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Economy of Denmark vs South Korea compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Denmark has a GDP of $425B compared to $1.88T for South Korea, ranking 37/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

Denmark has $134B in government debt (31.5% of GDP), compared to $934B (49.8% of GDP) in South Korea.

Denmark vs South Korea GDP by year

Denmark
South Korea
1x
Year GDP, current $
Denmark South Korea
2024 $424,524,722,037 $1,875,388,209,407
2023 $404,651,706,118 $1,844,800,934,392
2022 $400,114,306,337 $1,799,363,116,867
2021 $406,110,162,088 $1,942,313,560,966
2020 $355,631,021,932 $1,744,070,276,373
2019 $345,401,473,013 $1,751,045,752,055
2018 $355,293,374,912 $1,824,251,454,307
2017 $331,610,593,962 $1,710,196,756,713
2016 $312,181,849,372 $1,579,150,518,945
2015 $301,758,922,338 $1,539,212,301,136
2014 $352,832,602,064 $1,556,252,422,020
2013 $344,631,016,965 $1,434,669,686,502
2012 $326,792,574,245 $1,335,343,586,438
2011 $344,315,595,263 $1,307,103,477,219
2010 $322,345,594,075 $1,192,830,015,738
2009 $322,619,152,195 $983,065,242,417
2008 $354,979,471,960 $1,091,580,692,542
2007 $320,213,157,595 $1,220,911,904,593
2006 $283,386,151,544 $1,095,175,538,508
2005 $265,150,087,712 $971,740,329,984
2004 $251,986,155,631 $823,251,107,639
2003 $218,421,193,436 $728,516,494,684
2002 $178,788,209,558 $650,014,391,470
2001 $164,881,594,415 $567,564,806,235
2000 $164,043,817,224 $597,487,173,479
1999 $177,887,720,536 $515,697,079,289
1998 $176,877,077,513 $397,297,216,492
1997 $173,241,365,735 $589,202,526,424
1996 $187,481,157,846 $631,196,863,758
1995 $184,848,481,008 $586,286,469,401
1994 $156,017,919,221 $479,181,794,217
1993 $143,111,306,004 $405,705,302,846
1992 $152,966,494,260 $366,921,291,825
1991 $139,180,507,778 $340,851,946,804
1990 $138,217,740,684 $292,064,221,389
1989 $112,312,200,761 $254,236,243,100
1988 $115,540,189,705 $205,477,530,605
1987 $109,183,446,340 $152,240,393,646
1986 $87,748,695,217 $119,965,960,795
1985 $62,452,421,011 $103,764,281,281
1984 $58,868,891,335 $99,749,645,089
1983 $60,331,158,447 $89,621,208,322
1982 $60,084,214,872 $79,921,300,447
1981 $61,459,941,461 $74,287,368,087
1980 $70,811,287,816 $66,547,970,351
1979 $70,393,030,603 $68,083,884,298
1978 $60,320,089,218 $52,824,793,388
1977 $49,711,709,588 $39,064,462,810
1976 $44,503,607,444 $30,371,074,380
1975 $40,418,967,666 $22,126,033,058
1974 $34,125,712,481 $19,860,929,977
1973 $30,718,181,337 $14,067,523,813
1972 $23,230,667,549 $10,990,490,570
1971 $19,086,192,720 $10,005,257,131
1970 $17,075,457,733 $9,085,001,794
1969 $15,414,902,667 $7,743,940,189
1968 $13,505,574,133 $6,167,109,472
1967 $13,059,064,806 $4,895,076,718
1966 $11,931,740,293 $3,957,064,541
1965 $10,870,670,865 $3,141,131,708
1964 $9,677,401,337 $3,476,789,682
1963 $8,466,044,980 $4,007,692,308
1962 $7,953,274,741 $2,826,923,077
1961 $7,058,361,229 $2,427,244,761
1960 $6,361,166,545 $3,973,069,307

