Skip to content

Economy of Denmark vs Ukraine compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Denmark has a GDP of $425B compared to $191B for Ukraine, ranking 37/197 and 57/197 by economy size, respectively.

Denmark has $134B in government debt (31.5% of GDP), compared to $171B (89.7% of GDP) in Ukraine.

Denmark vs Ukraine GDP by year

Denmark
Ukraine
1x
Year GDP, current $
Denmark Ukraine
2024 $424,524,722,037 $190,741,262,415
2023 $404,651,706,118 $181,221,517,869
2022 $400,114,306,337 $161,989,520,721
2021 $406,110,162,088 $199,765,859,571
2020 $355,631,021,932 $156,617,722,013
2019 $345,401,473,013 $153,883,047,510
2018 $355,293,374,912 $130,891,088,294
2017 $331,610,593,962 $112,090,505,082
2016 $312,181,849,372 $93,355,869,404
2015 $301,758,922,338 $91,030,967,789
2014 $352,832,602,064 $133,503,871,862
2013 $344,631,016,965 $190,498,811,460
2012 $326,792,574,245 $182,591,753,828
2011 $344,315,595,263 $169,333,835,202
2010 $322,345,594,075 $141,209,170,427
2009 $322,619,152,195 $121,552,153,444
2008 $354,979,471,960 $188,110,390,660
2007 $320,213,157,595 $148,733,861,386
2006 $283,386,151,544 $111,884,752,475
2005 $265,150,087,712 $89,238,865,119
2004 $251,986,155,631 $67,220,154,164
2003 $218,421,193,436 $52,010,355,753
2002 $178,788,209,558 $43,956,163,612
2001 $164,881,594,415 $39,309,580,983
2000 $164,043,817,224 $32,375,083,935
1999 $177,887,720,536 $31,580,639,554
1998 $176,877,077,513 $41,882,523,345
1997 $173,241,365,735 $50,151,531,592
1996 $187,481,157,846 $44,558,831,005
1995 $184,848,481,008 $48,213,856,469
1994 $156,017,919,221 $52,549,580,265
1993 $143,111,306,004 $65,648,559,903
1992 $152,966,494,260 $73,945,908,384
1991 $139,180,507,778 $77,350,733,982
1990 $138,217,740,684 $81,393,558,423
1989 $112,312,200,761 $82,709,161,099
1988 $115,540,189,705 $74,703,517,903
1987 $109,183,446,340 $64,087,694,038
1986 $87,748,695,217 -
1985 $62,452,421,011 -
1984 $58,868,891,335 -
1983 $60,331,158,447 -
1982 $60,084,214,872 -
1981 $61,459,941,461 -
1980 $70,811,287,816 -
1979 $70,393,030,603 -
1978 $60,320,089,218 -
1977 $49,711,709,588 -
1976 $44,503,607,444 -
1975 $40,418,967,666 -
1974 $34,125,712,481 -
1973 $30,718,181,337 -
1972 $23,230,667,549 -
1971 $19,086,192,720 -
1970 $17,075,457,733 -
1969 $15,414,902,667 -
1968 $13,505,574,133 -
1967 $13,059,064,806 -
1966 $11,931,740,293 -
1965 $10,870,670,865 -
1964 $9,677,401,337 -
1963 $8,466,044,980 -
1962 $7,953,274,741 -
1961 $7,058,361,229 -
1960 $6,361,166,545 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/ukraine | CC BY

