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Economy of Montenegro vs Sweden compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Montenegro has a GDP of $9.23B compared to $669B for Sweden, ranking 155/197 and 26/197 by economy size, respectively.

Montenegro has $6.19B in government debt (67.1% of GDP), compared to $234B (34.9% of GDP) in Sweden.

Montenegro vs Sweden GDP by year

Montenegro
Sweden
1x
Year GDP, current $
Montenegro Sweden
2025 $9,232,801,465 $668,998,664,082
2024 $8,274,290,506 $604,827,393,489
2023 $7,643,318,276 $578,990,915,246
2022 $6,259,721,790 $575,071,237,641
2021 $5,822,908,964 $631,693,331,301
2020 $4,734,192,593 $544,265,668,452
2019 $5,483,622,632 $530,894,124,494
2018 $5,433,469,311 $549,649,344,043
2017 $4,803,964,684 $535,172,356,785
2016 $4,357,467,226 $513,058,312,951
2015 $4,010,884,107 $501,602,351,912
2014 $4,579,635,404 $577,727,767,304
2013 $4,422,097,042 $584,125,353,119
2012 $4,071,828,832 $549,739,674,655
2011 $4,507,127,585 $570,538,581,144
2010 $4,136,936,244 $492,750,897,239
2009 $4,159,063,347 $434,311,714,442
2008 $4,559,410,049 $514,614,100,833
2007 $3,682,586,459 $490,047,789,548
2006 $2,719,979,875 $422,528,394,459
2005 $2,258,016,380 $391,688,455,929
2004 $2,077,046,942 $384,545,442,175
2003 $1,708,196,981 $334,072,443,516
2002 $1,286,314,054 $267,371,907,447
2001 $1,159,869,246 $242,497,797,485
2000 $984,293,044 $262,903,560,280
1999 $828,950,327 $274,318,357,862
1998 $854,261,161 $270,887,306,759
1997 $838,288,806 $268,249,616,891
1996 - $291,949,597,375
1995 - $267,050,453,507
1994 - $228,699,066,874
1993 - $212,644,602,616
1992 - $283,908,914,454
1991 - $273,831,464,572
1990 - $261,466,577,009
1989 - $217,632,340,195
1988 - $206,686,590,776
1987 - $182,744,315,974
1986 - $150,279,869,729
1985 - $113,958,084,357
1984 - $109,043,045,407
1983 - $104,862,109,663
1982 - $114,214,731,799
1981 - $129,498,921,476
1980 - $141,886,067,004
1979 - $123,207,527,699
1978 - $104,290,933,496
1977 - $94,331,782,622
1976 - $89,232,517,046
1975 - $82,765,232,648
1974 - $65,917,634,590
1973 - $59,318,842,992
1972 - $48,883,173,400
1971 - $41,506,151,115
1970 - $38,037,226,668
1969 - $33,967,301,561
1968 - $31,277,871,669
1967 - $29,474,881,506
1966 - $27,154,716,721
1965 - $24,963,947,415
1964 - $22,685,490,195
1963 - $20,342,131,882
1962 - $18,794,066,990
1961 - $17,329,620,585
1960 - $15,930,075,467

