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Economy of Denmark vs Venezuela compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Denmark has a GDP of $463B compared to $99.7B for Venezuela, ranking 36/197 and 78/197 by economy size, respectively.

Denmark has $127B in government debt (27.5% of GDP), compared to $308B (309% of GDP) in Venezuela.

Denmark vs Venezuela GDP by year

Denmark
Venezuela
1x
Year GDP, current $
Denmark Venezuela
2025 $462,526,660,468 $99,661,244,156
2024 $424,524,722,037 $120,566,112,397
2023 $404,651,706,118 $102,377,501,186
2022 $400,114,306,337 $89,013,251,021
2021 $406,110,162,088 $56,615,026,263
2020 $355,631,021,932 $42,837,965,907
2019 $345,401,473,013 $73,014,157,108
2018 $355,293,374,912 $101,987,075,929
2017 $331,610,593,962 $115,892,475,743
2016 $312,181,849,372 $112,948,035,495
2015 $301,758,922,338 $125,249,941,854
2014 $352,832,602,064 $214,838,755,022
2013 $344,631,016,965 $258,512,396,298
2012 $326,792,574,245 $371,846,610,182
2011 $344,315,595,263 $316,482,190,800
2010 $322,345,594,075 $393,192,354,511
2009 $322,619,152,195 $329,787,628,928
2008 $354,979,471,960 $315,953,388,511
2007 $320,213,157,595 $230,364,012,576
2006 $283,386,151,544 $183,477,522,124
2005 $265,150,087,712 $145,513,489,652
2004 $251,986,155,631 $112,451,400,425
2003 $218,421,193,436 $83,620,628,582
2002 $178,788,209,558 $92,893,587,734
2001 $164,881,594,415 $122,911,036,747
2000 $164,043,817,224 $117,146,466,003
1999 $177,887,720,536 $97,972,842,462
1998 $176,877,077,513 $91,336,763,255
1997 $173,241,365,735 $85,837,678,560
1996 $187,481,157,846 $70,543,211,119
1995 $184,848,481,008 $77,389,487,770
1994 $156,017,919,221 $58,418,666,667
1993 $143,111,306,004 $60,037,460,783
1992 $152,966,494,260 $60,416,519,620
1991 $139,180,507,778 $53,453,444,787
1990 $138,217,740,684 $48,606,952,195
1989 $112,312,200,761 $43,536,709,104
1988 $115,540,189,705 $60,226,413,793
1987 $109,183,446,340 $48,029,034,483
1986 $87,748,695,217 $60,516,123,711
1985 $62,452,421,011 $61,965,466,667
1984 $58,868,891,335 $59,867,743,468
1983 $60,331,158,447 $67,556,279,070
1982 $60,084,214,872 $67,736,744,186
1981 $61,459,941,461 $66,327,441,860
1980 $70,811,287,816 $59,116,511,628
1979 $70,393,030,603 $48,310,930,233
1978 $60,320,089,218 $39,316,279,070
1977 $49,711,709,588 $36,210,697,674
1976 $44,503,607,444 $31,419,534,884
1975 $40,418,967,666 $27,464,651,163
1974 $34,125,712,481 $26,100,930,233
1973 $30,718,181,337 $17,035,581,395
1972 $23,230,667,549 $13,977,727,273
1971 $19,086,192,720 $12,986,590,909
1970 $17,075,457,733 $11,561,111,111
1969 $15,414,902,667 $10,285,111,111
1968 $13,505,574,133 $10,034,444,444
1967 $13,059,064,806 $9,250,000,000
1966 $11,931,740,293 $8,781,333,333
1965 $10,870,670,865 $8,427,777,778
1964 $9,677,401,337 $8,192,413,793
1963 $8,466,044,980 $9,608,717,288
1962 $7,953,274,741 $8,814,309,884
1961 $7,058,361,229 $8,067,267,031
1960 $6,361,166,545 $7,663,938,303

