Kuwait has a GDP of $160B compared to $8.27B for Montenegro, ranking 59/197 and 155/197 by economy size, respectively.
Kuwait has $4.86B in government debt (10.8% of GDP), compared to $5.18B (62.9% of GDP) in Montenegro.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Kuwait
|
Montenegro
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1962 | $1,828,107,503 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $1,900,895,857 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $2,071,668,533 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $2,097,199,161 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $2,391,199,044 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $2,441,599,023 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $2,662,798,935 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $2,769,198,892 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $2,873,638,851 | $55,498,510,909 | - | - |
| 1971 | $3,880,392,195 | $59,407,648,952 | - | - |
| 1972 | $4,450,537,925 | $61,725,008,484 | - | - |
| 1973 | $5,408,804,607 | $57,669,629,303 | - | - |
| 1974 | $13,006,948,296 | $50,177,583,440 | - | - |
| 1975 | $12,022,811,621 | $44,018,581,775 | - | - |
| 1976 | $13,132,252,802 | $46,926,530,506 | - | - |
| 1977 | $14,137,406,741 | $45,121,014,947 | - | - |
| 1978 | $15,503,557,496 | $48,439,563,791 | - | - |
| 1979 | $24,749,063,922 | $55,172,280,682 | - | - |
| 1980 | $28,638,868,356 | $44,462,929,838 | - | - |
| 1981 | $25,058,020,338 | $36,048,439,890 | - | - |
| 1982 | $21,577,153,356 | $31,813,071,623 | - | - |
| 1983 | $20,871,081,080 | $34,338,543,539 | - | - |
| 1984 | $21,700,082,753 | $36,138,434,437 | - | - |
| 1985 | $21,445,970,614 | $34,597,277,856 | - | - |
| 1986 | $17,903,989,745 | $37,561,473,178 | - | - |
| 1987 | $22,368,704,134 | $40,621,287,705 | - | - |
| 1988 | $20,690,322,153 | $36,537,785,228 | - | - |
| 1989 | $24,313,855,653 | $45,998,461,761 | - | - |
| 1990 | $18,427,777,778 | $33,933,574,665 | - | - |
| 1991 | $11,009,993,703 | $20,018,165,400 | - | - |
| 1992 | $19,858,555,215 | $36,595,073,851 | - | - |
| 1993 | $23,941,391,391 | $49,033,910,556 | - | - |
| 1994 | $24,848,483,838 | $53,170,492,472 | - | - |
| 1995 | $27,186,980,647 | $55,753,669,857 | - | - |
| 1996 | $31,492,373,309 | $56,091,050,455 | - | - |
| 1997 | $30,350,190,704 | $57,478,364,573 | $838,288,806 | $2,711,172,143 |
| 1998 | $25,943,705,784 | $59,583,253,741 | $854,261,161 | $2,844,019,737 |
| 1999 | $30,122,365,849 | $58,517,303,895 | $828,950,327 | $2,576,681,935 |
| 2000 | $37,718,743,480 | $61,264,446,635 | $984,293,044 | $2,656,559,076 |
| 2001 | $34,889,559,870 | $61,395,143,657 | $1,159,869,246 | $2,685,776,941 |
| 2002 | $38,135,788,414 | $63,245,767,128 | $1,284,685,051 | $2,736,912,435 |
| 2003 | $47,874,582,232 | $74,203,741,654 | $1,707,710,053 | $2,804,860,644 |
| 2004 | $59,439,090,601 | $81,802,425,970 | $2,073,234,418 | $2,929,005,199 |
| 2005 | $80,798,630,137 | $90,480,882,140 | $2,257,174,481 | $3,051,455,322 |
| 2006 | $101,557,330,723 | $97,280,315,041 | $2,717,702,923 | $3,312,855,741 |
| 2007 | $114,634,043,362 | $103,108,938,574 | $3,677,910,895 | $3,549,312,481 |
