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Economy of Denmark vs Equatorial Guinea compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Denmark has a GDP of $429B compared to $12.8B for Equatorial Guinea, ranking 38/197 and 148/197 by economy size, respectively.

Denmark has $120B in government debt (26.6% of GDP), compared to $4.62B (35.1% of GDP) in Equatorial Guinea.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Denmark
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Equatorial Guinea
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Denmark Equatorial Guinea
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $6,361,166,545 $80,238,063,131 - -
1961 $7,058,361,229 $85,356,314,760 - -
1962 $7,953,274,741 $90,193,305,331 $37,253,333 -
1963 $8,466,044,980 $90,767,855,838 $44,266,667 -
1964 $9,677,401,337 $99,181,979,992 $51,915,000 -
1965 $10,870,670,865 $103,699,971,911 $64,748,333 -
1966 $11,931,740,293 $106,542,294,924 $69,110,000 -
1967 $13,059,064,806 $112,813,620,773 $72,317,447 -
1968 $13,505,574,133 $119,416,599,037 $67,514,286 -
1969 $15,414,902,667 $127,535,877,471 $67,225,714 -
1970 $17,075,457,733 $129,902,945,560 $66,331,429 -
1971 $19,086,192,720 $134,031,029,530 $64,946,955 -
1972 $23,230,667,549 $139,120,989,452 $65,429,198 -
1973 $30,718,181,337 $145,686,794,688 $81,203,227 -
1974 $34,125,712,481 $144,281,984,443 $94,159,863 -
1975 $40,418,967,666 $142,247,753,419 $104,295,643 -
1976 $44,503,607,444 $150,773,233,048 $103,653,050 -
1977 $49,711,709,588 $153,766,730,433 $103,987,520 -
1978 $60,320,089,218 $157,483,262,379 - -
1979 $70,393,030,603 $163,866,531,124 - -
1980 $70,811,287,816 $162,635,188,845 $50,642,881 $132,086,051
1981 $61,459,941,461 $161,430,084,232 $36,731,423 $139,706,651
1982 $60,084,214,872 $167,713,124,649 $44,294,648 $142,782,539
1983 $60,331,158,447 $172,165,579,297 $44,442,457 $149,927,930
1984 $58,868,891,335 $179,636,437,842 $50,320,914 $151,444,273
1985 $62,452,421,011 $187,096,889,700 $62,118,570 $170,988,428
1986 $87,748,695,217 $195,952,945,326 $76,407,396 $167,003,446
1987 $109,183,446,340 $196,860,120,911 $93,345,860 $174,412,950
1988 $115,540,189,705 $197,397,452,814 $100,534,657 $179,044,071
1989 $112,312,200,761 $198,773,654,972 $88,265,975 $176,843,301
1990 $138,217,740,684 $202,073,829,845 $112,119,411 $173,733,398
1991 $139,180,507,778 $205,020,430,124 $110,906,029 $171,957,428
1992 $152,966,494,260 $209,167,606,432 $134,707,184 $231,704,586
1993 $143,111,306,004 $209,002,572,327 $136,047,906 $257,269,047
1994 $156,017,919,221 $220,068,623,481 $100,807,003 $300,152,801
1995 $184,848,481,008 $226,754,355,587 $141,853,361 $352,638,312
1996 $187,481,157,846 $233,320,596,409 $232,463,023 $587,424,890
1997 $173,241,365,735 $240,713,316,197 $442,337,871 $1,468,403,405
1998 $176,877,077,513 $246,313,036,680 $370,687,634 $1,817,508,713
1999 $177,887,720,536 $253,621,896,626 $621,117,886 $2,283,954,429
2000 $164,043,817,224 $263,066,798,869 $1,045,998,496 $2,699,948,864
2001 $164,881,594,415 $265,566,018,287 $1,461,139,022 $4,411,173,090
2002 $178,788,209,558 $266,778,406,880 $1,806,742,742 $5,269,712,387
2003 $218,421,193,436 $267,955,142,441 $2,484,745,935 $6,005,113,942
2004 $251,986,155,631 $275,394,519,881 $4,410,764,339 $8,286,980,786
2005 $265,150,087,712 $281,892,753,289 $8,217,369,093 $9,674,942,387
2006 $283,386,151,544 $292,651,155,543 $10,086,528,699 $10,420,388,727
2007 $320,213,157,595 $295,540,131,122 $13,071,718,759 $12,012,844,403
2008 $354,979,471,960 $294,307,201,414 $19,749,893,536 $14,151,023,688
2009 $322,619,152,195 $279,666,951,317 $15,027,795,173 $14,341,122,354
2010 $322,345,594,075 $284,093,791,187 $16,314,443,436 $13,061,295,371
2011 $344,315,595,263 $287,817,703,286 $21,357,343,669 $13,913,404,306
2012 $326,792,574,245 $287,802,068,160 $22,388,344,144 $15,070,007,775
2013 $344,631,016,965 $291,810,211,099 $21,948,834,284 $14,447,134,440
2014 $352,832,602,064 $295,539,545,107 $21,765,453,082 $14,507,099,626
2015 $301,758,922,338 $301,758,922,338 $13,185,496,881 $13,185,496,881
2016 $312,181,849,372 $311,032,111,298 $11,240,808,848 $12,023,008,462
2017 $331,610,593,962 $320,538,736,986 $12,200,913,879 $11,341,603,435
2018 $355,293,374,912 $326,500,781,503 $13,097,012,134 $10,634,279,339
2019 $345,401,473,013 $332,088,518,944 $11,364,133,550 $10,051,326,715
2020 $355,631,021,932 $326,176,991,232 $9,893,816,008 $9,569,759,527
2021 $408,378,204,640 $350,255,593,093 $12,215,878,033 $9,652,085,293
2022 $401,945,576,108 $355,650,135,426 $13,687,643,436 $9,963,221,065
2023 $407,091,920,305 $364,524,261,929 $12,337,550,584 $9,456,161,987
2024 $429,457,372,072 $377,924,893,185 $12,765,777,677 $9,541,952,851