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/venezuela | CC BY

GDP per capita in Denmark vs Venezuela by year

Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Venezuela
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Denmark Venezuela
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $76,970 - $3,495 -
2024 $71,026 $81,878 $4,244 -
2023 $68,044 $77,892 $3,617 -
2022 $67,781 $78,914 $3,155 -
2021 $69,341 $69,715 $2,005 -
2020 $60,985 $62,682 $1,506 -
2019 $59,404 $60,595 $2,523 -
2018 $61,325 $57,234 $3,422 -
2017 $57,522 $55,272 $3,792 -
2016 $54,501 $51,821 $3,671 -
2015 $53,094 $48,897 $4,097 -
2014 $62,520 $47,880 $7,101 -
2013 $61,378 $46,869 $8,642 -
2012 $58,444 $44,755 $12,582 -
2011 $61,810 $44,444 $10,844 $21,241
2010 $58,105 $43,038 $13,646 $20,236
2009 $58,413 $40,524 $11,597 $20,562
2008 $64,617 $41,467 $11,262 $21,402
2007 $58,632 $39,110 $8,332 $20,236
2006 $52,119 $37,392 $6,739 $18,399
2005 $48,926 $34,238 $5,432 $16,511
2004 $46,625 $33,016 $4,269 $14,757
2003 $40,519 $30,864 $3,230 $12,359
2002 $33,257 $30,667 $3,652 $13,375
2001 $30,768 $29,459 $4,920 $14,714
2000 $30,722 $28,648 $4,776 $14,174
1999 $33,426 $26,642 $4,071 $13,623
1998 $33,346 $25,799 $3,870 $14,568
1997 $32,780 $24,887 $3,711 $14,655
1996 $35,622 $23,723 $3,113 $13,824
1995 $35,321 $22,677 $3,487 $13,890
1994 $29,968 $21,669 $2,689 $13,370
1993 $27,582 $20,217 $2,825 $13,702
1992 $29,579 $19,830 $2,907 $13,652
1991 $27,003 $19,067 $2,633 $12,880
1990 $26,886 $18,225 $2,452 $11,628
1989 $21,882 - $2,250 -
1988 $22,525 - $3,191 -
1987 $21,296 - $2,611 -
1986 $17,137 - $3,376 -
1985 $12,213 - $3,549 -
1984 $11,517 - $3,520 -
1983 $11,797 - $4,079 -
1982 $11,740 - $4,202 -
1981 $12,000 - $4,228 -
1980 $13,822 - $3,874 -
1979 $13,757 - $3,257 -
1978 $11,818 - $2,727 -
1977 $9,770 - $2,585 -
1976 $8,773 - $2,309 -
1975 $7,988 - $2,078 -
1974 $6,764 - $2,034 -
1973 $6,117 - $1,367 -
1972 $4,654 - $1,155 -
1971 $3,846 - $1,106 -
1970 $3,464 - $1,015 -
1969 $3,151 - $932 -
1968 $2,776 - $938 -
1967 $2,701 - $893 -
1966 $2,487 - $876 -
1965 $2,284 - $869 -
1964 $2,049 - $874 -
1963 $1,807 - $1,060 -
1962 $1,711 - $1,007 -
1961 $1,531 - $954 -
1960 $1,389 - $939 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/venezuela | CC BY

Denmark's GDP per capita is $76,970, ranking 11/197, compared to $3,495 in Venezuela, ranking 138/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878, while Venezuela ranks 93rd at $21,241.

Economic indicators

Denmark Venezuela
Gross domestic product
$463B
2025
$99.7B
2025
GDP rank
36/197
2025
78/197
2025
GDP growth
2.93%
2024-2025
1.57%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$76,970
2025
$3,495
2025
GDP per capita rank
11/197
2025
138/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$81,878
2024
$21,241
2011
GDP per capita PPP rank
14/197
2024
93/197
2011
Government debt
$127B
2025
$308B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
27.5%
2025
309%
2025
Government debt per person
$21,192
2025
$10,790
2025
Government debt per person rank
32/185
2025
58/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$52,602
2026
$2,659
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$151B
2004
$3.98B
2002
Number of millionaires
376,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
9
2026
1
2026
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2023
33.2%
2006
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
1.2%
2006
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.6%
2025
20.3%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.89%
2024-2025
252%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
1.6%
2025
58.9%
2026
Unemployment rate
6.4%
2025
7.53%
2020
Population
6042125
28692435