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/south-korea | CC BY

GDP per capita in Denmark vs South Korea by year

Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
South Korea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Denmark South Korea
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $71,026 $81,878 $36,239 $61,051
2023 $68,044 $77,892 $35,674 $57,430
2022 $67,781 $78,914 $34,822 $55,509
2021 $69,341 $69,715 $37,518 $51,718
2020 $60,985 $62,682 $33,646 $47,881
2019 $59,404 $60,595 $33,827 $46,511
2018 $61,325 $57,234 $35,364 $45,511
2017 $57,522 $55,272 $33,297 $43,156
2016 $54,501 $51,821 $30,832 $41,673
2015 $53,094 $48,897 $30,172 $39,794
2014 $62,520 $47,880 $30,667 $37,032
2013 $61,378 $46,869 $28,449 $35,844
2012 $58,444 $44,755 $26,601 $35,062
2011 $61,810 $44,444 $26,175 $33,944
2010 $58,105 $43,038 $24,071 $33,120
2009 $58,413 $40,524 $19,937 $30,740
2008 $64,617 $41,467 $22,252 $31,211
2007 $58,632 $39,110 $25,078 $30,255
2006 $52,119 $37,392 $22,610 $27,972
2005 $48,926 $34,238 $20,167 $26,179
2004 $46,625 $33,016 $17,122 $24,658
2003 $40,519 $30,864 $15,212 $22,920
2002 $33,257 $30,667 $13,643 $22,173
2001 $30,768 $29,459 $11,981 $20,442
2000 $30,722 $28,648 $12,710 $19,237
1999 $33,426 $26,642 $11,063 $17,421
1998 $33,346 $25,799 $8,583 $15,500
1997 $32,780 $24,887 $12,822 $16,241
1996 $35,622 $23,723 $13,865 $15,164
1995 $35,321 $22,677 $13,002 $13,921
1994 $29,968 $21,669 $10,734 $12,551
1993 $27,582 $20,217 $9,180 $11,349
1992 $29,579 $19,830 $8,387 $10,468
1991 $27,003 $19,067 $7,873 $9,724
1990 $26,886 $18,225 $6,813 $8,567
1989 $21,882 - $5,989 -
1988 $22,525 - $4,889 -
1987 $21,296 - $3,658 -
1986 $17,137 - $2,911 -
1985 $12,213 - $2,543 -
1984 $11,517 - $2,469 -
1983 $11,797 - $2,246 -
1982 $11,740 - $2,032 -
1981 $12,000 - $1,918 -
1980 $13,822 - $1,746 -
1979 $13,757 - $1,814 -
1978 $11,818 - $1,429 -
1977 $9,770 - $1,073 -
1976 $8,773 - $847 -
1975 $7,988 - $627 -
1974 $6,764 - $572 -
1973 $6,117 - $412 -
1972 $4,654 - $328 -
1971 $3,846 - $304 -
1970 $3,464 - $281.8 -
1969 $3,151 - $245.5 -
1968 $2,776 - $200 -
1967 $2,701 - $162.5 -
1966 $2,487 - $134.4 -
1965 $2,284 - $109.4 -
1964 $2,049 - $124.2 -
1963 $1,807 - $147 -
1962 $1,711 - $106.6 -
1961 $1,531 - $94.2 -
1960 $1,389 - $158.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/south-korea | CC BY

Denmark's GDP per capita is $71,026, ranking 12/197, compared to $36,239 in South Korea, ranking 31/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878, while South Korea ranks 33rd at $61,051.

Economic indicators

Denmark South Korea
Gross domestic product
$425B
2024
$1.88T
2024
GDP rank
37/197
2024
12/197
2024
GDP growth
3.48%
2023-2024
2%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$71,026
2024
$36,239
2024
GDP per capita rank
12/197
2024
31/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$81,878
2024
$61,051
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
14/197
2024
33/197
2024
Government debt
$134B
2024
$934B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
31.5%
2024
49.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$22,340
2024
$18,052
2024
Government debt per person rank
30/185
2024
33/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$53,468
2026
$27,215
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$151B
2004
$1.56T
2024
Number of millionaires
376,000
2025
1,301,000
2025
Number of billionaires
9
2025
30
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2023
24.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
2.9%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.3%
2024
22.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.37%
2023-2024
2.32%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.6%
2025
2.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
6.15%
2024
2.78%
2024
Population
6032403
51649918