| 2008 | $147,379,737,230 | $105,665,789,637 | $4,540,861,726 | $3,794,165,363 |
| 2009 | $105,968,691,905 | $98,188,818,734 | $4,142,640,317 | $3,566,726,070 |
| 2010 | $115,416,245,242 | $95,861,205,612 | $4,136,936,189 | $3,665,724,041 |
| 2011 | $154,039,231,246 | $105,091,330,435 | $4,507,126,949 | $3,790,717,464 |
| 2012 | $174,047,662,680 | $112,054,550,469 | $4,071,829,462 | $3,696,429,856 |
| 2013 | $174,168,116,535 | $113,342,578,899 | $4,422,097,763 | $3,821,595,609 |
| 2014 | $162,650,450,685 | $113,910,328,503 | $4,579,636,602 | $3,912,179,231 |
| 2015 | $114,585,555,689 | $114,585,555,689 | $4,010,885,991 | $4,010,885,991 |
| 2016 | $109,406,674,125 | $117,938,415,953 | $4,357,469,330 | $4,148,832,618 |
| 2017 | $120,687,539,806 | $112,380,895,138 | $4,803,962,016 | $4,282,287,497 |
| 2018 | $138,646,316,351 | $115,463,874,455 | $5,433,467,175 | $4,484,964,787 |
| 2019 | $140,856,394,861 | $118,077,765,350 | $5,483,476,883 | $4,682,030,357 |
| 2020 | $111,045,470,606 | $112,389,586,345 | $4,723,571,498 | $3,980,071,398 |
| 2021 | $148,350,671,489 | $114,268,886,946 | $5,823,715,810 | $4,499,321,890 |
| 2022 | $183,502,046,694 | $121,991,940,636 | $6,251,215,144 | $4,847,549,018 |
| 2023 | $165,384,407,116 | $119,958,083,706 | $7,644,389,160 | $5,161,590,832 |
| 2024 | $160,227,273,053 | $116,887,023,610 | $8,270,016,671 | $5,324,908,668 |
Economic indicators
|
Kuwait
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$160B
2024 |
$8.27B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
59/197
2024 |
155/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
-3.12%
2023-2024 |
8.18%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$32,718
2024 |
$13,263
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
37/197
2024 |
77/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$52,444
2024 |
$34,226
2024 |
| Government debt |
$4.86B
2024 |
$5.18B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
10.8%
2026 |
62.9%
2026 |
| Government debt per person |
$993
2024 |
$8,308
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
143/185
2024 |
63/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$28,320
2026 |
$12,008
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$141B
2024 |
$3.79B
2012 |
| Income share by richest 10% | n/a |
24.7%
2021 |
| Income share by poorest 10% | n/a |
2.1%
2021 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
51.8%
2026 |
44%
2026 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
2.9%
2023-2024 |
2.3%
2025-2026 |
| Central bank interest rate |
3.75%
2025 |
n/a |
| Unemployment rate |
2.16%
2016 |
13.1%
2023 |
| Population |
5064966
|
611567
|
GDP per capita in Kuwait vs Montenegro
Kuwait's GDP per capita is $32,718, ranking 37/197, compared to $13,263 in Montenegro, ranking 77/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Kuwait ranks 40th at $52,444, while Montenegro ranks 65th at $34,226.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Kuwait
|
Montenegro