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Denmark
Spending

Debt
Venezuela
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Denmark Venezuela
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 47.6% 27.5% 20.3% 309%
2024 47.3% 30.5% 17.5% 169.1%
2023 47.4% 33% 13.1% 138.5%
2022 45.1% 33.3% 15.1% 164.4%
2021 49.7% 39.6% 13.1% 254.2%
2020 53.3% 45.2% 11.2% 337%
2019 49.8% 38.3% 21% 206%
2018 50.8% 38.5% 37.9% 175.3%
2017 50.6% 40.2% 21.8% 133.6%
2016 52.4% 41.7% 19.7% 138.4%
2015 54.4% 44.6% 22.9% 129.8%
2014 55.1% 48.7% 31.6% 84.9%
2013 55.6% 47.8% 36.5% 85.4%
2012 57.9% 48.7% 38% 58.4%
2011 56.3% 50% 39.4% 52.5%
2010 56.5% 46.1% 31.1% 37.7%
2009 56.3% 43% 33.3% 27.6%
2008 50.3% 35.5% 34.9% 20.3%
2007 49.5% 29.5% 35.9% 26.4%
2006 49.7% 33.2% 39.3% 25.7%
2005 51.1% 39.4% 33.5% 34.9%
2004 52.8% 46.2% 31.9% 41.8%
2003 53.5% 48.2% 32.2% 56%
2002 53.1% 50.3% 31% 48.2%
2001 53% 50.1% 31.9% 30.7%
2000 52.9% 53.6% 28.3% 27.7%
1999 54.7% 56.8% 26.1% 29.6%
1998 55.6% 60.3% 28.8% 30.7%
1997 56.2% 64.4% 31% 34.8%
1996 58.2% 68.3% 27.7% 45.9%
1995 58.7% 71.5% 32.9% 45.9%
1994 59.5% 75.3% 42.2% 63.9%
1993 59.5% 78.7% 27.7% 57.7%
1992 56.4% 66.7% 30.6% 54.8%
1991 55.5% 63.2% 33.9% 62.2%
1990 55.1% 62.4% 31.9% 63.3%
1989 56.2% 62.2% 32.5% 61.8%
1988 56.1% 64.7% 33.2% 46.3%
1987 54% 62.5% 25.1% 58.3%
1986 52.3% 66.8% 21.5% 45.9%
1985 55.5% 74.7% 20.3% 34.1%
1984 56.6% 77.7% 19.7% 36.4%
1983 57.9% 74.2% 25.3% 21.4%
1982 57.7% 64.5% 29% 18.6%
1981 56.3% 51.7% 29.6% 18.9%
1980 52.7% 39.2% 22% 16.6%
1979 49.6% 31.8% 22.3% 19.2%
1978 47.2% 25.5% 29.2% 16.6%
1977 45.6% 15.2% 30.6% 12.7%
1976 45% 11.4% 26.6% 9.64%
1975 45.3% 7.01% 33.8% 8.31%
1974 43.6% 6.2% 35.3% 7.72%
1973 39.5% 8.94% 20% 9.78%
1972 42.1% 11.5% 21.3% 10.6%
1971 42.2% 12.9% 19.6% 9.64%
1970 24.4% 7.62% 19.5% 10.6%
1969 25.3% 8.36% 21% 9.91%
1968 24.3% 9.36% 19.8% 7.84%
1967 22.2% 10.1% 19.8% 6.74%
1966 21.1% 11.2% 19.1% 5.84%
1965 17.1% 12.9% 18.7% 5.46%
1964 17.6% 14.5% 17.9% 4.95%
1963 18.2% 13.7% 18.7% 6.3%
1962 17% 15.3% 17.6% 7.24%
1961 15.6% 16.4% 11.8% 8.79%
1960 16.4% 20.1% 23.7% 8.28%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1997, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/venezuela | CC BY

In 2025, Denmark's government spending was $220B, accounting for 47.6% of its GDP, while Venezuela spent $20.2B, or 20.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 27.5% in Denmark and 309% in Venezuela, ranking 161/185 and 1/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Denmark

