Skip to content

Economy of Denmark vs Senegal compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Denmark has a GDP of $425B compared to $32.8B for Senegal, ranking 37/197 and 109/197 by economy size, respectively.

Denmark has $134B in government debt (31.5% of GDP), compared to $42.1B (128.4% of GDP) in Senegal.

Denmark vs Senegal GDP by year

Denmark
Senegal
1x
Year GDP, current $
Denmark Senegal
2024 $424,524,722,037 $32,808,056,601
2023 $404,651,706,118 $30,696,331,296
2022 $400,114,306,337 $27,783,332,223
2021 $406,110,162,088 $27,520,784,130
2020 $355,631,021,932 $24,530,513,038
2019 $345,401,473,013 $23,403,995,992
2018 $355,293,374,912 $23,116,701,556
2017 $331,610,593,962 $20,996,562,944
2016 $312,181,849,372 $19,040,312,333
2015 $301,758,922,338 $17,774,766,696
2014 $352,832,602,064 $19,797,253,440
2013 $344,631,016,965 $18,918,667,725
2012 $326,792,574,245 $17,660,870,412
2011 $344,315,595,263 $17,814,283,639
2010 $322,345,594,075 $16,121,315,909
2009 $322,619,152,195 $16,145,867,495
2008 $354,979,471,960 $16,853,989,628
2007 $320,213,157,595 $13,994,218,413
2006 $283,386,151,544 $11,697,918,243
2005 $265,150,087,712 $11,009,033,438
2004 $251,986,155,631 $10,076,816,667
2003 $218,421,193,436 $8,768,721,563
2002 $178,788,209,558 $7,006,402,320
2001 $164,881,594,415 $6,507,824,829
2000 $164,043,817,224 $6,013,185,004
1999 $177,887,720,536 $6,592,834,933
1998 $176,877,077,513 $6,505,607,909
1997 $173,241,365,735 $6,041,478,726
1996 $187,481,157,846 $6,559,712,166
1995 $184,848,481,008 $6,326,342,633
1994 $156,017,919,221 $5,034,588,196
1993 $143,111,306,004 $7,367,986,241
1992 $152,966,494,260 $7,769,817,840
1991 $139,180,507,778 $7,255,210,470
1990 $138,217,740,684 $7,390,967,360
1989 $112,312,200,761 $6,366,039,373
1988 $115,540,189,705 $6,418,419,389
1987 $109,183,446,340 $6,487,353,103
1986 $87,748,695,217 $5,392,093,446
1985 $62,452,421,011 $3,818,944,918
1984 $58,868,891,335 $3,485,165,432
1983 $60,331,158,447 $3,569,356,125
1982 $60,084,214,872 $4,013,951,443
1981 $61,459,941,461 $4,095,892,781
1980 $70,811,287,816 $4,510,108,291
1979 $70,393,030,603 $4,084,877,823
1978 $60,320,089,218 $3,280,354,921
1977 $49,711,709,588 $2,938,046,463
1976 $44,503,607,444 $2,869,777,884
1975 $40,418,967,666 $2,830,388,405
1974 $34,125,712,481 $2,099,325,229
1973 $30,718,181,337 $1,863,398,590
1972 $23,230,667,549 $1,620,857,104
1971 $19,086,192,720 $1,339,549,033
1970 $17,075,457,733 $1,297,407,655
1969 $15,414,902,667 $1,245,234,931
1968 $13,505,574,133 $1,309,384,862
1967 $13,059,064,806 $1,246,480,766
1966 $11,931,740,293 $1,246,908,186
1965 $10,870,670,865 $1,210,058,228
1964 $9,677,401,337 $1,188,930,645
1963 $8,466,044,980 $1,122,139,862
1962 $7,953,274,741 $1,085,475,791
1961 $7,058,361,229 $1,058,975,257
1960 $6,361,166,545 $1,003,692,370

