Equatorial Guinea has a GDP of $12.8B compared to $8.07B for Montenegro, ranking 148/197 and 156/197 by economy size, respectively.
Equatorial Guinea has $4.62B in government debt (35.1% of GDP), compared to $5.05B (60.3% of GDP) in Montenegro.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Montenegro
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1962 | $37,253,333 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $44,266,667 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $51,915,000 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $64,748,333 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $69,110,000 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $72,317,447 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $67,514,286 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $67,225,714 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $66,331,429 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $64,946,955 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $65,429,198 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $81,203,227 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $94,159,863 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $104,295,643 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $103,653,050 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $103,987,520 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | - | - | - | - |
| 1979 | - | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $50,642,881 | $132,086,051 | - | - |
| 1981 | $36,731,423 | $139,706,651 | - | - |
| 1982 | $44,294,648 | $142,782,539 | - | - |
| 1983 | $44,442,457 | $149,927,930 | - | - |
| 1984 | $50,320,914 | $151,444,273 | - | - |
| 1985 | $62,118,570 | $170,988,428 | - | - |
| 1986 | $76,407,396 | $167,003,446 | - | - |
| 1987 | $93,345,860 | $174,412,950 | - | - |
| 1988 | $100,534,657 | $179,044,071 | - | - |
| 1989 | $88,265,975 | $176,843,301 | - | - |
| 1990 | $112,119,411 | $173,733,398 | - | - |
| 1991 | $110,906,029 | $171,957,428 | - | - |
| 1992 | $134,707,184 | $231,704,586 | - | - |
| 1993 | $136,047,906 | $257,269,047 | - | - |
| 1994 | $100,807,003 | $300,152,801 | - | - |
| 1995 | $141,853,361 | $352,638,312 | - | - |
| 1996 | $232,463,023 | $587,424,890 | - | - |
| 1997 | $442,337,871 | $1,468,403,405 | $838,288,806 | $2,736,010,100 |
| 1998 | $370,687,634 | $1,817,508,713 | $854,261,161 | $2,870,074,755 |
| 1999 | $621,117,886 | $2,283,954,429 | $828,950,327 | $2,600,287,782 |
| 2000 | $1,045,998,496 | $2,699,948,864 | $984,293,044 | $2,680,896,704 |
| 2001 | $1,461,139,022 | $4,411,173,090 | $1,159,869,246 | $2,710,382,244 |
| 2002 | $1,806,742,742 | $5,269,712,387 | $1,284,685,051 | $2,761,986,207 |
| 2003 | $2,484,745,935 | $6,005,113,942 | $1,707,710,053 | $2,830,556,913 |
| 2004 | $4,410,764,339 | $8,286,980,786 | $2,073,234,418 | $2,955,838,797 |
| 2005 | $8,217,369,093 | $9,674,942,387 | $2,257,174,481 | $3,079,410,727 |
| 2006 | $10,086,528,699 | $10,420,388,727 | $2,721,903,149 | $3,343,205,923 |
| 2007 | $13,071,718,759 | $12,012,844,403 | $3,680,711,744 | $3,570,883,265 |
| 2008 | $19,749,893,536 | $14,151,023,688 | $4,545,674,528 | $3,828,799,329 |
| 2009 | $15,027,795,173 | $14,341,122,354 | $4,159,330,370 | $3,606,916,694 |
| 2010 | $16,314,443,436 | $13,061,295,371 | $4,142,983,843 | $3,705,541,738 |
| 2011 | $21,357,343,669 | $13,913,404,306 | $4,544,428,421 | $3,825,173,339 |
| 2012 | $22,388,344,144 | $15,070,007,775 | $4,087,526,242 | $3,720,983,620 |
| 2013 | $21,948,834,284 | $14,447,134,440 | $4,465,772,400 | $3,853,040,581 |