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1962 | $4,748 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $4,445 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $4,379 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $4,024 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $4,176 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $3,887 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $3,872 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $3,695 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $3,552 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $4,486 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $4,836 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $5,532 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $12,527 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $10,882 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $11,141 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $11,238 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | $11,567 | - | - | - |
| 1979 | $17,386 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $19,032 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | $15,825 | - | - | - |
| 1982 | $12,979 | - | - | - |
| 1983 | $11,965 | - | - | - |
| 1984 | $11,919 | - | - | - |
| 1985 | $11,322 | - | - | - |
| 1986 | $9,077 | - | - | - |
| 1987 | $10,896 | - | - | - |
| 1988 | $9,692 | - | - | - |
| 1989 | $10,965 | - | - | - |
| 1990 | $10,938 | $30,763 | - | - |
| 1991 | $8,147 | $23,390 | - | - |
| 1992 | $12,146 | $36,149 | - | - |
| 1993 | $14,318 | $48,482 | - | - |
| 1994 | $14,930 | $53,946 | - | - |
| 1995 | $16,168 | $57,163 | - | - |
| 1996 | $18,201 | $56,913 | - | - |
| 1997 | $16,977 | $57,420 | $1,375 | $5,797 |
| 1998 | $14,067 | $58,344 | $1,406 | $6,168 |
| 1999 | $15,854 | $56,406 | $1,368 | $5,683 |
| 2000 | $19,296 | $58,703 | $1,627 | $6,003 |
| 2001 | $17,374 | $58,553 | $1,910 | $6,772 |
| 2002 | $18,513 | $59,713 | $2,107 | $7,100 |
| 2003 | $22,691 | $69,752 | $2,789 | $7,341 |
| 2004 | $27,552 | $77,227 | $3,380 | $7,843 |
| 2005 | $36,123 | $84,968 | $3,675 | $8,314 |
| 2006 | $42,947 | $89,075 | $4,419 | $10,443 |
| 2007 | $45,709 | $91,435 | $5,972 | $12,453 |
| 2008 | $55,585 | $90,337 | $7,360 | $13,802 |
| 2009 | $37,907 | $80,110 | $6,700 | $12,970 |
| 2010 | $39,212 | $75,184 | $6,679 | $13,614 |
| 2011 | $49,170 | $79,037 | $7,266 | $14,348 |
| 2012 | $52,155 | $82,090 | $6,552 | $13,793 |
| 2013 | $49,651 | $76,813 | $7,103 | $14,692 |
| 2014 | $44,369 | $68,337 | $7,342 | $15,276 |
| 2015 | $29,882 | $45,267 | $6,421 | $16,096 |
| 2016 | $27,324 | $41,862 | $6,968 | $18,030 |
| 2017 | $29,048 | $46,566 | $7,674 | $19,356 |
| 2018 | $32,068 | $51,371 | $8,674 | $21,083 |
| 2019 | $31,708 | $50,703 | $8,749 | $23,705 |
| 2020 | $25,236 | $41,462 | $7,539 | $20,625 |
| 2021 | $34,019 | $50,652 | $9,317 | $23,690 |
| 2022 | $39,982 | $55,043 | $10,025 | $27,692 |
| 2023 | $34,076 | $53,025 | $12,260 | $31,064 |
| 2024 | $32,718 | $52,444 | $13,263 | $34,226 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Kuwait's government spending was $81.4B, accounting for 51.8% of its GDP, while Montenegro's spent $3.7B, or 44% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 10.8% in Kuwait and 62.9% in Montenegro, ranking 180/185 and 74/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Kuwait