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/montenegro/sweden | CC BY

GDP per capita in Montenegro vs Sweden by year

Montenegro
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Sweden
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Montenegro Sweden
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $14,817 - $63,133 -
2024 $13,270 $34,063 $57,223 $71,845
2023 $12,258 $31,863 $54,950 $69,226
2022 $10,038 $28,050 $54,837 $67,076
2021 $9,316 $23,690 $60,648 $62,732
2020 $7,555 $20,625 $52,569 $57,489
2019 $8,749 $23,706 $51,649 $57,046
2018 $8,674 $21,084 $54,018 $53,122
2017 $7,674 $19,357 $53,210 $51,474
2016 $6,968 $18,030 $51,704 $50,290
2015 $6,421 $16,092 $51,188 $48,772
2014 $7,342 $15,276 $59,583 $46,841
2013 $7,103 $14,692 $60,844 $46,098
2012 $6,552 $13,793 $57,750 $45,207
2011 $7,266 $14,347 $60,379 $44,333
2010 $6,679 $13,612 $52,543 $41,951
2009 $6,727 $12,976 $46,708 $40,094
2008 $7,390 $13,802 $55,817 $41,907
2007 $5,979 $12,452 $53,568 $40,813
2006 $4,423 $10,440 $46,531 $37,672
2005 $3,676 $8,314 $43,378 $34,198
2004 $3,386 $7,841 $42,758 $33,805
2003 $2,790 $7,340 $37,292 $31,788
2002 $2,109 $7,100 $29,958 $30,987
2001 $1,910 $6,772 $27,259 $29,946
2000 $1,627 $6,004 $29,633 $29,636
1999 $1,368 $5,684 $30,969 $27,496
1998 $1,406 $6,170 $30,605 $25,897
1997 $1,375 $5,798 $30,324 $24,817
1996 - - $33,022 $23,952
1995 - - $30,254 $23,084
1994 - - $26,046 $21,835
1993 - - $24,390 $20,700
1992 - - $32,753 $20,767
1991 - - $31,777 $20,663
1990 - - $30,549 $20,357
1989 - - $25,625 -
1988 - - $24,499 -
1987 - - $21,761 -
1986 - - $17,955 -
1985 - - $13,647 -
1984 - - $13,080 -
1983 - - $12,590 -
1982 - - $13,719 -
1981 - - $15,564 -
1980 - - $17,073 -
1979 - - $14,856 -
1978 - - $12,602 -
1977 - - $11,432 -
1976 - - $10,853 -
1975 - - $10,103 -
1974 - - $8,078 -
1973 - - $7,291 -
1972 - - $6,018 -
1971 - - $5,125 -
1970 - - $4,729 -
1969 - - $4,263 -
1968 - - $3,953 -
1967 - - $3,746 -
1966 - - $3,478 -
1965 - - $3,228 -
1964 - - $2,961 -
1963 - - $2,675 -
1962 - - $2,485 -
1961 - - $2,304 -
1960 - - $2,128 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/montenegro/sweden | CC BY

Montenegro's GDP per capita is $14,817, ranking 71/197, compared to $63,133 in Sweden, ranking 15/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Montenegro ranks 65th at $34,063, while Sweden ranks 23rd at $71,845.

Economic indicators

Montenegro Sweden
Gross domestic product
$9.23B
2025
$669B
2025
GDP rank
155/197
2025
26/197
2025
GDP growth
2.74%
2024-2025
1.54%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$14,817
2025
$63,133
2025
GDP per capita rank
71/197
2025
15/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$34,063
2024
$71,845
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
65/197
2024
23/197
2024
Government debt
$6.19B
2025
$234B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
67.1%
2025
34.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$9,942
2025
$22,057
2025
Government debt per person rank
61/185
2025
31/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$12,768
2026
$40,083
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$3.79B
2012
$290B
2003
Number of millionaires n/a
507,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
50
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.7%
2021
22.3%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.1%
2021
2.8%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
43.9%
2025
49.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.9%
2024-2025
0.68%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
1.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
11.5%
2024
8.8%
2025
Population
613759
10665077

