%
2013 0.79% 1.83%
2012 2.4% 2.58%
2011 2.76% 3.56%
2010 2.31% 1.45%
2009 1.3% 3.71%
2008 3.42% 8.69%
2007 1.69% 0.95%
2006 1.92% 2.23%
2005 1.82% 6.78%
2004 1.15% 0.39%
2003 2.08% -0.93%
2002 2.42% 3.06%
2001 2.34% 3.92%
2000 2.9% 1.86%
1999 2.5% -0.05%
1998 1.85% 0.98%
1997 2.18% 8.25%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/togo | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Denmark has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.95%, compared with 2.72% in Togo. In 2024, inflation was 1.37% in Denmark and 2.86% in Togo.

Top exports between countries

Denmark
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $3.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.16M
Chemicals & pharma $1.02M
Textiles & consumer goods $209K
Wood & paper products $172K
Miscellaneous $160K
Metals $81K
Raw materials & minerals $59K
Animal & marine products $39K
Raw agricultural goods $39K
Togo
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.24M
Metals $131K
Machinery & equipment $88K
Textiles & consumer goods $7K
Raw materials & minerals $4K

Balance of trade

Denmark Togo
Current account balance
$52.1B
2024
-$20.7M
2020
Current account balance ranking
14/190
2024
79/190
2020
Current account balance, % of GDP
+12.3%
2024
-0.28%
2020
Goods imports
$132B
2024
$1.95B
2020
Goods exports
$172B
2024
$1.21B
2020
Service imports
$125B
2024
$438M
2020
Service exports
$129B
2024
$514M
2020
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
60.8%
2024
38.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
71%
2024
24.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Denmark Togo
Economic freedom 79 51.6
Economic freedom ranking 8/197 153/197
Property rights 99.9 43.6
Government integrity 98 33.3
Judicial effectiveness 89.3 34
Tax burden 43.4 68.9
Government spending 34.8 79.2
Fiscal health 98 9.6
Business freedom 90.4 60.1
Labor freedom 65 51.9
Monetary freedom 80.1 72.5
Trade freedom 79.4 65.8
Investment freedom 90 60
Financial freedom 80 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Denmark
Togo
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Denmark Togo
2026 79 51.6
2025 79.1 52.3
2024 77.8 50.9
2023 77.6 55.3
2022 78 57.2
2021 77.8 57.5
2020 78.3 54.1
2019 76.7 50.3
2018 76.6 47.8
2017 75.1 53.2
2016 75.3 53.6
2015 76.3 53
2014 76.1 49.9
2013 76.1 48.8
2012 76.2 48.3
2011 78.6 49.1
2010 77.9 47.1
2009 79.6 48.7
2008 79.2 48.9
2007 77 49.7
2006 75.4 47.3
2005 75.3 48.2
2004 72.4 47
2003 73.2 46.8
2002 71.1 45.2
2001 68.3 45.3
2000 68.3 46.4
1999 68.1 48.2
1998 67.5 -
1997 67.5 -
1996 67.3 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/togo | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Denmark is 79, ranking 8/197, compared to 51.6 for Togo, ranking 153/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Denmark Togo
Services, % of GDP
63.5%
2024
49.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.1%
2024
20.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.93%
2024
21.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$434B
2024
$10.3B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$84,680
2024
$3,380
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
n/a
Total reserves ranking
25/177
2024
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
$11.9B
2024
-$53.1M
2020
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.5B
2024
$83.8M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30.7B
2024
-$73.4M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.21%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2021
43.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
20.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/togo | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2004, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.