Venezuela
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Denmark Venezuela
2025 2.85% -5.84%
2024 4.46% -3.67%
2023 3.43% -1.25%
2022 3.39% -5.29%
2021 4.08% -5.85%
2020 0.36% -6.63%
2019 4.28% -10.9%
2018 0.81% -31%
2017 1.69% -13.3%
2016 0.3% -8.46%
2015 -0.9% -8.06%
2014 1.43% -9.81%
2013 -0.94% -10.4%
2012 -3.2% -9.86%
2011 -1.77% -8.24%
2010 -2.52% -4.74%
2009 -2.75% -8.69%
2008 3.46% -3.46%
2007 5.31% -2.82%
2006 5.29% -1.6%
2005 5.2% 4.09%
2004 2.23% 2.47%
2003 0.14% 0.17%
2002 0.25% -1.48%
2001 1.13% -4.59%
2000 1.79% 4.45%
1999 1.06% 0.74%
1998 -0.28% -4.49%
1997 -1.22% 2.58%
1996 -2.4% 7.94%
1995 -3.5% -5.86%
1994 -3.85% -11.2%
1993 -3.73% -2.92%
1992 -2.6% -6.37%
1991 -3.15% -2.28%
1990 -1.78% 3.84%
1989 0.3% -0.91%
1988 1.46% -9.24%
1987 2.46% -7.47%
1986 3.23% 0.82%
1985 -1.38% 6.97%
1984 -3.58% 5.33%
1983 -6.29% 1.24%
1982 -8.22% -0.17%
1981 -5.84% 4.74%
1980 -2.32% 4.41%
1979 -0.69% -3.07%
1978 0.41% -5.44%
1977 0.37% -4.69%
1976 0.19% 1.65%
1975 -1.23% 0.88%
1974 3.7% 2.76%
1973 4.97% 1.98%
1972 5.01% 0.42%
1971 4.96% 0.78%
1970 0.7% -1.22%
1969 0.3% -2.17%
1968 -0.06% -0.32%
1967 1.49% 0.51%
1966 0.99% 0.23%
1965 2.13% 0.39%
1964 1.79% 1.91%
1963 1.2% 1.92%
1962 -0.09% 2.14%
1961 1.73% -1.91%
1960 1.25% -4.08%
1959 0.79% -4.98%
1958 0.25% -4.86%
1957 0.26% 6.7%
1956 -0.01% 0.76%
1955 -1.17% 0.38%
1954 -0.84% 1.84%
1953 1.75% 0.03%
1952 1.18% -0.5%
1951 0.79% -0.24%
1950 1.08% -0.23%
1949 0.63% 0.15%
1948 1.07% 1.27%
1947 0.84% 0.09%
1946 2.69% -0.9%
1945 -1.03% 2.9%
1944 0% 1.85%
1943 0% -0.27%
1942 0% 0.2%
1941 0% 0.01%
1940 0% -1.07%
1939 0% -0.78%
1938 0.03% 0.68%
1937 0.22% 0.73%
1936 -1.36% -0.52%
1935 -0.97% -2.23%
1934 0.03% 1.34%
1933 1.69% 1.03%
1932 -3.22% 0.51%
1931 -1.67% 1.02%
1930 0.03% -2.03%
1929 0.13% -0.34%
1928 -4.99% -0.68%
1927 -2.33% 1.55%
1926 -0.48% 0.14%
1925 -3.1% 0.54%
1924 -0.8% 0.37%
1923 -0.56% 1.32%
1922 -1.33% 1.57%
1921 -2.41% -0.97%
1920 -0.46% -1.75%
1919 -0.38% -
1918 1.95% -
1917 3.1% -
1916 1.51% -
1915 -0.48% -
1914 0.43% -
1913 0.07% -
1912 0.13% -
1911 -1.02% -
1910 -1.72% -
1909 -2.49% -
1908 -0.82% -
1907 0.26% -
1906 -0.42% -
1905 0.22% -
1904 -0.1% -
1903 0.03% -
1902 -0.06% -
1901 -0.71% -
1900 -0.84% -
1899 -0.59% -
1898 -0.43% -
1897 -0.61% -
1896 -0.07% -
1895 -0.17% -
1894 -0.26% -
1893 -0.42% -
1892 -0.73% -
1891 -0.76% -
1890 -0.97% -
1889 -0.55% -
1888 -0.49% -
1887 -0.68% -
1886 -0.39% -
1885 0.48% -
1884 1.2% -
1883 0.73% -
1882 0.35% -
1881 0.42% -
1880 -2.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/venezuela | CC BY

In 2025, Denmark's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $13.2B, equivalent to 2.85% of GDP. This compares to Venezuela's deficit of $5.82B, or 5.84% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Denmark recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while Venezuela ran a deficit in 40 years. On average, Denmark posted an annual surplus equal to 0.41% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.64% of GDP for Venezuela.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Denmark