Economic indicators

Denmark Equatorial Guinea
Gross domestic product
$429B
2024
$12.8B
2024
GDP rank
38/197
2024
148/197
2024
GDP growth
5.49%
2023-2024
3.47%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$71,852
2024
$6,745
2024
GDP per capita rank
12/197
2024
106/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$79,514
2024
$17,567
2024
Government debt
$120B
2024
$4.62B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
26.6%
2025
35.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$20,114
2024
$2,442
2024
Government debt per person rank
31/185
2024
112/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$50,067
2025
$4,393
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$151B
2004
n/a
Number of billionaires
9
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2023
29.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
2.6%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
48.4%
2025
18.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.37%
2023-2024
2.9%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
1.6%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.15%
2024
8.6%
2014
Population
6018959
1975406

GDP per capita in Denmark vs Equatorial Guinea

Denmark's GDP per capita is $71,852, ranking 12/197, compared to $6,745 in Equatorial Guinea, ranking 106/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Denmark ranks 14th at $79,514, while Equatorial Guinea ranks 103rd at $17,567.

Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Equatorial Guinea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Denmark Equatorial Guinea
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,389 - - -
1961 $1,531 - - -
1962 $1,711 - $132.9 -
1963 $1,807 - $154.8 -
1964 $2,049 - $177.8 -
1965 $2,284 - $217.1 -
1966 $2,487 - $226.7 -
1967 $2,701 - $231.9 -
1968 $2,776 - $211.7 -
1969 $3,151 - $208.4 -
1970 $3,464 - $206.8 -
1971 $3,846 - $205.6 -
1972 $4,654 - $211.4 -
1973 $6,117 - $268.6 -
1974 $6,764 - $319 -
1975 $7,988 - $362 -
1976 $8,773 - $369 -
1977 $9,770 - $376 -
1978 $11,818 - $376 -
1979 $13,757 - $372 -
1980 $13,822 - $175.5 -
1981 $12,000 - $121.1 -
1982 $11,740 - $137.5 -
1983 $11,797 - $129.4 -
1984 $11,517 - $137.9 -
1985 $12,213 - $161.1 -
1986 $17,137 - $188.8 -
1987 $21,296 - $220.9 -
1988 $22,525 - $228.7 -
1989 $21,882 - $193.2 -
1990 $26,886 $18,227 $236.4 $577
1991 $27,003 $19,055 $225.3 $569
1992 $29,579 $19,818 $263.7 $756
1993 $27,582 $20,204 $256.7 $828
1994 $29,968 $21,655 $183.2 $951
1995 $35,321 $22,662 $248.3 $1,098
1996 $35,622 $23,714 $392 $1,793
1997 $32,780 $24,881 $717 $4,387
1998 $33,346 $25,797 $578 $5,280
1999 $33,426 $26,642 $931 $6,470
2000 $30,722 $28,642 $1,487 $7,420
2001 $30,768 $29,462 $1,949 $11,627
2002 $33,257 $30,667 $2,264 $13,255
2003 $40,519 $30,868 $2,931 $14,496
2004 $46,625 $33,020 $4,901 $19,354
2005 $48,926 $34,238 $8,674 $22,137
2006 $52,119 $37,400 $10,185 $23,511
2007 $58,632 $39,112 $12,617 $26,611
2008 $64,617 $41,467 $18,211 $30,523
2009 $58,413 $40,503 $13,233 $29,722
2010 $58,105 $43,042 $13,720 $26,168
2011 $61,810 $44,444 $17,198 $27,242
2012 $58,444 $44,755 $17,309 $30,012
2013 $61,378 $46,869 $16,304 $27,910
2014 $62,520 $47,880 $15,549 $27,177
2015 $53,094 $48,910 $9,069 $19,479
2016 $54,501 $51,821 $7,453 $16,649
2017 $57,522 $55,272 $7,809 $18,435
2018 $61,325 $57,234 $8,102 $18,413
2019 $59,404 $60,595 $6,804 $16,451
2020 $60,985 $62,682 $5,764 $13,677
2021 $69,728 $69,715 $6,946 $16,821
2022 $68,091 $77,400 $7,589 $18,140
2023 $68,454 $73,737 $6,678 $17,412
2024 $71,852 $79,514 $6,745 $17,567