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Denmark
Spending

Debt
South Korea
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Denmark South Korea
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 47.3% 31.5% 22.5% 49.8%
2023 47.4% 33.8% 23.1% 50.5%
2022 45.1% 34.2% 26.7% 49.8%
2021 49.7% 40.7% 24.1% 48%
2020 53.3% 46.3% 23.7% 45.9%
2019 49.8% 38.3% 21.3% 39.7%
2018 50.8% 38.5% 19.3% 37.9%
2017 50.6% 40.2% 18.6% 38%
2016 52.4% 41.7% 18.5% 39.1%
2015 54.4% 44.6% 18.8% 38.8%
2014 55.1% 48.7% 18.8% 37.9%
2013 55.6% 47.8% 19% 36%
2012 57.9% 48.7% 18.8% 33.5%
2011 56.3% 50% 18.3% 31.7%
2010 56.5% 46.1% 17.9% 28.3%
2009 56.3% 43% 19.5% 28.8%
2008 50.3% 35.5% 19.1% 25.9%
2007 49.5% 29.5% 18.8% 26.3%
2006 49.7% 33.2% 18.7% 27%
2005 51.1% 39.4% 18.2% 24.9%
2004 52.8% 46.2% 18.5% 21.6%
2003 53.5% 48.2% 17.9% 19.1%
2002 53.1% 50.3% 15.9% 16.4%
2001 53% 50.1% 16.9% 16.6%
2000 52.9% 53.6% 16% 16.1%
1999 54.7% 56.8% 16.1% 15.8%
1998 55.6% 60.3% 16% 13.8%
1997 56.2% 64.4% 13.9% 9.69%
1996 58.2% 68.3% 14% 7.81%
1995 58.7% 71.5% 13.5% 8.48%
1994 59.5% 75.3% 15.4% 9.63%
1993 59.5% 78.7% 15.1% 10.9%
1992 56.4% 66.7% 15.5% 11.6%
1991 55.5% 63.2% 15.4% 11.9%
1990 55.1% 62.4% 15.2% 12.8%
1989 56.2% 62.2% 15% 12.4%
1988 56.1% 64.7% 13.9% 12.7%
1987 54% 62.5% 14.3% 15.3%
1986 52.3% 66.8% 14.9% 14.5%
1985 55.5% 74.7% 15.5% 16.2%
1984 56.6% 77.7% 15.6% 16.9%
1983 57.9% 74.2% 16% 19.3%
1982 57.7% 64.5% 17.8% 20.5%
1981 56.3% 51.7% 16.3% 18.8%
1980 52.7% 39.2% 16.8% 18.6%
1979 49.6% 31.8% 16.3% 15.7%
1978 47.2% 25.5% 15.7% 18.4%
1977 45.6% 15.2% 17.7% 20.1%
1976 45% 11.4% 17% 20.4%
1975 45.3% 7.01% 18.8% 21.5%
1974 43.6% 6.2% 16.1% 18.6%
1973 39.5% 8.94% 14.2% 17.9%
1972 42.1% 11.5% 18.5% 18.3%
1971 42.2% 12.9% 18.5% 14.5%
1970 24.4% 7.62% 17.5% 6.95%
1969 25.3% 8.36% 19.8% 2.63%
1968 24.3% 9.36% 18.5% 2.76%
1967 22.2% 10.1% 16.7% 3.74%
1966 21.1% 11.2% 16% 4.44%
1965 17.1% 12.9% 13.1% 6.14%
1964 17.6% 14.5% 12.1% 6.57%
1963 18.2% 13.7% 15.4% 9.21%
1962 17% 15.3% 22.3% 13%
1961 15.6% 16.4% 21.2% 13.4%
1960 16.4% 20.1% 17.9% 13.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/south-korea | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government spending was $201B, accounting for 47.3% of its GDP, while South Korea spent $423B, or 22.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 31.5% in Denmark and 49.8% in South Korea, ranking 155/185 and 110/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Denmark