Venezuela
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Denmark Venezuela
2025 1.89% 252%
2024 1.37% 49.4%
2023 3.31% 338%
2022 7.7% 186.5%
2021 1.85% 1,589%
2020 0.42% 2,355%
2019 0.76% 19,906%
2018 0.81% 65,374%
2017 1.15% 438%
2016 0.25% 254.9%
2015 0.45% 121.7%
2014 0.56% 62.2%
2013 0.79% 40.6%
2012 2.4% 21.1%
2011 2.76% 26.1%
2010 2.31% 28.2%
2009 1.3% 26%
2008 3.42% 31.4%
2007 1.69% 18.7%
2006 1.92% 13.7%
2005 1.82% 16%
2004 1.15% 21.7%
2003 2.08% 31.1%
2002 2.42% 22.4%
2001 2.34% 12.5%
2000 2.9% 16.2%
1999 2.5% 23.6%
1998 1.85% 35.8%
1997 2.18% 50%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/venezuela | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Denmark has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.94%, compared with 3,150% in Venezuela. In 2025, inflation was 1.89% in Denmark and 252% in Venezuela.

Top exports between countries

Denmark
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $6.49M
Machinery & equipment $3.34M
Chemicals & pharma $2.06M
Animal & marine products $1.43M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.32M
IT & IP services $887K
Business & finance services $660K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $183K
Wood & paper products $73K
Raw agricultural goods $24K
Venezuela
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $9K

Balance of trade

Denmark Venezuela
Current account balance
$51.8B
2024
-$3.87B
2016
Current account balance ranking
13/190
2024
155/190
2016
Current account balance, % of GDP
+12.2%
2024
-3.43%
2016
Goods imports
$132B
2024
$16.3B
2016
Goods exports
$172B
2024
$27.4B
2016
Service imports
$125B
2024
$9.47B
2016
Service exports
$129B
2024
$1.28B
2016
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
59.1%
2025
10.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
70.1%
2025
14.9%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Denmark Venezuela
Economic freedom 79 27.3
Economic freedom ranking 8/197 194/197
Property rights 99.9 0
Government integrity 98 6.9
Judicial effectiveness 89.3 5.1
Tax burden 43.4 73.4
Government spending 34.8 93
Fiscal health 98 29.1
Business freedom 90.4 31.1
Labor freedom 65 35.5
Monetary freedom 80.1 0
Trade freedom 79.4 43.2
Investment freedom 90 0
Financial freedom 80 10

Economic freedom comparison by year

Denmark
Venezuela
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Denmark Venezuela
2026 79 27.3
2025 79.1 27.6
2024 77.8 28.1
2023 77.6 25.8
2022 78 24.8
2021 77.8 24.7
2020 78.3 25.2
2019 76.7 25.9
2018 76.6 25.2
2017 75.1 27
2016 75.3 33.7
2015 76.3 34.3
2014 76.1 36.3
2013 76.1 36.1
2012 76.2 38.1
2011 78.6 37.6
2010 77.9 37.1
2009 79.6 39.9
2008 79.2 44.7
2007 77 47.9
2006 75.4 44.6
2005 75.3 45.2
2004 72.4 46.7
2003 73.2 54.8
2002 71.1 54.7
2001 68.3 54.6
2000 68.3 57.4
1999 68.1 56.1
1998 67.5 54
1997 67.5 52.8
1996 67.3 54.5
1995 - 59.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/venezuela | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Denmark is 79, ranking 8/197, compared to 27.3 for Venezuela, ranking 194/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Denmark Venezuela
Services, % of GDP
62.7%
2025
51.7%
2014
Industry, % of GDP
24.8%
2025
37.2%
2014
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.17%
2025
5.03%
2014
GNI, Atlas method
$464B
2025
$110B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$85,460
2025
$20,840
2011
Total reserves including gold
$128B
2025
$9.79B
2017
Total reserves ranking
24/177
2025
80/177
2017
Net foreign direct investment
$12.5B
2024
-$27M
2016
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.2B
2024
$1.63B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30.7B
2024
$2.6B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2021
33.1%
2015
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.1%
2025
5.93%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1997, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2013–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.