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Economy of Philippines vs Venezuela compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Philippines has a GDP of $462B compared to $120B for Venezuela, ranking 35/197 and 65/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Philippines has $261B in government debt (56.6% of GDP), compared to $197B (164.3% of GDP) in Venezuela.

Philippines vs Venezuela GDP by year

Philippines
Venezuela
1x
Year GDP, current $
Philippines Venezuela
2024 $461,617,509,782 $119,802,963,258
2023 $437,055,627,244 $102,376,526,556
2022 $404,353,369,605 $89,013,255,585
2021 $394,087,359,848 $56,614,976,855
2020 $361,751,145,452 $42,838,020,721
2019 $376,823,402,239 $73,014,084,091
2018 $346,841,896,587 $102,021,093,965
2017 $328,480,736,803 $115,883,275,163
2016 $318,627,003,017 $112,915,034,262
2015 $306,445,871,242 $125,449,241,571
2014 $297,483,555,338 $214,689,614,733
2013 $283,902,828,589 $258,930,655,486
2012 $261,920,540,963 $372,592,062,768
2011 $234,216,730,291 $316,482,190,800
2010 $208,368,893,151 $393,192,354,511
2009 $175,974,755,881 $329,787,628,928
2008 $181,624,626,327 $315,953,388,511
2007 $155,980,408,673 $230,364,012,576
2006 $127,652,926,368 $183,477,522,124
2005 $107,419,977,318 $145,513,489,652
2004 $95,001,999,685 $112,451,400,425
2003 $87,039,092,974 $83,620,628,582
2002 $84,307,345,888 $92,893,587,734
2001 $78,921,234,458 $122,911,036,747
2000 $83,669,788,377 $117,146,466,003
1999 $85,640,171,045 $97,972,842,462
1998 $74,492,416,330 $91,336,763,255
1997 $94,106,317,565 $85,837,678,560
1996 $94,648,084,429 $70,543,211,119
1995 $84,644,328,727 $77,389,487,770
1994 $73,159,336,915 $58,418,666,667
1993 $62,036,529,147 $60,037,460,783
1992 $60,422,328,242 $60,416,519,620
1991 $51,784,144,943 $53,453,444,787
1990 $50,508,286,642 $48,606,952,195
1989 $48,513,773,721 $43,536,709,104
1988 $43,152,128,959 $60,226,413,793
1987 $37,791,488,666 $48,029,034,483
1986 $33,987,207,295 $60,516,123,711
1985 $34,961,486,348 $61,965,466,667
1984 $35,730,185,634 $59,867,743,468
1983 $37,759,179,895 $67,556,279,070
1982 $42,206,011,275 $67,736,744,186
1981 $40,499,388,869 $66,327,441,860
1980 $36,848,080,899 $59,116,511,628
1979 $31,218,296,292 $48,310,930,233
1978 $25,762,224,563 $39,316,279,070
1977 $22,283,109,803 $36,210,697,674
1976 $19,381,055,197 $31,419,534,884
1975 $16,875,240,684 $27,464,651,163
1974 $15,607,882,555 $26,100,930,233
1973 $11,412,449,735 $17,035,581,395
1972 $9,067,815,521 $13,977,727,273
1971 $8,375,075,630 $12,986,590,909
1970 $7,559,115,517 $11,561,111,111
1969 $9,571,800,653 $10,285,111,111
1968 $8,632,749,269 $10,034,444,444
1967 $7,724,873,935 $9,250,000,000
1966 $7,189,017,888 $8,781,333,333
1965 $6,517,349,772 $8,427,777,778
1964 $5,953,756,195 $8,192,413,793
1963 $5,505,023,238 $9,608,717,288
1962 $4,954,593,072 $8,814,309,884
1961 $8,171,194,425 $8,067,267,031
1960 $7,515,894,111 $7,663,938,303