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/senegal | CC BY

GDP per capita in Denmark vs Senegal by year

Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Senegal
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Denmark Senegal
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $71,026 $81,878 $1,773 $5,071
2023 $68,044 $77,892 $1,698 $4,778
2022 $67,781 $78,914 $1,574 $4,530
2021 $69,341 $69,715 $1,598 $4,174
2020 $60,985 $62,682 $1,461 $3,753
2019 $59,404 $60,595 $1,431 $3,648
2018 $61,325 $57,234 $1,453 $3,380
2017 $57,522 $55,272 $1,357 $3,234
2016 $54,501 $51,821 $1,266 $3,101
2015 $53,094 $48,897 $1,218 $2,994
2014 $62,520 $47,880 $1,399 $2,854
2013 $61,378 $46,869 $1,380 $2,769
2012 $58,444 $44,755 $1,327 $2,764
2011 $61,810 $44,444 $1,375 $2,685
2010 $58,105 $43,038 $1,276 $2,663
2009 $58,413 $40,524 $1,309 $2,606
2008 $64,617 $41,467 $1,399 $2,581
2007 $58,632 $39,110 $1,189 $2,499
2006 $52,119 $37,392 $1,017 $2,422
2005 $48,926 $34,238 $980 $2,350
2004 $46,625 $33,016 $918 $2,236
2003 $40,519 $30,864 $818 $2,131
2002 $33,257 $30,667 $669 $2,027
2001 $30,768 $29,459 $637 $2,044
2000 $30,722 $28,648 $603 $1,963
1999 $33,426 $26,642 $678 $1,893
1998 $33,346 $25,799 $685 $1,798
1997 $32,780 $24,887 $651 $1,719
1996 $35,622 $23,723 $723 $1,679
1995 $35,321 $22,677 $715 $1,656
1994 $29,968 $21,669 $584 $1,578
1993 $27,582 $20,217 $878 $1,588
1992 $29,579 $19,830 $951 $1,573
1991 $27,003 $19,067 $913 $1,561
1990 $26,886 $18,225 $957 $1,513
1989 $21,882 - $849 -
1988 $22,525 - $880 -
1987 $21,296 - $916 -
1986 $17,137 - $784 -
1985 $12,213 - $571 -
1984 $11,517 - $536 -
1983 $11,797 - $564 -
1982 $11,740 - $652 -
1981 $12,000 - $683 -
1980 $13,822 - $772 -
1979 $13,757 - $716 -
1978 $11,818 - $589 -
1977 $9,770 - $540 -
1976 $8,773 - $541 -
1975 $7,988 - $547 -
1974 $6,764 - $417 -
1973 $6,117 - $381 -
1972 $4,654 - $342 -
1971 $3,846 - $291.1 -
1970 $3,464 - $290.5 -
1969 $3,151 - $287.3 -
1968 $2,776 - $311 -
1967 $2,701 - $305 -
1966 $2,487 - $315 -
1965 $2,284 - $314 -
1964 $2,049 - $318 -
1963 $1,807 - $309 -
1962 $1,711 - $307 -
1961 $1,531 - $308 -
1960 $1,389 - $300 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/senegal | CC BY

Denmark's GDP per capita is $71,026, ranking 12/197, compared to $1,773 in Senegal, ranking 159/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878, while Senegal ranks 158th at $5,071.

Economic indicators

Denmark Senegal
Gross domestic product
$425B
2024
$32.8B
2024
GDP rank
37/197
2024
109/197
2024
GDP growth
3.48%
2023-2024
6.06%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$71,026
2024
$1,773
2024
GDP per capita rank
12/197
2024
159/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$81,878
2024
$5,071
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
14/197
2024
158/197
2024
Government debt
$134B
2024
$42.1B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
31.5%
2024
128.4%
2024
Government debt per person
$22,340
2024
$2,277
2024
Government debt per person rank
30/185
2024
115/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$53,468
2026
$2,194
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$151B
2004
n/a
Number of millionaires
376,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
9
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2023
28.8%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.3%
2024
33.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.37%
2023-2024
0.8%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.6%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.15%
2024
5.78%
2024
Population
6032403
19491599