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Montenegro
Spending

Debt
Sweden
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Montenegro Sweden
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 43.9% 67.1% 49.4% 34.9%
2024 44.1% 60.8% 49.3% 33.9%
2023 40.4% 59.6% 48.9% 32.1%
2022 42.2% 70.3% 48.3% 34.2%
2021 45.1% 86.2% 49.3% 37.3%
2020 54.9% 108.4% 52% 40.4%
2019 44.4% 79.6% 48.8% 35.8%
2018 47.8% 72.9% 49.8% 39.9%
2017 47.6% 66.9% 49.2% 41.6%
2016 47.7% 66.7% 49.5% 42.9%
2015 46.9% 69.5% 49.4% 44.5%
2014 44.3% 63.6% 50.7% 45.7%
2013 46.3% 59.2% 51.4% 40.8%
2012 45.9% 57.1% 50.2% 38%
2011 45.7% 49% 49.1% 37.7%
2010 46.7% 45.1% 49.7% 38.6%
2009 51.5% 43.9% 51.7% 41.2%
2008 51.2% 34.2% 49.4% 37.9%
2007 43.9% 31.8% 48.5% 39.2%
2006 42.6% 36.7% 50.1% 43.8%
2005 38.2% 38.6% 51.2% 48.9%
2004 40% 45.4% 51.7% 48.7%
2003 43.3% 48.6% 53% 49.5%
2002 37.5% 85.7% 52.7% 49.9%
2001 - - 51.7% 52%
2000 - - 52.2% 50.4%
1999 - - 55.2% 60.3%
1998 - - 55.6% 65.4%
1997 - - 57.9% 67.7%
1996 - - 60% 68.9%
1995 - - 62.1% 68.7%
1994 - - 65.3% 68.6%
1993 - - 67.9% 66.1%
1992 - - 66.5% 45.7%
1991 - - 61.2% 40.2%
1990 - - 57.5% 40.3%
1989 - - 35.8% 44.8%
1988 - - 37.9% 50.3%
1987 - - 40.9% 56%
1986 - - 42.1% 59.5%
1985 - - 47.6% 61.2%
1984 - - 46.7% 57.5%
1983 - - 48.6% 54.5%
1982 - - 46.4% 47.9%
1981 - - 46.1% 41.5%
1980 - - 41% 34.4%
1979 - - 39.9% 28.3%
1978 - - 39.1% 24%
1977 - - 35.7% 21%
1976 - - 32.3% 19%
1975 - - 30.6% 19.9%
1974 - - 30.1% 19.4%
1973 - - 31.1% 18%
1972 - - 31.9% 17.2%
1971 - - 29.8% 16.9%
1970 - - 29.5% 16.9%
1969 - - 28.7% 17.6%
1968 - - 28.3% 17.6%
1967 - - 27.7% 16.1%
1966 - - 26.5% 15.3%
1965 - - 24.6% 17%
1964 - - 23.4% 18.7%
1963 - - 24.4% 20.7%
1962 - - 23.4% 23%
1961 - - 23.7% 26%
1960 - - 24.4% 28.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/montenegro/sweden | CC BY

In 2025, Montenegro's government spending was $4.05B, accounting for 43.9% of its GDP, while Sweden spent $331B, or 49.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 67.1% in Montenegro and 34.9% in Sweden, ranking 63/185 and 144/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Montenegro