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Denmark's government spending was $200B, accounting for 48.4% of its GDP, while Equatorial Guinea's spent $2.52B, or 18.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 26.6% in Denmark and 35.1% in Equatorial Guinea, ranking 166/185 and 148/185, respectively.

Denmark
Government spending

Government debt
Equatorial Guinea
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Denmark Equatorial Guinea
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 16.4% 20.1% - -
1961 15.6% 16.4% - -
1962 17% 15.3% - -
1963 18.2% 13.7% - -
1964 17.6% 14.5% - -
1965 17.1% 12.9% - -
1966 21.1% 11.2% - -
1967 22.2% 10.1% - -
1968 24.3% 9.36% - -
1969 25.3% 8.36% - -
1970 24.4% 7.62% - -
1971 42.2% 12.9% - -
1972 42.1% 11.5% - -
1973 39.5% 8.94% - -
1974 43.6% 6.2% - -
1975 45.3% 7.01% - -
1976 45% 11.4% - -
1977 45.6% 15.2% - -
1978 47.2% 25.5% - -
1979 49.6% 31.8% - -
1980 52.7% 39.2% - -
1981 56.3% 51.7% - -
1982 57.7% 64.5% - -
1983 57.9% 74.2% - -
1984 56.6% 77.7% - -
1985 55.5% 74.7% 115.4% 183.8%
1986 52.3% 66.8% 119% 152.5%
1987 54% 62.5% 183% 141.3%
1988 56.1% 64.7% 227.9% 154.5%
1989 56.2% 62.2% 116.8% 187%
1990 55.1% 62.4% 212.9% 157%
1991 55.5% 63.2% 284.5% 169.5%
1992 56.4% 66.7% 595% 136.9%
1993 59.5% 78.7% 256.3% 152.6%
1994 59.5% 75.3% 510% 216%
1995 58.7% 71.5% 141.5% 136.9%
1996 58.2% 68.3% 22.9% 91.2%
1997 56.2% 64.4% 14.8% 46.3%
1998 55.6% 60.3% 35.1% 59.2%
1999 54.7% 56.8% 18.7% 60.5%
2000 52.9% 53.6% 22.6% 36.6%
2001 53% 50.1% 13.5% 25.5%
2002 53.1% 50.3% 11.3% 19.4%
2003 53.5% 48.2% 13.9% 6.77%
2004 52.8% 46.2% 10.8% 4.54%
2005 51.1% 39.4% 14.1% 2.85%
2006 49.7% 33.2% 18.1% 1.22%
2007 49.5% 29.5% 19.7% 0.75%
2008 50.3% 35.5% 19.9% 0.49%
2009 56.3% 43% 39.8% 4.34%
2010 56.5% 46.1% 31.2% 7.89%
2011 56.3% 50% 27.5% 7.17%
2012 57.9% 48.7% 35.2% 7.1%
2013 55.6% 47.8% 29.3% 6.27%
2014 55.1% 48.7% 31.6% 12.6%
2015 54.4% 44.6% 41.6% 31.7%
2016 52.4% 41.7% 27.8% 41.1%
2017 50.6% 40.2% 20.1% 36.2%
2018 50.8% 38.5% 19.1% 40.6%
2019 49.8% 38.3% 16.8% 43.2%
2020 53.3% 46.3% 16.2% 49.4%
2021 49.4% 40.5% 12.7% 42.3%
2022 44.9% 34.1% 14.8% 29.8%
2023 46.8% 33.6% 19.2% 36.3%
2024 46.5% 28% 19.7% 36.2%
2025 48.4% 26.6% 18.7% 35.1%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Denmark's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $19.3B, equivalent to 4.5% of GDP. This compares to Equatorial Guinea's deficit of -$158M, or -1.23% of GDP.