|
Montenegro
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1990 | 121.5% | - | - | - |
| 1991 | 206.5% | 45.3% | - | - |
| 1992 | 76.8% | 27.9% | - | - |
| 1993 | 57.6% | 28.8% | - | - |
| 1994 | 57% | 37.7% | - | - |
| 1995 | 51% | 34.9% | - | - |
| 1996 | 41.9% | 26.5% | - | - |
| 1997 | 43% | 24.3% | - | - |
| 1998 | 50.9% | 25.6% | - | - |
| 1999 | 43.8% | 25.5% | - | - |
| 2000 | 29.3% | 21.4% | - | - |
| 2001 | 40.7% | 23% | - | - |
| 2002 | 42.1% | 21.3% | 37.5% | 76.7% |
| 2003 | 37.7% | 17.2% | 43.2% | 40.9% |
| 2004 | 34.9% | 13.9% | 39.9% | 45.4% |
| 2005 | 28.5% | 10.2% | 38.2% | 38.6% |
| 2006 | 32.1% | 7.79% | 42.5% | 36.7% |
| 2007 | 30.2% | 7.05% | 43.9% | 31.8% |
| 2008 | 40.7% | 5.38% | 51.1% | 34.2% |
| 2009 | 42.6% | 6.65% | 51.3% | 43.7% |
| 2010 | 45.3% | 6.16% | 46.6% | 45% |
| 2011 | 39.5% | 4.64% | 45.3% | 48.6% |
| 2012 | 38% | 3.6% | 45.7% | 56.9% |
| 2013 | 38.3% | 3.09% | 45.8% | 58.7% |
| 2014 | 44.9% | 3.43% | 44.2% | 63.4% |
| 2015 | 55.2% | 4.6% | 46.4% | 68.8% |
| 2016 | 54% | 9.88% | 47.5% | 66.4% |
| 2017 | 51.5% | 19.6% | 47.1% | 66.2% |
| 2018 | 50.6% | 14.3% | 47.2% | 71.9% |
| 2019 | 49.8% | 10.5% | 44% | 78.8% |
| 2020 | 62.5% | 10.2% | 54.4% | 107.3% |
| 2021 | 48.1% | 7.19% | 44.8% | 85.6% |
| 2022 | 39.4% | 2.94% | 42.3% | 70.6% |
| 2023 | 48.7% | 3.17% | 40.3% | 60.5% |
| 2024 | 50.8% | 3.04% | 44.7% | 62.6% |
| 2025 | 52.3% | 7.35% | 44% | 60.3% |
| 2026 | 51.8% | 10.8% | 44% | 62.9% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Kuwait's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $34.6B, equivalent to 21.6% of GDP. This compares to Montenegro's deficit of -$231M, or -2.8% of GDP.
Over the past 23 years, Kuwait recorded a fiscal deficit in 1 of those years, while Montenegro ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Kuwait posted an annual surplus equal to +25.4% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.21% of GDP for Montenegro.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Kuwait
|
Montenegro
|
|
| 1990 | -47.5% | - |
| 1991 | -141.7% | - |
| 1992 | -26.5% | - |
| 1993 | -1.68% | - |
| 1994 | 3.43% | - |
| 1995 | 13.6% | - |
| 1996 | 26.1% | - |
| 1997 | 31.4% | - |
| 1998 | 21.3% | - |
| 1999 | 29.9% | - |
| 2000 | 54.3% | - |
| 2001 | 47.1% | - |
| 2002 | 32.7% | -1.44% |
| 2003 | 28.7% | -4.05% |
| 2004 | 33.9% | -2.45% |
| 2005 | 39.9% | -1.41% |
| 2006 | 28.6% | 4.33% |
| 2007 | 37.5% | 8.43% |
| 2008 | 21.6% | -2.3% |
| 2009 | 31.5% | -6.71% |
| 2010 | 31.9% | -4.87% |
| 2011 | 38.6% | -6.73% |
| 2012 | 40.3% | -5.84% |
| 2013 | 40% | -4.49% |
| 2014 | 29.2% | -0.7% |
| 2015 | 15.2% | -5.96% |
| 2016 | 11.5% | -6.18% |
| 2017 | 13.9% | -6.81% |
| 2018 | 16.3% | -6.21% |
| 2019 | 11.6% | -1.72% |
| 2020 | -1.88% | -10.9% |
| 2021 | 8.31% | -1.71% |
| 2022 | 28.2% | -4.08% |
| 2023 | 26.3% | 0.86% |
| 2024 | 21.6% | -2.8% |
| 2025 | 23.6% | -3.38% |
| 2026 | 23% | -3.3% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 25 years, Kuwait has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.14%, compared with 5.94% in Montenegro. In 2024, inflation was 2.9% in Kuwait and 2.3% in Montenegro.