| 2014 | $21,765,453,082 | $14,507,099,626 | $4,593,853,291 | $3,921,767,212 |
| 2015 | $13,185,496,881 | $13,185,496,881 | $4,054,730,078 | $4,054,730,078 |
| 2016 | $11,240,808,848 | $12,023,008,462 | $4,376,930,578 | $4,174,315,434 |
| 2017 | $12,200,913,879 | $11,341,603,435 | $4,856,599,481 | $4,371,195,572 |
| 2018 | $13,097,012,134 | $10,634,279,339 | $5,506,942,238 | $4,593,160,023 |
| 2019 | $11,364,133,550 | $10,051,326,715 | $5,542,054,181 | $4,779,777,588 |
| 2020 | $9,893,816,008 | $9,569,759,527 | $4,769,996,866 | $4,048,142,111 |
| 2021 | $12,215,878,033 | $9,652,085,293 | $5,861,427,505 | $4,576,160,080 |
| 2022 | $13,687,643,436 | $9,963,221,065 | $6,229,801,581 | $4,869,340,027 |
| 2023 | $12,337,550,584 | $9,456,161,987 | $7,530,593,375 | $5,177,944,070 |
| 2024 | $12,765,777,677 | $9,541,952,851 | $8,069,536,126 | $5,335,369,922 |
Economic indicators
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$12.8B
2024 |
$8.07B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
148/197
2024 |
156/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
3.47%
2023-2024 |
7.16%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$6,745
2024 |
$12,935
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
106/197
2024 |
78/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$17,567
2024 |
$33,380
2024 |
| Government debt |
$4.62B
2024 |
$5.05B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
35.1%
2025 |
60.3%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$2,442
2024 |
$8,103
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
112/185
2024 |
65/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$4,393
2025 |
$12,008
2025 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies | n/a |
$3.79B
2012 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
29.1%
2022 |
24.7%
2021 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.6%
2022 |
2.1%
2021 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
18.7%
2025 |
44%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
2.9%
2024-2025 |
4.1%
2024-2025 |
| Unemployment rate |
8.6%
2014 |
13.1%
2023 |
| Population |
1975406
|
618209
|
GDP per capita in Equatorial Guinea vs Montenegro
Equatorial Guinea's GDP per capita is $6,745, ranking 106/197, compared to $12,935 in Montenegro, ranking 78/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Equatorial Guinea ranks 103rd at $17,567, while Montenegro ranks 66th at $33,380.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Montenegro
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1962 | $132.9 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $154.8 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $177.8 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $217.1 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $226.7 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $231.9 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $211.7 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $208.4 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $206.8 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $205.6 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $211.4 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $268.6 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $319 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $362 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $369 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $376 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | $376 | - | - | - |
| 1979 | $372 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $175.5 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | $121.1 | - | - | - |