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/venezuela | CC BY

GDP per capita in Philippines vs Venezuela by year

Philippines
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Venezuela
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Philippines Venezuela
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $3,985 $11,794 $4,218 -
2023 $3,804 $10,986 $3,617 -
2022 $3,548 $10,131 $3,155 -
2021 $3,484 $8,858 $2,005 -
2020 $3,228 $8,238 $1,506 -
2019 $3,401 $8,924 $2,523 -
2018 $3,169 $8,358 $3,423 -
2017 $3,038 $7,774 $3,791 -
2016 $2,985 $7,383 $3,670 -
2015 $2,910 $6,894 $4,103 -
2014 $2,867 $6,689 $7,096 -
2013 $2,781 $6,373 $8,656 -
2012 $2,615 $6,094 $12,607 -
2011 $2,384 $5,705 $10,844 $21,241
2010 $2,163 $5,489 $13,646 $20,236
2009 $1,864 $5,157 $11,597 $20,562
2008 $1,959 $5,144 $11,262 $21,402
2007 $1,713 $4,923 $8,332 $20,236
2006 $1,426 $4,579 $6,739 $18,399
2005 $1,220 $4,289 $5,432 $16,511
2004 $1,100 $4,037 $4,269 $14,757
2003 $1,027 $3,761 $3,230 $12,359
2002 $1,015 $3,580 $3,652 $13,375
2001 $970 $3,469 $4,920 $14,714
2000 $1,051 $3,366 $4,776 $14,174
1999 $1,101 $3,229 $4,071 $13,623
1998 $983 $3,160 $3,870 $14,568
1997 $1,273 $3,221 $3,711 $14,655
1996 $1,311 $3,082 $3,113 $13,824
1995 $1,200 $2,926 $3,487 $13,890
1994 $1,060 $2,800 $2,689 $13,370
1993 $919 $2,684 $2,825 $13,702
1992 $917 $2,629 $2,907 $13,652
1991 $804 $2,621 $2,633 $12,880
1990 $804 $2,608 $2,452 $11,628
1989 $792 - $2,250 -
1988 $722 - $3,191 -
1987 $650 - $2,611 -
1986 $600 - $3,376 -
1985 $633 - $3,549 -
1984 $665 - $3,520 -
1983 $723 - $4,079 -
1982 $833 - $4,202 -
1981 $821 - $4,228 -
1980 $767 - $3,874 -
1979 $667 - $3,257 -
1978 $565 - $2,727 -
1977 $502 - $2,585 -
1976 $449 - $2,309 -
1975 $401 - $2,078 -
1974 $379 - $2,034 -
1973 $283.2 - $1,367 -
1972 $230.1 - $1,155 -
1971 $217.4 - $1,106 -
1970 $200.9 - $1,015 -
1969 $261.1 - $932 -
1968 $242.2 - $938 -
1967 $223.1 - $893 -
1966 $213.8 - $876 -
1965 $199.8 - $869 -
1964 $188.2 - $874 -
1963 $179.5 - $1,060 -
1962 $166.7 - $1,007 -
1961 $283.8 - $954 -
1960 $269.5 - $939 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/venezuela | CC BY

The Philippines' GDP per capita is $3,985, ranking 130/197, compared to $4,218 in Venezuela, ranking 128/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Philippines ranks 127th at $11,794, while Venezuela ranks 93rd at $21,241.

Economic indicators

Philippines Venezuela
Gross domestic product
$462B
2024
$120B
2024
GDP rank
35/197
2024
65/197
2024
GDP growth
5.69%
2023-2024
5.3%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$3,985
2024
$4,218
2024
GDP per capita rank
130/197
2024
128/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,794
2024
$21,241
2011
GDP per capita PPP rank
127/197
2024
93/197
2011
Government debt
$261B
2024
$197B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
56.6%
2024
164.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$2,257
2024
$6,931
2024
Government debt per person rank
117/185
2024
69/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$3,407
2026
$3,792
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$252B
2024
$3.98B
2002
Number of billionaires
15
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.6%
2023
33.2%
2006
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2023
1.2%
2006
Government expenditure, % of GDP
24.9%
2024
17.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.21%
2023-2024
49%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
4.75%
2025
58.4%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.41%
2023
7.53%
2020
Population
117991570
28661242