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Denmark
Spending

Debt
Senegal
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Denmark Senegal
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 47.3% 31.5% 33.5% 128.4%
2023 47.4% 33.8% 35.5% 118.4%
2022 45.1% 34.2% 36.2% 105%
2021 49.7% 40.7% 33.6% 98.6%
2020 53.3% 46.3% 29.6% 90.2%
2019 49.8% 38.3% 34.3% 81.5%
2018 50.8% 38.5% 22.6% 61.5%
2017 50.6% 40.2% 22.5% 61.1%
2016 52.4% 41.7% 24% 47.5%
2015 54.4% 44.6% 22.9% 44.5%
2014 55.1% 48.7% 23.1% 42.4%
2013 55.6% 47.8% 22.1% 36.9%
2012 57.9% 48.7% 23% 34.5%
2011 56.3% 50% 23.3% 32.9%
2010 56.5% 46.1% 21.7% 34.6%
2009 56.3% 43% 21.1% 29.9%
2008 50.3% 35.5% 20.9% 19.1%
2007 49.5% 29.5% 22.2% 19%
2006 49.7% 33.2% 21.3% 17.5%
2005 51.1% 39.4% 18.7% 36.1%
2004 52.8% 46.2% 18.1% 38%
2003 53.5% 48.2% 17.1% 42.9%
2002 53.1% 50.3% 15.5% 52%
2001 53% 50.1% 15.7% 53.2%
2000 52.9% 53.6% 14% 57.5%
1999 54.7% 56.8% 14.6% 15%
1998 55.6% 60.3% 13.5% 18.8%
1997 56.2% 64.4% 14.1% 67.8%
1996 58.2% 68.3% 15.4% 0.07%
1995 58.7% 71.5% 14.4% 65.3%
1994 59.5% 75.3% 15.9% 77.3%
1993 59.5% 78.7% - -
1992 56.4% 66.7% - -
1991 55.5% 63.2% - -
1990 55.1% 62.4% - -
1989 56.2% 62.2% - -
1988 56.1% 64.7% - -
1987 54% 62.5% - -
1986 52.3% 66.8% - -
1985 55.5% 74.7% - -
1984 56.6% 77.7% - -
1983 57.9% 74.2% - -
1982 57.7% 64.5% - -
1981 56.3% 51.7% - -
1980 52.7% 39.2% - -
1979 49.6% 31.8% - -
1978 47.2% 25.5% - -
1977 45.6% 15.2% - -
1976 45% 11.4% - -
1975 45.3% 7.01% - -
1974 43.6% 6.2% - -
1973 39.5% 8.94% - -
1972 42.1% 11.5% - -
1971 42.2% 12.9% - -
1970 24.4% 7.62% - -
1969 25.3% 8.36% - -
1968 24.3% 9.36% - -
1967 22.2% 10.1% - -
1966 21.1% 11.2% - -
1965 17.1% 12.9% - -
1964 17.6% 14.5% - -
1963 18.2% 13.7% - -
1962 17% 15.3% - -
1961 15.6% 16.4% - -
1960 16.4% 20.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/senegal | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government spending was $201B, accounting for 47.3% of its GDP, while Senegal spent $11B, or 33.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 31.5% in Denmark and 128.4% in Senegal, ranking 155/185 and 11/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Denmark