Over the past 40 years, Denmark recorded a fiscal deficit in 16 of those years, while Equatorial Guinea ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, Denmark posted an annual surplus equal to +0.54% of GDP, compared to deficit of -58.5% of GDP for Equatorial Guinea.

Deficit/surplus
Denmark

Equatorial Guinea
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Denmark Equatorial Guinea
1880 -2.65% -
1881 0.42% -
1882 0.35% -
1883 0.73% -
1884 1.2% -
1885 0.48% -
1886 -0.39% -
1887 -0.68% -
1888 -0.49% -
1889 -0.55% -
1890 -0.97% -
1891 -0.76% -
1892 -0.73% -
1893 -0.42% -
1894 -0.26% -
1895 -0.17% -
1896 -0.07% -
1897 -0.61% -
1898 -0.43% -
1899 -0.59% -
1900 -0.84% -
1901 -0.71% -
1902 -0.06% -
1903 0.03% -
1904 -0.1% -
1905 0.22% -
1906 -0.42% -
1907 0.26% -
1908 -0.82% -
1909 -2.49% -
1910 -1.72% -
1911 -1.02% -
1912 0.13% -
1913 0.07% -
1914 0.43% -
1915 -0.48% -
1916 1.51% -
1917 3.1% -
1918 1.95% -
1919 -0.38% -
1920 -0.46% -
1921 -2.41% -
1922 -1.33% -
1923 -0.56% -
1924 -0.8% -
1925 -3.1% -
1926 -0.48% -
1927 -2.33% -
1928 -4.99% -
1929 0.13% -
1930 0.03% -
1931 -1.67% -
1932 -3.22% -
1933 1.69% -
1934 0.03% -
1935 -0.97% -
1936 -1.36% -
1937 0.22% -
1938 0.03% -
1939 0% -
1940 0% -
1941 0% -
1942 0% -
1943 0% -
1944 0% -
1945 -1.03% -
1946 2.69% -
1947 0.84% -
1948 1.07% -
1949 0.63% -
1950 1.08% -
1951 0.79% -
1952 1.18% -
1953 1.75% -
1954 -0.84% -
1955 -1.17% -
1956 -0.01% -
1957 0.26% -
1958 0.25% -
1959 0.79% -
1960 1.25% -
1961 1.73% -
1962 -0.09% -
1963 1.2% -
1964 1.79% -
1965 2.13% -
1966 0.99% -
1967 1.49% -
1968 -0.06% -
1969 0.3% -
1970 0.7% -
1971 4.96% -
1972 5.01% -
1973 4.97% -
1974 3.7% -
1975 -1.23% -
1976 0.19% -
1977 0.37% -
1978 0.41% -
1979 -0.69% -
1980 -2.32% -
1981 -5.84% -
1982 -8.22% -
1983 -6.29% -
1984 -3.58% -
1985 -1.38% -89.3%
1986 3.23% -97.3%
1987 2.46% -158%
1988 1.46% -208.5%
1989 0.3% -76.2%
1990 -1.78% -160.2%
1991 -3.15% -236%
1992 -2.6% -557%
1993 -3.73% -217.9%
1994 -3.85% -487%
1995 -3.5% -123.4%
1996 -2.4% -6.36%
1997 -1.22% 3.21%
1998 -0.28% -7.65%
1999 1.06% -0.19%
2000 1.79% -2.67%
2001 1.13% 14.9%
2002 0.25% 17.6%
2003 0.14% 7.85%
2004 2.23% 13.9%
2005 5.2% 18.5%
2006 5.29% 21.8%
2007 5.31% 17.2%
2008 3.46% 14.6%
2009 -2.75% -6.47%
2010 -2.52% -4.53%
2011 -1.77% 0.83%
2012 -3.2% -7.24%
2013 -0.94% -4.4%
2014 1.43% -7.54%
2015 -0.9% -15.1%
2016 0.3% -10.9%
2017 1.69% -2.59%
2018 0.81% 0.52%
2019 4.28% 1.82%
2020 0.36% -1.77%
2021 4.1% 2.65%
2022 3.44% 11.7%
2023 3.31% 2.39%
2024 4.5% -1.23%
2025 1.2% -0.78%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Denmark has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.95%, compared with 3.94% in Equatorial Guinea. In 2024, inflation was 1.37% in Denmark and 2.9% in Equatorial Guinea.