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Philippines
Spending

Debt
Venezuela
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Philippines Venezuela
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 24.9% 56.6% 17.6% 164.3%
2023 24.7% 56.5% 13.1% 138.5%
2022 25.9% 57.4% 15.1% 164.4%
2021 27.2% 57% 13.1% 254.2%
2020 25.9% 51.6% 11.2% 337%
2019 21.7% 37% 21% 206%
2018 20.9% 37.1% 37.9% 175.3%
2017 19.5% 38.1% 21.8% 133.6%
2016 19% 37.4% 19.7% 138.4%
2015 17.8% 39.7% 22.9% 129.8%
2014 16.8% 40.3% 31.6% 84.9%
2013 17.3% 43.9% 36.5% 85.4%
2012 17.7% 45.7% 38% 58.4%
2011 17.2% 45.4% 39.4% 52.5%
2010 18.3% 47.6% 31.1% 37.7%
2009 19.2% 49.8% 33.3% 27.6%
2008 17.9% 50% 34.9% 20.3%
2007 18.2% 50.2% 35.9% 26.4%
2006 18.3% 57.2% 39.3% 25.7%
2005 18.7% 64.7% 33.5% 34.9%
2004 19.4% 71.1% 31.9% 41.8%
2003 20.4% 71.4% 32.2% 56%
2002 20.6% 65.2% 31% 48.2%
2001 21% 59.5% 31.9% 30.7%
2000 20.8% 59.2% 28.3% 27.7%
1999 20.7% 54.2% 26.1% 29.6%
1998 20.3% 50.8% 28.8% 30.7%
1997 20.3% 56.9% 31% 34.8%
1996 19.6% 53.1% 27.7% 45.9%
1995 19.1% 60.8% 32.9% 45.9%
1994 19.7% 63.6% 42.2% 63.9%
1993 17.6% 73.9% 27.7% 57.7%
1992 18.4% 53.9% 30.6% 54.8%
1991 18% 55.6% 33.9% 62.2%
1990 18.8% 56.2% 31.9% 63.3%
1989 15.7% 55.2% 32.5% 61.8%
1988 15.9% 69% 33.2% 46.3%
1987 15.7% 79.2% 25.1% 58.3%
1986 13.5% 77.7% 21.5% 45.9%
1985 11.3% 53.1% 20.3% 34.1%
1984 10.1% 45.8% 19.7% 36.4%
1983 12.2% 43.1% 25.3% 21.4%
1982 12.8% 32.9% 29% 18.6%
1981 13.7% 27.6% 29.6% 18.9%
1980 13.4% 24.8% 22% 16.6%
1979 11.9% 22.5% 22.3% 19.2%
1978 13.3% 23.1% 29.2% 16.6%
1977 13.3% 19.8% 30.6% 12.7%
1976 13.8% 16.8% 26.6% 9.64%
1975 15.1% 13% 33.8% 8.31%
1974 10.7% 13.4% 35.3% 7.72%
1973 14% 11.5% 20% 9.78%
1972 13.4% 14.2% 21.3% 10.6%
1971 11.2% 14.8% 19.6% 9.64%
1970 10.4% 16.8% 19.5% 10.6%
1969 11.5% 16.4% 21% 9.91%
1968 11.2% 15.7% 19.8% 7.84%
1967 10.2% 15.4% 19.8% 6.74%
1966 9.77% 14.4% 19.1% 5.84%
1965 9.48% 15% 18.7% 5.46%
1964 9.66% 14.2% 17.9% 4.95%
1963 10.4% 14.1% 18.7% 6.3%
1962 10.8% 15.9% 17.6% 7.24%
1961 9.6% 16.5% 11.8% 8.79%
1960 10.1% 16.6% 23.7% 8.28%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/venezuela | CC BY

In 2024, the Philippines' government spending was $115B, accounting for 24.9% of its GDP, while Venezuela spent $21.1B, or 17.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 56.6% in the Philippines and 164.3% in Venezuela, ranking 93/185 and 5/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Philippines