South Korea
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Denmark South Korea
2024 4.46% -0.78%
2023 3.43% -0.67%
2022 3.39% -1.49%
2021 4.12% -0.02%
2020 0.36% -2.11%
2019 4.28% 0.35%
2018 0.81% 2.42%
2017 1.69% 2.08%
2016 0.3% 1.56%
2015 -0.9% 0.5%
2014 1.43% 0.57%
2013 -0.94% 0.79%
2012 -3.2% 1.63%
2011 -1.77% 1.72%
2010 -2.52% 1.61%
2009 -2.75% 0.24%
2008 3.46% 1.58%
2007 5.31% 2.49%
2006 5.29% 1.18%
2005 5.2% 0.95%
2004 2.23% 0.09%
2003 0.14% 1.51%
2002 0.25% 3.23%
2001 1.13% 2.42%
2000 1.79% 3.91%
1999 1.06% 1.15%
1998 -0.28% 1.09%
1997 -1.22% 2.31%
1996 -2.4% 2.3%
1995 -3.5% 2.16%
1994 -3.85% 2.06%
1993 -3.73% 3.21%
1992 -2.6% 2.42%
1991 -3.15% 1.94%
1990 -1.78% 2.98%
1989 0.3% 2.27%
1988 1.46% 2.85%
1987 2.46% 1.7%
1986 3.23% 0.8%
1985 -1.38% 0.47%
1984 -3.58% 0.78%
1983 -6.29% 1.05%
1982 -8.22% -0.41%
1981 -5.84% 0.99%
1980 -2.32% 0.46%
1979 -0.69% 0.47%
1978 0.41% -0.27%
1977 0.37% -1.81%
1976 0.19% -0.87%
1975 -1.23% -3.68%
1974 3.7% -2.78%
1973 4.97% -1.72%
1972 5.01% -4.33%
1971 4.96% -1.3%
1970 0.7% -0.52%
1969 0.3% -2.85%
1968 -0.06% -2.36%
1967 1.49% -2.87%
1966 0.99% -4.27%
1965 2.13% -3.43%
1964 1.79% -4.1%
1963 1.2% -4.32%
1962 -0.09% -7.82%
1961 1.73% -9.48%
1960 1.25% -5.18%
1959 0.79% -6.52%
1958 0.25% -10%
1957 0.26% -10.1%
1956 -0.01% -10.8%
1955 -1.17% -10.6%
1954 -0.84% -10.3%
1953 1.75% -4.14%
1952 1.18% -
1951 0.79% -
1950 1.08% -
1949 0.63% -
1948 1.07% -
1947 0.84% -
1946 2.69% -
1945 -1.03% -
1944 0% -
1943 0% -
1942 0% -
1941 0% -
1940 0% -
1939 0% -
1938 0.03% -
1937 0.22% -
1936 -1.36% -
1935 -0.97% -
1934 0.03% -
1933 1.69% -
1932 -3.22% -
1931 -1.67% -
1930 0.03% -
1929 0.13% -
1928 -4.99% -
1927 -2.33% -
1926 -0.48% -
1925 -3.1% -
1924 -0.8% -
1923 -0.56% -
1922 -1.33% -
1921 -2.41% -
1920 -0.46% -
1919 -0.38% -
1918 1.95% -
1917 3.1% -
1916 1.51% -
1915 -0.48% -
1914 0.43% -
1913 0.07% -
1912 0.13% -
1911 -1.02% -
1910 -1.72% -
1909 -2.49% -
1908 -0.82% -
1907 0.26% -
1906 -0.42% -
1905 0.22% -
1904 -0.1% -
1903 0.03% -
1902 -0.06% -
1901 -0.71% -
1900 -0.84% -
1899 -0.59% -
1898 -0.43% -
1897 -0.61% -
1896 -0.07% -
1895 -0.17% -
1894 -0.26% -
1893 -0.42% -
1892 -0.73% -
1891 -0.76% -
1890 -0.97% -
1889 -0.55% -
1888 -0.49% -
1887 -0.68% -
1886 -0.39% -
1885 0.48% -
1884 1.2% -
1883 0.73% -
1882 0.35% -
1881 0.42% -
1880 -2.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/south-korea | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $18.9B, equivalent to 4.46% of GDP. This compares to South Korea's deficit of $14.7B, or 0.78% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Denmark recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while South Korea ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, Denmark posted an annual surplus equal to 0.38% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.08% of GDP for South Korea.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Denmark