Inflation
Denmark

Equatorial Guinea
Year Inflation
Denmark Equatorial Guinea Denmark Equatorial Guinea
1996 2.13% 4.5%
1997 2.18% 3%
1998 1.85% 7.9%
1999 2.5% 0.4%
2000 2.9% 4.8%
2001 2.34% 8.7%
2002 2.42% 7.6%
2003 2.08% 7.3%
2004 1.15% 4.2%
2005 1.82% 5.6%
2006 1.92% 4.5%
2007 1.69% 2.8%
2008 3.42% 4.7%
2009 1.3% 5.7%
2010 2.31% 5.3%
2011 2.76% 4.8%
2012 2.4% 3.4%
2013 0.79% 3.2%
2014 0.56% 4.3%
2015 0.45% 1.7%
2016 0.25% 1.4%
2017 1.15% 0.7%
2018 0.81% 1.3%
2019 0.76% 1.2%
2020 0.42% 4.8%
2021 1.85% -0.1%
2022 7.7% 4.9%
2023 3.31% 2.4%
2024 1.37% 3.4%
2025 - 2.9%

Top exports between countries

Denmark
Export category Export value
Metals $22.4M
Machinery & equipment $531K
Animal & marine products $495K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $253K
Textiles & consumer goods $153K
Chemicals & pharma $126K
Raw materials & minerals $14K
Wood & paper products $5K
Miscellaneous $2K
Equatorial Guinea
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $58K
Raw materials & minerals $1K

Balance of trade

Denmark Equatorial Guinea
Current account balance
$52.1B
2024
-$344M
1996
Current account balance ranking
11/189
2024
99/189
1996
Current account balance, % of GDP
+12.1%
2024
-148%
1996
Goods imports
$132B
2024
$292M
1996
Goods exports
$172B
2024
$175M
1996
Service imports
$125B
2024
$185M
1996
Service exports
$129B
2024
$4.88M
1996
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
58.9%
2024
25.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
69.7%
2024
35.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Denmark Equatorial Guinea
Economic freedom 79.1 47.7
Economic freedom ranking 8/197 175/197
Property rights 99.3 18.7
Government integrity 98 7.2
Judicial effectiveness 90.5 7.1
Tax burden 45 74.9
Government spending 33.6 92.5
Fiscal health 98.2 97.2
Business freedom 93 36.5
Labor freedom 64.9 44.9
Monetary freedom 76.6 74.3
Trade freedom 79.6 48.8
Investment freedom 90 40
Financial freedom 80 30

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Denmark is 79.1, ranking 8/197, compared to 47.7 for Equatorial Guinea, ranking 175/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Denmark
Equatorial Guinea
Year Economic freedom index
Denmark Equatorial Guinea
1996 67.3 -
1997 67.5 -
1998 67.5 -
1999 68.1 45.1
2000 68.3 45.6
2001 68.3 47.9
2002 71.1 46.4
2003 73.2 53.1
2004 72.4 53.3
2005 75.3 53.3
2006 75.4 51.5
2007 77 53.2
2008 79.2 51.6
2009 79.6 51.3
2010 77.9 48.6
2011 78.6 47.5
2012 76.2 42.8
2013 76.1 42.3
2014 76.1 44.4
2015 76.3 40.4
2016 75.3 43.7
2017 75.1 45
2018 76.6 42
2019 76.7 41
2020 78.3 48.3
2021 77.8 49.2
2022 78 47.2
2023 77.6 48.3
2024 77.8 47.7
2025 79.1 47.7

More economic indicators

Denmark Equatorial Guinea
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
51.1%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2024
45.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.74%
2024
3.15%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$441B
2024
$8.96B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$82,240
2024
$12,330
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
$1.54B
2023
Total reserves ranking
25/177
2024
134/177
2023
Net foreign direct investment
$11.9B
2024
-$376M
1996
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.5B
2024
$188M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30.4B
2024
$154M
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2021
50.7%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.6%
2024
8.96%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.