Venezuela
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Philippines Venezuela
2024 -3.78% -3.6%
2023 -4.38% -1.25%
2022 -5.48% -5.29%
2021 -6.23% -5.85%
2020 -5.55% -6.63%
2019 -1.5% -10.9%
2018 -1.48% -31%
2017 -0.75% -13.3%
2016 -0.74% -8.46%
2015 0.14% -8.06%
2014 1.32% -9.81%
2013 0.37% -10.4%
2012 -0.22% -9.86%
2011 -0.38% -8.24%
2010 -2.25% -4.74%
2009 -2.57% -8.69%
2008 0.02% -3.46%
2007 -0.28% -2.82%
2006 -0.05% -1.6%
2005 -1.62% 4.09%
2004 -2.81% 2.47%
2003 -3.49% 0.17%
2002 -3.71% -1.48%
2001 -3.49% -4.59%
2000 -3.27% 4.45%
1999 -2.29% 0.74%
1998 -1.31% -4.49%
1997 0.37% 2.58%
1996 0.54% 7.94%
1995 -0.02% -5.86%
1994 -0.44% -11.2%
1993 0.63% -2.92%
1992 -0.43% -6.37%
1991 -0.26% -2.28%
1990 -1.52% 3.84%
1989 -1.64% -0.91%
1988 -2.71% -9.24%
1987 -1.06% -7.47%
1986 -0.55% 0.82%
1985 0.71% 6.97%
1984 0.64% 5.33%
1983 0.1% 1.24%
1982 -0.88% -0.17%
1981 -1.09% 4.74%
1980 0.56% 4.41%
1979 1.54% -3.07%
1978 0.05% -5.44%
1977 -0.42% -4.69%
1976 -0.55% 1.65%
1975 0.13% 0.88%
1974 5.94% 2.76%
1973 2.49% 1.98%
1972 3.39% 0.42%
1971 -0.96% 0.78%
1970 -0.31% -1.22%
1969 -2.67% -2.17%
1968 -2.33% -0.32%
1967 -1.35% 0.51%
1966 -0.74% 0.23%
1965 -1.53% 0.39%
1964 -0.99% 1.91%
1963 -0.68% 1.92%
1962 -0.43% 2.14%
1961 -0.29% -1.91%
1960 -1.06% -4.08%
1959 -0.15% -4.98%
1958 -0.21% -4.86%
1957 -0.56% 6.7%
1956 -0.77% 0.76%
1955 -1.3% 0.38%
1954 -0.79% 1.84%
1953 -0.88% 0.03%
1952 0.49% -0.5%
1951 1.5% -0.24%
1950 -0.19% -0.23%
1949 -2.33% 0.15%
1948 -0.65% 1.27%
1947 0.05% 0.09%
1946 -2.54% -0.9%
1945 - 2.9%
1944 - 1.85%
1943 - -0.27%
1942 - 0.2%
1941 - 0.01%
1940 - -1.07%
1939 - -0.78%
1938 - 0.68%
1937 - 0.73%
1936 - -0.52%
1935 - -2.23%
1934 - 1.34%
1933 - 1.03%
1932 - 0.51%
1931 - 1.02%
1930 - -2.03%
1929 - -0.34%
1928 - -0.68%
1927 - 1.55%
1926 - 0.14%
1925 - 0.54%
1924 - 0.37%
1923 - 1.32%
1922 - 1.57%
1921 - -0.97%
1920 - -1.75%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1920–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/venezuela | CC BY

In 2024, the Philippines' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $17.5B, equivalent to 3.78% of GDP. This compares to Venezuela's deficit of $4.31B, or 3.6% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, the Philippines recorded a fiscal deficit in 48 of those years, while Venezuela ran a deficit in 39 years. On average, the Philippines posted an annual deficit equal to 0.98% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.59% of GDP for Venezuela.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Philippines