Sweden
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Montenegro Sweden
2025 -3.61% -1.41%
2024 -3.44% -1.5%
2023 0.38% -0.63%
2022 -4.05% 1%
2021 -1.37% -0.15%
2020 -10.9% -3.18%
2019 -1.74% 0.44%
2018 -6.3% 0.67%
2017 -6.89% 1.29%
2016 -6.21% 0.86%
2015 -6.03% -0.27%
2014 -0.7% -1.84%
2013 -4.54% -1.63%
2012 -5.87% -1.19%
2011 -6.79% -0.41%
2010 -4.88% -0.14%
2009 -6.74% -0.89%
2008 -2.3% 1.87%
2007 8.44% 3.37%
2006 4.34% 2.2%
2005 -1.42% 2.08%
2004 -2.45% 0.17%
2003 -4.06% -1.25%
2002 -1.44% -1.46%
2001 - 1.37%
2000 - 3.11%
1999 - 0.6%
1998 - 0.82%
1997 - -1.57%
1996 - -3.11%
1995 - -7.01%
1994 - -8.77%
1993 - -10.9%
1992 - -8.51%
1991 - 0.28%
1990 - 3.7%
1989 - 1.5%
1988 - -0.64%
1987 - -2%
1986 - -6.21%
1985 - -9.91%
1984 - -12.1%
1983 - -15.1%
1982 - -13.4%
1981 - -12.8%
1980 - -11.5%
1979 - -9.95%
1978 - -7.32%
1977 - -3.32%
1976 - -1.27%
1975 - -4.05%
1974 - -4.12%
1973 - -3.28%
1972 - -2.17%
1971 - -1.67%
1970 - -2.64%
1969 - -2.03%
1968 - -2.37%
1967 - -1.41%
1966 - -0.33%
1965 - -0.17%
1964 - -0.1%
1963 - 0.41%
1962 - 0.7%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.67%
1959 - -2.53%
1958 - -2.31%
1957 - -2.1%
1956 - -1.21%
1955 - -1.72%
1954 - -1.52%
1953 - -2.47%
1952 - -0.16%
1951 - -0.9%
1950 - -1.64%
1949 - -0.74%
1948 - 0.29%
1947 - -1.08%
1946 - -0.61%
1945 - -8.04%
1944 - -8.66%
1943 - -10.7%
1942 - -11.8%
1941 - -13.1%
1940 - -8.16%
1939 - -1.13%
1938 - -0.07%
1937 - 0.46%
1936 - -0.64%
1935 - -2.19%
1934 - -1.88%
1933 - -4.1%
1932 - -1.56%
1931 - -0.05%
1930 - 0.09%
1929 - -0.39%
1928 - -0.06%
1927 - -1.14%
1926 - -1.11%
1925 - -1.44%
1924 - -0.99%
1923 - -1.65%
1922 - -3.17%
1921 - -3.55%
1920 - -0.6%
1919 - 0.17%
1918 - -8.59%
1917 - -0.26%
1916 - -0.23%
1915 - -0.94%
1914 - -0.55%
1913 - -0.17%
1912 - -0.51%
1911 - -0.87%
1910 - -0.81%
1909 - -2.08%
1908 - -2.27%
1907 - -0.68%
1906 - -0.66%
1905 - -0.34%
1904 - -0.56%
1903 - 0.08%
1902 - -1.57%
1901 - -1.34%
1900 - -0.32%
1899 - 0.57%
1898 - 0.91%
1897 - 1.09%
1896 - -0.59%
1895 - 1%
1894 - 0.47%
1893 - -0.49%
1892 - -0.68%
1891 - -0.6%
1890 - 0.33%
1889 - 0.19%
1888 - -0.05%
1887 - -1.5%
1886 - -0.98%
1885 - -0.08%
1884 - 0.24%
1883 - 0.16%
1882 - 0.36%
1881 - -0.17%
1880 - -0.47%
1879 - -1.89%
1878 - -2.04%
1877 - -1.21%
1876 - -1.07%
1875 - -1.26%
1874 - -1.05%
1873 - 0.06%
1872 - -0.15%
1871 - 0.22%
1870 - -0.42%
1869 - -1.52%
1868 - -1.67%
1867 - -1.17%
1866 - -3.01%
1865 - -2.02%
1864 - -2.3%
1863 - -1.58%
1862 - -1.35%
1861 - -1.11%
1860 - -2.03%
1859 - -2.17%
1858 - -2.36%
1857 - -0.62%
1856 - -0.08%
1855 - -0.09%
1854 - -0.19%
1853 - 0.17%
1852 - -0.31%
1851 - -0.07%
1850 - 0.004%
1849 - 0.09%
1848 - 0.12%
1847 - 0.08%
1846 - 0.13%
1845 - 0.04%
1844 - 0.009%
1843 - 0.05%
1842 - -0.12%
1841 - 0.06%
1840 - -0.01%
1839 - -0.006%
1838 - 0.09%
1837 - -0.38%
1836 - -0.08%
1835 - 0.08%
1834 - -0.12%
1833 - 0.09%
1832 - 0.01%
1831 - -0.1%
1830 - -0.45%
1829 - 2.7%
1828 - 0.03%
1827 - -0.16%
1826 - 0.37%
1825 - 0.18%
1824 - -0.23%
1823 - 0.37%
1822 - -0.03%
1821 - -0.49%
1820 - 0.26%
1819 - 0.09%
1818 - 0.35%
1817 - 0.35%
1816 - 0.16%
1815 - 2.34%
1814 - -0.45%
1813 - -0.37%
1812 - 3.47%
1811 - -0.48%
1810 - -3.05%
1809 - -7.65%
1808 - -5.04%
1807 - 0.1%
1806 - 0.55%
1805 - 0.52%
1804 - -0.25%
1803 - 11.6%
1802 - 2.17%
1801 - 0.01%
1800 - -0.44%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1800–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/montenegro/sweden | CC BY

In 2025, Montenegro's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $334M, equivalent to 3.61% of GDP. This compares to Sweden's deficit of $9.43B, or 1.41% of GDP.