Senegal
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Denmark Senegal
2024 4.46% -13.4%
2023 3.43% -14.8%
2022 3.39% -16.1%
2021 4.12% -13.7%
2020 0.36% -9.64%
2019 4.28% -13.9%
2018 0.81% -3.66%
2017 1.69% -2.97%
2016 0.3% -3.27%
2015 -0.9% -3.66%
2014 1.43% -3.9%
2013 -0.94% -4.34%
2012 -3.2% -4.18%
2011 -1.77% -4.92%
2010 -2.52% -3.94%
2009 -2.75% -3.66%
2008 3.46% -3.53%
2007 5.31% -2.8%
2006 5.29% -3.67%
2005 5.2% -0.26%
2004 2.23% 0.18%
2003 0.14% -0.52%
2002 0.25% 0.19%
2001 1.13% -1.44%
2000 1.79% 0.78%
1999 1.06% -0.62%
1998 -0.28% 0.93%
1997 -1.22% 0.98%
1996 -2.4% 0.92%
1995 -3.5% 2.41%
1994 -3.85% 5.9%
1993 -3.73% -
1992 -2.6% -
1991 -3.15% -
1990 -1.78% -
1989 0.3% -
1988 1.46% -
1987 2.46% -
1986 3.23% -
1985 -1.38% -
1984 -3.58% -
1983 -6.29% -
1982 -8.22% -
1981 -5.84% -
1980 -2.32% -
1979 -0.69% -
1978 0.41% -
1977 0.37% -
1976 0.19% -
1975 -1.23% -
1974 3.7% -
1973 4.97% -
1972 5.01% -
1971 4.96% -
1970 0.7% -
1969 0.3% -
1968 -0.06% -
1967 1.49% -
1966 0.99% -
1965 2.13% -
1964 1.79% -
1963 1.2% -
1962 -0.09% -
1961 1.73% -
1960 1.25% -
1959 0.79% -
1958 0.25% -
1957 0.26% -
1956 -0.01% -
1955 -1.17% -
1954 -0.84% -
1953 1.75% -
1952 1.18% -
1951 0.79% -
1950 1.08% -
1949 0.63% -
1948 1.07% -
1947 0.84% -
1946 2.69% -
1945 -1.03% -
1944 0% -
1943 0% -
1942 0% -
1941 0% -
1940 0% -
1939 0% -
1938 0.03% -
1937 0.22% -
1936 -1.36% -
1935 -0.97% -
1934 0.03% -
1933 1.69% -
1932 -3.22% -
1931 -1.67% -
1930 0.03% -
1929 0.13% -
1928 -4.99% -
1927 -2.33% -
1926 -0.48% -
1925 -3.1% -
1924 -0.8% -
1923 -0.56% -
1922 -1.33% -
1921 -2.41% -
1920 -0.46% -
1919 -0.38% -
1918 1.95% -
1917 3.1% -
1916 1.51% -
1915 -0.48% -
1914 0.43% -
1913 0.07% -
1912 0.13% -
1911 -1.02% -
1910 -1.72% -
1909 -2.49% -
1908 -0.82% -
1907 0.26% -
1906 -0.42% -
1905 0.22% -
1904 -0.1% -
1903 0.03% -
1902 -0.06% -
1901 -0.71% -
1900 -0.84% -
1899 -0.59% -
1898 -0.43% -
1897 -0.61% -
1896 -0.07% -
1895 -0.17% -
1894 -0.26% -
1893 -0.42% -
1892 -0.73% -
1891 -0.76% -
1890 -0.97% -
1889 -0.55% -
1888 -0.49% -
1887 -0.68% -
1886 -0.39% -
1885 0.48% -
1884 1.2% -
1883 0.73% -
1882 0.35% -
1881 0.42% -
1880 -2.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/senegal | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $18.9B, equivalent to 4.46% of GDP. This compares to Senegal's deficit of $4.4B, or 13.4% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Denmark recorded a fiscal deficit in 11 of those years, while Senegal ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Denmark posted an annual surplus equal to 0.86% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.89% of GDP for Senegal.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Denmark