Venezuela
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Philippines Venezuela
2024 3.21% 49%
2023 5.98% 338%
2022 5.82% 186.5%
2021 3.93% 1,589%
2020 2.39% 2,355%
2019 2.39% 19,906%
2018 5.31% 65,374%
2017 2.85% 438%
2016 1.25% 254.9%
2015 0.67% 121.7%
2014 3.6% 62.2%
2013 2.58% 40.6%
2012 3.03% 21.1%
2011 4.72% 26.1%
2010 3.79% 28.2%
2009 4.22% 26%
2008 8.26% 31.4%
2007 2.9% 18.7%
2006 5.49% 13.7%
2005 6.52% 16%
2004 4.83% 21.7%
2003 2.29% 31.1%
2002 2.72% 22.4%
2001 5.35% 12.5%
2000 3.98% 16.2%
1999 5.94% 23.6%
1998 9.23% 35.8%
1997 5.59% 50%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/venezuela | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the Philippines has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.24%, compared with 3,254% in Venezuela. In 2024, inflation was 3.21% in the Philippines and 49% in Venezuela.

Top exports between countries

Philippines
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $774K
Animal & marine products $334K
Machinery & equipment $182K
Chemicals & pharma $179K
Metals $173K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $63K
Textiles & consumer goods $41K
Precious metals & jewellery $30K
Raw materials & minerals $29K
Venezuela
Export category Export value

Balance of trade

Philippines Venezuela
Current account balance
-$18.3B
2024
-$3.87B
2016
Current account balance ranking
183/190
2024
161/190
2016
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.96%
2024
-3.43%
2016
Goods imports
$124B
2024
$16.3B
2016
Goods exports
$55.1B
2024
$27.4B
2016
Service imports
$37.6B
2024
$9.47B
2016
Service exports
$51.6B
2024
$1.28B
2016
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
40.1%
2024
9.22%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.8%
2024
16.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Philippines Venezuela
Economic freedom 62.9 27.3
Economic freedom ranking 85/197 194/197
Property rights 45.8 0
Government integrity 35.4 6.9
Judicial effectiveness 41.8 5.1
Tax burden 78.3 73.4
Government spending 81 93
Fiscal health 60.5 29.1
Business freedom 69.2 31.1
Labor freedom 57.8 35.5
Monetary freedom 72.1 0
Trade freedom 83 43.2
Investment freedom 70 0
Financial freedom 60 10

Economic freedom comparison by year

Philippines
Venezuela
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Philippines Venezuela
2026 62.9 27.3
2025 60.6 27.6
2024 59 28.1
2023 59.3 25.8
2022 61.1 24.8
2021 64.1 24.7
2020 64.5 25.2
2019 63.8 25.9
2018 65 25.2
2017 65.6 27
2016 63.1 33.7
2015 62.2 34.3
2014 60.1 36.3
2013 58.2 36.1
2012 57.1 38.1
2011 56.2 37.6
2010 56.3 37.1
2009 56.8 39.9
2008 56 44.7
2007 56 47.9
2006 56.3 44.6
2005 54.7 45.2
2004 59.1 46.7
2003 61.3 54.8
2002 60.7 54.7
2001 60.9 54.6
2000 62.5 57.4
1999 61.9 56.1
1998 62.8 54
1997 62.2 52.8
1996 60.2 54.5
1995 55 59.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/venezuela | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Philippines is 62.9, ranking 85/197, compared to 27.3 for Venezuela, ranking 194/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Philippines Venezuela
Services, % of GDP
63.2%
2024
51.7%
2014
Industry, % of GDP
27.7%
2024
37.2%
2014
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
9.08%
2024
5.03%
2014
GNI, Atlas method
$518B
2024
$109B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$13,330
2024
$20,800
2011
Total reserves including gold
$106B
2024
$9.79B
2017
Total reserves ranking
27/177
2024
77/177
2017
Net foreign direct investment
-$6.57B
2024
-$27M
2016
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$9.44B
2024
$1.63B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.87B
2024
$2.6B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.45%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
15.5%
2023
33.1%
2015
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.7%
2024
4.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/philippines/venezuela | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1920–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.