South Korea
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Denmark South Korea
2024 1.37% 2.32%
2023 3.31% 3.6%
2022 7.7% 5.09%
2021 1.85% 2.5%
2020 0.42% 0.54%
2019 0.76% 0.38%
2018 0.81% 1.48%
2017 1.15% 1.94%
2016 0.25% 0.97%
2015 0.45% 0.71%
2014 0.56% 1.27%
2013 0.79% 1.3%
2012 2.4% 2.19%
2011 2.76% 4.03%
2010 2.31% 2.94%
2009 1.3% 2.76%
2008 3.42% 4.67%
2007 1.69% 2.53%
2006 1.92% 2.24%
2005 1.82% 2.75%
2004 1.15% 3.59%
2003 2.08% 3.51%
2002 2.42% 2.76%
2001 2.34% 4.07%
2000 2.9% 2.26%
1999 2.5% 0.81%
1998 1.85% 7.51%
1997 2.18% 4.44%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/south-korea | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Denmark has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.95%, compared with 2.68% in South Korea. In 2024, inflation was 1.37% in Denmark and 2.32% in South Korea.

Top exports between countries

Denmark
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $2.09B
Machinery & equipment $496M
IT & IP services $148M
Animal & marine products $131M
Chemicals & pharma $99.9M
Textiles & consumer goods $86.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $68.4M
Manufacturing & construction services $48.4M
Business & finance services $32.7M
Metals $31.2M
South Korea
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.6B
Chemicals & pharma $107M
Metals $66.8M
Textiles & consumer goods $12.8M
Raw materials & minerals $9.04M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.68M
Raw agricultural goods $2.3M
Precious metals & jewellery $589K
Miscellaneous $487K
Animal & marine products $403K

Balance of trade

Denmark South Korea
Current account balance
$52.1B
2024
$99B
2024
Current account balance ranking
14/190
2024
7/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+12.3%
2024
+5.28%
2024
Goods imports
$132B
2024
$596B
2024
Goods exports
$172B
2024
$696B
2024
Service imports
$125B
2024
$163B
2024
Service exports
$129B
2024
$139B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
60.8%
2024
40.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
71%
2024
44.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Denmark South Korea
Economic freedom 79 73.7
Economic freedom ranking 8/197 24/197
Property rights 99.9 89.6
Government integrity 98 70.9
Judicial effectiveness 89.3 77.5
Tax burden 43.4 61.5
Government spending 34.8 82.6
Fiscal health 98 93.5
Business freedom 90.4 81.5
Labor freedom 65 55
Monetary freedom 80.1 79.3
Trade freedom 79.4 73
Investment freedom 90 60
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Denmark
South Korea
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Denmark South Korea
2026 79 73.7
2025 79.1 74
2024 77.8 73.1
2023 77.6 73.7
2022 78 74.6
2021 77.8 74
2020 78.3 74
2019 76.7 72.3
2018 76.6 73.8
2017 75.1 74.3
2016 75.3 71.7
2015 76.3 71.5
2014 76.1 71.2
2013 76.1 70.3
2012 76.2 69.9
2011 78.6 69.8
2010 77.9 69.9
2009 79.6 68.1
2008 79.2 68.6
2007 77 67.8
2006 75.4 67.5
2005 75.3 66.4
2004 72.4 67.8
2003 73.2 68.3
2002 71.1 69.5
2001 68.3 69.1
2000 68.3 69.7
1999 68.1 69.7
1998 67.5 73.3
1997 67.5 69.8
1996 67.3 73
1995 - 72

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/south-korea | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Denmark is 79, ranking 8/197, compared to 73.7 for South Korea, ranking 24/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Denmark South Korea
Services, % of GDP
63.5%
2024
57.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.1%
2024
33.9%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.93%
2024
1.46%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$434B
2024
$1.9T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$84,680
2024
$61,930
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
$418B
2024
Total reserves ranking
25/177
2024
8/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$11.9B
2024
$33.4B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.5B
2024
$15.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30.7B
2024
$48.6B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2021
14.4%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
30%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/south-korea | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.