GDP per capita in Denmark vs Ukraine by year

Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Ukraine
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Denmark Ukraine
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $71,026 $81,878 $5,038 $18,550
2023 $68,044 $77,892 $4,803 $17,665
2022 $67,781 $78,914 $3,946 $14,770
2021 $69,341 $69,715 $4,510 $17,846
2020 $60,985 $62,682 $3,505 $15,541
2019 $59,404 $60,595 $3,423 $14,217
2018 $61,325 $57,234 $2,895 $12,555
2017 $57,522 $55,272 $2,467 $11,536
2016 $54,501 $51,821 $2,047 $10,865
2015 $53,094 $48,897 $1,988 $9,922
2014 $62,520 $47,880 $2,904 $10,494
2013 $61,378 $46,869 $4,130 $10,904
2012 $58,444 $44,755 $3,951 $9,552
2011 $61,810 $44,444 $3,657 $9,127
2010 $58,105 $43,038 $3,040 $8,453
2009 $58,413 $40,524 $2,607 $7,995
2008 $64,617 $41,467 $4,018 $9,324
2007 $58,632 $39,110 $3,160 $8,900
2006 $52,119 $37,392 $2,366 $7,971
2005 $48,926 $34,238 $1,875 $7,142
2004 $46,625 $33,016 $1,401 $6,663
2003 $40,519 $30,864 $1,076 $5,764
2002 $33,257 $30,667 $903 $5,123
2001 $30,768 $29,459 $800 $4,747
2000 $30,722 $28,648 $653 $4,228
1999 $33,426 $26,642 $632 $3,871
1998 $33,346 $25,799 $831 $3,794
1997 $32,780 $24,887 $987 $3,794
1996 $35,622 $23,723 $870 $3,812
1995 $35,321 $22,677 $933 $4,124
1994 $29,968 $21,669 $1,009 $4,565
1993 $27,582 $20,217 $1,254 $5,766
1992 $29,579 $19,830 $1,413 $6,568
1991 $27,003 $19,067 $1,483 $7,148
1990 $26,886 $18,225 $1,564 $7,591
1989 $21,882 - $1,593 -
1988 $22,525 - $1,444 -
1987 $21,296 - $1,244 -
1986 $17,137 - - -
1985 $12,213 - - -
1984 $11,517 - - -
1983 $11,797 - - -
1982 $11,740 - - -
1981 $12,000 - - -
1980 $13,822 - - -
1979 $13,757 - - -
1978 $11,818 - - -
1977 $9,770 - - -
1976 $8,773 - - -
1975 $7,988 - - -
1974 $6,764 - - -
1973 $6,117 - - -
1972 $4,654 - - -
1971 $3,846 - - -
1970 $3,464 - - -
1969 $3,151 - - -
1968 $2,776 - - -
1967 $2,701 - - -
1966 $2,487 - - -
1965 $2,284 - - -
1964 $2,049 - - -
1963 $1,807 - - -
1962 $1,711 - - -
1961 $1,531 - - -
1960 $1,389 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/ukraine | CC BY

Denmark's GDP per capita is $71,026, ranking 12/197, compared to $5,038 in Ukraine, ranking 120/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878, while Ukraine ranks 101st at $18,550.

Economic indicators

Denmark Ukraine
Gross domestic product
$425B
2024
$191B
2024
GDP rank
37/197
2024
57/197
2024
GDP growth
3.48%
2023-2024
2.91%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$71,026
2024
$5,038
2024
GDP per capita rank
12/197
2024
120/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$81,878
2024
$18,550
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
14/197
2024
101/197
2024
Government debt
$134B
2024
$171B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
31.5%
2024
89.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$22,340
2024
$4,520
2024
Government debt per person rank
30/185
2024
86/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$53,468
2026
$5,370
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$151B
2004
$4.42B
2018
Number of millionaires
376,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
9
2025
7
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2023
21.7%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
4.3%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.3%
2024
71.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.37%
2023-2024
6.5%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.6%
2025
15.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
6.15%
2024
9.83%
2021
Population
6032403
40125599

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Denmark
Spending

Debt
Ukraine
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Denmark Ukraine
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 47.3% 31.5% 71.3% 89.7%
2023 47.4% 33.8% 73.4% 81.2%
2022 45.1% 34.2% 65.4% 77.7%
2021 49.7% 40.7% 40.5% 48.9%
2020 53.3% 46.3% 45.6% 60.5%
2019 49.8% 38.3% 41.5% 50.5%
2018 50.8% 38.5% 41.9% 60.4%
2017 50.6% 40.2% 41.7% 71.6%
2016 52.4% 41.7% 40.8% 79.5%
2015 54.4% 44.6% 43% 79.3%
2014 55.1% 48.7% 44.8% 70.3%
2013 55.6% 47.8% 48.1% 40.5%
2012 57.9% 48.7% 49% 37.5%
2011 56.3% 50% 45.7% 36.9%
2010 56.5% 46.1% 49.2% 40.6%
2009 56.3% 43% 48.6% 35.4%
2008 50.3% 35.5% 47.1% 20.4%
2007 49.5% 29.5% 43.7% 12.3%
2006 49.7% 33.2% 44.6% 14.8%
2005 51.1% 39.4% 44.2% 17.7%
2004 52.8% 46.2% 41.6% 24.8%
2003 53.5% 48.2% 38.9% 29.4%
2002 53.1% 50.3% 37.9% 33.6%
2001 53% 50.1% 36.7% 36.7%
2000 52.9% 53.6% 35.5% 43.8%
1999 54.7% 56.8% 25.8% 59%
1998 55.6% 60.3% 37.1% 46.5%
1997 56.2% 64.4% 40.8% 28.9%
1996 58.2% 68.3% 36.9% 24.4%
1995 58.7% 71.5% 41.3% 30.2%
1994 59.5% 75.3% - -
1993 59.5% 78.7% - -
1992 56.4% 66.7% - -
1991 55.5% 63.2% - -
1990 55.1% 62.4% - -
1989 56.2% 62.2% - -
1988 56.1% 64.7% - -
1987 54% 62.5% - -
1986 52.3% 66.8% - -
1985 55.5% 74.7% - -
1984 56.6% 77.7% - -
1983 57.9% 74.2% - -
1982 57.7% 64.5% - -
1981 56.3% 51.7% - -
1980 52.7% 39.2% - -
1979 49.6% 31.8% - -
1978 47.2% 25.5% - -
1977 45.6% 15.2% - -
1976 45% 11.4% - -
1975 45.3% 7.01% - -
1974 43.6% 6.2% - -
1973 39.5% 8.94% - -
1972 42.1% 11.5% - -
1971 42.2% 12.9% - -
1970 24.4% 7.62% - -
1969 25.3% 8.36% - -
1968 24.3% 9.36% - -
1967 22.2% 10.1% - -
1966 21.1% 11.2% - -
1965 17.1% 12.9% - -
1964 17.6% 14.5% - -
1963 18.2% 13.7% - -
1962 17% 15.3% - -
1961 15.6% 16.4% - -
1960 16.4% 20.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/ukraine | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government spending was $201B, accounting for 47.3% of its GDP, while Ukraine spent $136B, or 71.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 31.5% in Denmark and 89.7% in Ukraine, ranking 155/185 and 33/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Denmark