Senegal
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Denmark Senegal
2024 1.37% 0.8%
2023 3.31% 5.94%
2022 7.7% 9.7%
2021 1.85% 2.18%
2020 0.42% 2.54%
2019 0.76% 1.76%
2018 0.81% 0.46%
2017 1.15% 1.32%
2016 0.25% 0.84%
2015 0.45% 0.14%
2014 0.56% -1.09%
2013 0.79% 0.71%
2012 2.4% 1.42%
2011 2.76% 3.4%
2010 2.31% 1.23%
2009 1.3% -2.25%
2008 3.42% 7.35%
2007 1.69% 5.85%
2006 1.92% 2.11%
2005 1.82% 1.71%
2004 1.15% 0.51%
2003 2.08% -0.05%
2002 2.42% 2.34%
2001 2.34% 2.97%
2000 2.9% 0.73%
1999 2.5% 0.83%
1998 1.85% 1.16%
1997 2.18% 1.75%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/senegal | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Denmark has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.95%, compared with 2.01% in Senegal. In 2024, inflation was 1.37% in Denmark and 0.8% in Senegal.

Top exports between countries

Denmark
Export category Export value
Metals $5.71M
Machinery & equipment $4.7M
Chemicals & pharma $2.08M
Animal & marine products $1.35M
Textiles & consumer goods $916K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $628K
Raw agricultural goods $564K
Wood & paper products $87K
Raw materials & minerals $20K
Precious metals & jewellery $13K
Senegal
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $856K
Metals $380K
Machinery & equipment $326K
Raw agricultural goods $268K
Animal & marine products $230K
Textiles & consumer goods $163K
Chemicals & pharma $54K
Wood & paper products $43K
Raw materials & minerals $36K
Precious metals & jewellery $9K

Balance of trade

Denmark Senegal
Current account balance
$52.1B
2024
-$6.07B
2023
Current account balance ranking
14/190
2024
170/190
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
+12.3%
2024
-19.8%
2023
Goods imports
$132B
2024
$10.8B
2023
Goods exports
$172B
2024
$5.52B
2023
Service imports
$125B
2024
$4.08B
2023
Service exports
$129B
2024
$1.48B
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
60.8%
2024
43.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
71%
2024
24.7%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Denmark Senegal
Economic freedom 79 53.2
Economic freedom ranking 8/197 140/197
Property rights 99.9 57.4
Government integrity 98 47.3
Judicial effectiveness 89.3 50.5
Tax burden 43.4 68.8
Government spending 34.8 63.1
Fiscal health 98 0
Business freedom 90.4 55.2
Labor freedom 65 54.4
Monetary freedom 80.1 74.3
Trade freedom 79.4 67
Investment freedom 90 60
Financial freedom 80 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Denmark
Senegal
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Denmark Senegal
2026 79 53.2
2025 79.1 56.4
2024 77.8 55.4
2023 77.6 57.7
2022 78 60
2021 77.8 58
2020 78.3 58
2019 76.7 56.3
2018 76.6 55.7
2017 75.1 55.9
2016 75.3 58.1
2015 76.3 57.8
2014 76.1 55.4
2013 76.1 55.5
2012 76.2 55.4
2011 78.6 55.7
2010 77.9 54.6
2009 79.6 56.3
2008 79.2 58.3
2007 77 58.1
2006 75.4 56.2
2005 75.3 57.9
2004 72.4 58.9
2003 73.2 58.1
2002 71.1 58.6
2001 68.3 58.7
2000 68.3 58.9
1999 68.1 60.6
1998 67.5 59.7
1997 67.5 58.1
1996 67.3 58.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/senegal | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Denmark is 79, ranking 8/197, compared to 53.2 for Senegal, ranking 140/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Denmark Senegal
Services, % of GDP
63.5%
2024
48.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.1%
2024
25%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.93%
2024
16.6%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$434B
2024
$31.1B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$84,680
2024
$4,920
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
n/a
Total reserves ranking
25/177
2024
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
$11.9B
2024
-$4.72B
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.5B
2024
$2.02B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30.7B
2024
$48.1M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
10.8%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2021
37.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
37.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/senegal | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.