Over the past 24 years, Montenegro recorded a fiscal deficit in 21 of those years, while Sweden ran a deficit in 14 years. On average, Montenegro posted an annual deficit equal to 3.27% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.08% of GDP for Sweden.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Montenegro

Sweden
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Montenegro Sweden
2025 3.9% 0.68%
2024 3.3% 2.84%
2023 8.6% 8.55%
2022 13% 8.37%
2021 2.4% 2.16%
2020 -0.3% 0.5%
2019 0.4% 1.78%
2018 2.6% 1.95%
2017 2.4% 1.79%
2016 -0.3% 0.98%
2015 1.5% -0.05%
2014 -0.7% -0.18%
2013 2.2% -0.04%
2012 4.1% 0.89%
2011 3.5% 2.96%
2010 0.4% 1.16%
2009 3.6% -0.49%
2008 9% 3.44%
2007 3.4% 2.21%
2006 2.1% 1.36%
2005 3.4% 0.45%
2004 3.1% 0.37%
2003 7.5% 1.93%
2002 19.7% 2.16%
2001 23.7% 2.41%
2000 29.9% 0.9%
1999 - 0.46%
1998 - -0.27%
1997 - 0.66%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (2000–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/montenegro/sweden | CC BY

Over the past 26 years, Montenegro has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 5.86%, compared with 1.89% in Sweden. In 2025, inflation was 3.9% in Montenegro and 0.68% in Sweden.

Top exports between countries

Montenegro
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $14.6M
Manufacturing & construction services $4.32M
Machinery & equipment $2.46M
IT & IP services $1.12M
Business & finance services $1.05M
Animal & marine products $371K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $108K
Metals $68K
Wood & paper products $33K
Textiles & consumer goods $10K
Sweden
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $2.8M
Metals $577K
Textiles & consumer goods $232K
Chemicals & pharma $149K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $82K
Wood & paper products $47K
Miscellaneous $40K
Raw materials & minerals $35K
Precious metals & jewellery $20K
Weapons & explosives $1K

Balance of trade

Montenegro Sweden
Current account balance
-$1.88B
2025
$40.5B
2025
Current account balance ranking
140/190
2025
15/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-20.4%
2025
+6.06%
2025
Goods imports
$4.91B
2025
$201B
2025
Goods exports
$663M
2025
$233B
2025
Service imports
$1.24B
2025
$144B
2025
Service exports
$3.07B
2025
$132B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
65.7%
2025
51.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
40.1%
2025
53.2%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Montenegro Sweden
Economic freedom 63.8 77.8
Economic freedom ranking 78/197 14/197
Property rights 60.9 96.2
Government integrity 49.9 91.6
Judicial effectiveness 51.5 95.6
Tax burden 88.7 51.6
Government spending 47.6 28.4
Fiscal health 86.2 97.5
Business freedom 68.4 84.8
Labor freedom 59.4 65.8
Monetary freedom 75.2 78.1
Trade freedom 78.4 79.4
Investment freedom 50 85
Financial freedom 50 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Montenegro
Sweden
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Montenegro Sweden
2026 63.8 77.8
2025 63.8 77.9
2024 59.7 77.5
2023 60.9 77.5
2022 57.8 77.9
2021 63.4 74.7
2020 61.5 74.9
2019 60.5 75.2
2018 64.3 76.3
2017 62 74.9
2016 64.9 72
2015 64.7 72.7
2014 63.6 73.1
2013 62.6 72.9
2012 62.5 71.7
2011 62.5 71.9
2010 63.6 72.4
2009 58.2 70.5
2008 - 70.8
2007 - 69.3
2006 - 70.9
2005 - 69.8
2004 - 70.1
2003 43.5 70
2002 46.6 70.8
2001 - 66.6
2000 - 65.1
1999 - 64.2
1998 - 64
1997 - 63.3
1996 - 61.8
1995 - 61.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/montenegro/sweden | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Montenegro is 63.8, ranking 78/197, compared to 77.8 for Sweden, ranking 14/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Montenegro Sweden
Services, % of GDP
63.4%
2025
67%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
11.3%
2025
21%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.37%
2025
1.5%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$8.82B
2025
$668B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$35,700
2025
$76,090
2025
Total reserves including gold
$2.2B
2025
$74.2B
2025
Total reserves ranking
126/177
2025
36/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$601M
2025
-$11.1B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$599M
2024
$30.7B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$67.8M
2024
$29.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
15%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
20%
2023
16.1%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
26.9%
2025
25.5%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/montenegro/sweden | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1800–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2019–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.