| Year | Inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Kuwait
|
Montenegro
|
|
| 1997 | 0.68% | - |
| 1998 | 0.13% | - |
| 1999 | 2.99% | - |
| 2000 | 1.81% | 29.9% |
| 2001 | 1.3% | 23.7% |
| 2002 | 0.89% | 19.7% |
| 2003 | 0.96% | 7.5% |
| 2004 | 1.25% | 3.1% |
| 2005 | 4.14% | 3.4% |
| 2006 | 3.06% | 2.1% |
| 2007 | 5.48% | 3.4% |
| 2008 | 10.6% | 9% |
| 2009 | 4.61% | 3.6% |
| 2010 | 4.5% | 0.4% |
| 2011 | 4.84% | 3.5% |
| 2012 | 3.26% | 4.1% |
| 2013 | 2.68% | 2.2% |
| 2014 | 2.91% | -0.7% |
| 2015 | 3.27% | 1.5% |
| 2016 | 3.2% | -0.3% |
| 2017 | 2.17% | 2.4% |
| 2018 | 0.54% | 2.6% |
| 2019 | 1.09% | 0.4% |
| 2020 | 2.1% | -0.3% |
| 2021 | 3.42% | 2.4% |
| 2022 | 3.98% | 13% |
| 2023 | 3.64% | 8.6% |
| 2024 | 2.9% | 3.3% |
| 2025 | - | 4.1% |
| 2026 | - | 2.3% |
Top exports between countries
|
Kuwait
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $42K |
| Raw agricultural goods | $8K |
| Machinery & equipment | $1K |
Balance of trade
|
Kuwait
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
$46.7B
2024 |
-$1.4B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
15/190
2024 |
131/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+29.1%
2024 |
-17%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$33.4B
2024 |
$4.29B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$77.5B
2024 |
$714M
2024 |
| Service imports |
$28.1B
2024 |
$1.19B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$12.2B
2024 |
$2.92B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
38.3%
2023 |
66.2%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
57.7%
2023 |
43.7%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Kuwait
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 59.9 | 63.8 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 98/197 | 75/197 |
| Property rights | 42.7 | 58.8 |
| Government integrity | 46.9 | 48.9 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 42.9 | 50.1 |
| Tax burden | 97.7 | 88.7 |
| Government spending | 38.2 | 45.2 |
| Fiscal health | 100 | 87.9 |
| Business freedom | 57.4 | 70.9 |
| Labor freedom | 49 | 64.4 |
| Monetary freedom | 67.8 | 70.9 |
| Trade freedom | 75.6 | 79.6 |
| Investment freedom | 50 | 50 |
| Financial freedom | 50 | 50 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Kuwait is 59.9, ranking 98/197, compared to 63.8 for Montenegro, ranking 75/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Kuwait
|
Montenegro
|
|
| 1996 | 66.1 | - |
| 1997 | 64.8 | - |
| 1998 | 66.3 | - |
| 1999 | 69.5 | - |
| 2000 | 69.7 | - |
| 2001 | 68.2 | - |
| 2002 | 65.4 | 46.6 |
| 2003 | 66.7 | 43.5 |
| 2004 | 63.6 | - |
| 2005 | 64.6 | - |
| 2006 | 66.5 | - |
| 2007 | 66.4 | - |
| 2008 | 68.1 | - |
| 2009 | 65.6 | 58.2 |
| 2010 | 67.7 | 63.6 |
| 2011 | 64.9 | 62.5 |
| 2012 | 62.5 | 62.5 |
| 2013 | 63.1 | 62.6 |
| 2014 | 62.3 | 63.6 |
| 2015 | 62.5 | 64.7 |
| 2016 | 62.7 | 64.9 |
| 2017 | 65.1 | 62 |
| 2018 | 62.2 | 64.3 |
| 2019 | 60.8 | 60.5 |
| 2020 | 63.2 | 61.5 |
| 2021 | 64.1 | 63.4 |
| 2022 | 58.3 | 57.8 |
| 2023 | 56.7 | 60.9 |
| 2024 | 58.5 | 59.7 |
| 2025 | 59.9 | 63.8 |
More economic indicators
|
Kuwait
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
55.9%
2024 |
63.8%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
57.1%
2024 |
12.2%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
0.49%
2024 |
3.49%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$200B
2024 |
$7.61B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$63,270
2024 |
$34,130
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$50.7B
2024 |
$1.74B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
41/177
2024 |
130/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
$9.71B
2024 |
-$532M
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$615M
2024 |
$599M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$10.3B
2024 |
$67.8M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
n/a |
15%
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines | n/a |
20%
2023 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
17.7%
2023 |
25.9%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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comparisons:
Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.