Ukraine
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Denmark Ukraine
2024 4.46% -17.2%
2023 3.43% -19.3%
2022 3.39% -15.6%
2021 4.12% -3.97%
2020 0.36% -5.92%
2019 4.28% -2.08%
2018 0.81% -2.12%
2017 1.69% -2.36%
2016 0.3% -2.46%
2015 -0.9% -1.16%
2014 1.43% -4.46%
2013 -0.94% -4.78%
2012 -3.2% -4.31%
2011 -1.77% -2.76%
2010 -2.52% -5.77%
2009 -2.75% -6.27%
2008 3.46% -3.14%
2007 5.31% -1.97%
2006 5.29% -1.36%
2005 5.2% -2.28%
2004 2.23% -4.41%
2003 0.14% -0.89%
2002 0.25% -1.84%
2001 1.13% -3.03%
2000 1.79% -3.19%
1999 1.06% 4.95%
1998 -0.28% -2.69%
1997 -1.22% -5.37%
1996 -2.4% -3.09%
1995 -3.5% -4.72%
1994 -3.85% -
1993 -3.73% -
1992 -2.6% -
1991 -3.15% -
1990 -1.78% -
1989 0.3% -
1988 1.46% -
1987 2.46% -
1986 3.23% -
1985 -1.38% -
1984 -3.58% -
1983 -6.29% -
1982 -8.22% -
1981 -5.84% -
1980 -2.32% -
1979 -0.69% -
1978 0.41% -
1977 0.37% -
1976 0.19% -
1975 -1.23% -
1974 3.7% -
1973 4.97% -
1972 5.01% -
1971 4.96% -
1970 0.7% -
1969 0.3% -
1968 -0.06% -
1967 1.49% -
1966 0.99% -
1965 2.13% -
1964 1.79% -
1963 1.2% -
1962 -0.09% -
1961 1.73% -
1960 1.25% -
1959 0.79% -
1958 0.25% -
1957 0.26% -
1956 -0.01% -
1955 -1.17% -
1954 -0.84% -
1953 1.75% -
1952 1.18% -
1951 0.79% -
1950 1.08% -
1949 0.63% -
1948 1.07% -
1947 0.84% -
1946 2.69% -
1945 -1.03% -
1944 0% -
1943 0% -
1942 0% -
1941 0% -
1940 0% -
1939 0% -
1938 0.03% -
1937 0.22% -
1936 -1.36% -
1935 -0.97% -
1934 0.03% -
1933 1.69% -
1932 -3.22% -
1931 -1.67% -
1930 0.03% -
1929 0.13% -
1928 -4.99% -
1927 -2.33% -
1926 -0.48% -
1925 -3.1% -
1924 -0.8% -
1923 -0.56% -
1922 -1.33% -
1921 -2.41% -
1920 -0.46% -
1919 -0.38% -
1918 1.95% -
1917 3.1% -
1916 1.51% -
1915 -0.48% -
1914 0.43% -
1913 0.07% -
1912 0.13% -
1911 -1.02% -
1910 -1.72% -
1909 -2.49% -
1908 -0.82% -
1907 0.26% -
1906 -0.42% -
1905 0.22% -
1904 -0.1% -
1903 0.03% -
1902 -0.06% -
1901 -0.71% -
1900 -0.84% -
1899 -0.59% -
1898 -0.43% -
1897 -0.61% -
1896 -0.07% -
1895 -0.17% -
1894 -0.26% -
1893 -0.42% -
1892 -0.73% -
1891 -0.76% -
1890 -0.97% -
1889 -0.55% -
1888 -0.49% -
1887 -0.68% -
1886 -0.39% -
1885 0.48% -
1884 1.2% -
1883 0.73% -
1882 0.35% -
1881 0.42% -
1880 -2.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/ukraine | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $18.9B, equivalent to 4.46% of GDP. This compares to Ukraine's deficit of $32.8B, or 17.2% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Denmark recorded a fiscal deficit in 10 of those years, while Ukraine ran a deficit in 29 years. On average, Denmark posted an annual surplus equal to 1.02% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.45% of GDP for Ukraine.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Denmark

Ukraine
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Denmark Ukraine
2024 1.37% 6.5%
2023 3.31% 12.9%
2022 7.7% 20.2%
2021 1.85% 9.4%
2020 0.42% 2.7%
2019 0.76% 7.9%
2018 0.81% 10.9%
2017 1.15% 14.4%
2016 0.25% 13.9%
2015 0.45% 48.7%
2014 0.56% 12.1%
2013 0.79% -0.3%
2012 2.4% 0.6%
2011 2.76% 8%
2010 2.31% 9.4%
2009 1.3% 15.9%
2008 3.42% 25.2%
2007 1.69% 12.8%
2006 1.92% 9.1%
2005 1.82% 13.5%
2004 1.15% 9%
2003 2.08% 5.2%
2002 2.42% 0.8%
2001 2.34% 12%
2000 2.9% 28.2%
1999 2.5% 22.7%
1998 1.85% 10.6%
1997 2.18% 15.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/ukraine | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Denmark has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.95%, compared with 12.8% in Ukraine. In 2024, inflation was 1.37% in Denmark and 6.5% in Ukraine.

Top exports between countries

Denmark
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $132M
Textiles & consumer goods $47.6M
Animal & marine products $39.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $28.4M
Chemicals & pharma $25.9M
Metals $15M
Raw materials & minerals $9.62M
Miscellaneous $4.72M
Wood & paper products $2.45M
Raw agricultural goods $1.33M
Ukraine
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $65.7M
Machinery & equipment $26M
Wood & paper products $18.4M
Animal & marine products $16.6M
Metals $12.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $9.18M
Raw agricultural goods $4.57M
Chemicals & pharma $3.84M
Miscellaneous $1.48M
Raw materials & minerals $1.33M

Balance of trade

Denmark Ukraine
Current account balance
$52.1B
2024
-$15.1B
2024
Current account balance ranking
14/190
2024
179/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+12.3%
2024
-7.94%
2024
Goods imports
$132B
2024
$72.3B
2024
Goods exports
$172B
2024
$39.3B
2024
Service imports
$125B
2024
$22.9B
2024
Service exports
$129B
2024
$17.3B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
60.8%
2024
48.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
71%
2024
29.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Denmark Ukraine
Economic freedom 79 54.1
Economic freedom ranking 8/197 135/197
Property rights 99.9 21.6
Government integrity 98 35
Judicial effectiveness 89.3 28.2
Tax burden 43.4 83.7
Government spending 34.8 0
Fiscal health 98 3.9
Business freedom 90.4 57.4
Labor freedom 65 46.9
Monetary freedom 80.1 65.7
Trade freedom 79.4 73
Investment freedom 90 35
Financial freedom 80 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Denmark
Ukraine
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Denmark Ukraine
2026 79 -
2025 79.1 -
2024 77.8 -
2023 77.6 -
2022 78 54.1
2021 77.8 56.2
2020 78.3 54.9
2019 76.7 52.3
2018 76.6 51.9
2017 75.1 48.1
2016 75.3 46.8
2015 76.3 46.9
2014 76.1 49.3
2013 76.1 46.3
2012 76.2 46.1
2011 78.6 45.8
2010 77.9 46.4
2009 79.6 48.8
2008 79.2 51
2007 77 51.5
2006 75.4 54.4
2005 75.3 55.8
2004 72.4 53.7
2003 73.2 51.1
2002 71.1 48.2
2001 68.3 48.5
2000 68.3 47.8
1999 68.1 43.7
1998 67.5 40.4
1997 67.5 43.5
1996 67.3 40.6
1995 - 39.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/ukraine | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Denmark is 79, ranking 8/197, compared to 54.1 for Ukraine, ranking 135/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Denmark Ukraine
Services, % of GDP
63.5%
2024
60.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.1%
2024
19%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.93%
2024
7.11%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$434B
2024
$184B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$84,680
2024
$18,560
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
$43.8B
2024
Total reserves ranking
25/177
2024
46/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$11.9B
2024
-$3.71B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.5B
2024
$4.02B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30.7B
2024
$305M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
5.42%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2021
23.2%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
18.6%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/ukraine | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.