| 1982 | $137.5 | - | - | - |
| 1983 | $129.4 | - | - | - |
| 1984 | $137.9 | - | - | - |
| 1985 | $161.1 | - | - | - |
| 1986 | $188.8 | - | - | - |
| 1987 | $220.9 | - | - | - |
| 1988 | $228.7 | - | - | - |
| 1989 | $193.2 | - | - | - |
| 1990 | $236.4 | $577 | - | - |
| 1991 | $225.3 | $569 | - | - |
| 1992 | $263.7 | $756 | - | - |
| 1993 | $256.7 | $828 | - | - |
| 1994 | $183.2 | $951 | - | - |
| 1995 | $248.3 | $1,098 | - | - |
| 1996 | $392 | $1,793 | - | - |
| 1997 | $717 | $4,387 | $1,375 | $5,797 |
| 1998 | $578 | $5,280 | $1,406 | $6,168 |
| 1999 | $931 | $6,470 | $1,368 | $5,683 |
| 2000 | $1,487 | $7,420 | $1,627 | $6,003 |
| 2001 | $1,949 | $11,627 | $1,910 | $6,772 |
| 2002 | $2,264 | $13,255 | $2,107 | $7,100 |
| 2003 | $2,931 | $14,496 | $2,789 | $7,341 |
| 2004 | $4,901 | $19,354 | $3,380 | $7,843 |
| 2005 | $8,674 | $22,137 | $3,675 | $8,314 |
| 2006 | $10,185 | $23,511 | $4,426 | $10,459 |
| 2007 | $12,617 | $26,611 | $5,976 | $12,462 |
| 2008 | $18,211 | $30,523 | $7,368 | $13,817 |
| 2009 | $13,233 | $29,722 | $6,727 | $13,022 |
| 2010 | $13,720 | $26,168 | $6,688 | $13,634 |
| 2011 | $17,198 | $27,242 | $7,326 | $14,466 |
| 2012 | $17,309 | $30,012 | $6,578 | $13,846 |
| 2013 | $16,304 | $27,910 | $7,173 | $14,837 |
| 2014 | $15,549 | $27,177 | $7,365 | $15,323 |
| 2015 | $9,069 | $19,479 | $6,491 | $16,272 |
| 2016 | $7,453 | $16,649 | $6,999 | $18,110 |
| 2017 | $7,809 | $18,435 | $7,758 | $19,569 |
| 2018 | $8,102 | $18,413 | $8,791 | $21,368 |
| 2019 | $6,804 | $16,451 | $8,842 | $23,958 |
| 2020 | $5,764 | $13,677 | $7,613 | $20,827 |
| 2021 | $6,946 | $16,821 | $9,377 | $23,843 |
| 2022 | $7,589 | $18,140 | $9,990 | $27,597 |
| 2023 | $6,678 | $17,412 | $12,077 | $30,601 |
| 2024 | $6,745 | $17,567 | $12,935 | $33,380 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Equatorial Guinea's government spending was $2.52B, accounting for 18.7% of its GDP, while Montenegro's spent $3.61B, or 44% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 35.1% in Equatorial Guinea and 60.3% in Montenegro, ranking 148/185 and 77/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Montenegro
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1985 | 115.4% | 183.8% | - | - |
| 1986 | 119% | 152.5% | - | - |
| 1987 | 183% | 141.3% | - | - |
| 1988 | 227.9% | 154.5% | - | - |
| 1989 | 116.8% | 187% | - | - |
| 1990 | 212.9% | 157% | - | - |
| 1991 | 284.5% | 169.5% | - | - |
| 1992 | 595% | 136.9% | - | - |
| 1993 | 256.3% | 152.6% | - | - |
| 1994 | 510% | 216% | - | - |
| 1995 | 141.5% | 136.9% | - | - |
| 1996 | 22.9% | 91.2% | - | - |
| 1997 | 14.8% | 46.3% | - | - |
| 1998 | 35.1% | 59.2% | - | - |
| 1999 | 18.7% | 60.5% | - | - |
| 2000 | 22.6% | 36.6% | - | - |
| 2001 | 13.5% | 25.5% | - | - |
| 2002 | 11.3% | 19.4% | 37.5% | 76.7% |
| 2003 | 13.9% | 6.77% | 43.2% | 40.9% |
| 2004 | 10.8% | 4.54% | 39.9% | 45.4% |
| 2005 | 14.1% | 2.85% | 38.2% | 38.6% |
| 2006 | 18.1% | 1.22% | 42.5% | 36.7% |
| 2007 | 19.7% | 0.75% | 43.9% | 31.8% |
| 2008 | 19.9% | 0.49% | 51.1% | 34.2% |
| 2009 | 39.8% | 4.34% | 51.3% | 43.7% |
| 2010 | 31.2% | 7.89% | 46.6% | 45% |
| 2011 | 27.5% | 7.17% | 45.3% | 48.6% |
| 2012 | 35.2% | 7.1% | 45.7% | 56.9% |
| 2013 | 29.3% | 6.27% | 45.8% | 58.7% |
| 2014 | 31.6% | 12.6% | 44.2% | 63.4% |
| 2015 | 41.6% | 31.7% | 46.4% | 68.8% |
| 2016 | 27.8% | 41.1% | 47.5% | 66.4% |
| 2017 | 20.1% | 36.2% | 47.1% | 66.2% |
| 2018 | 19.1% | 40.6% | 47.2% | 71.9% |
| 2019 | 16.8% | 43.2% | 44% | 78.8% |
| 2020 | 16.2% | 49.4% | 54.4% | 107.3% |
| 2021 | 12.7% | 42.3% | 44.8% | 85.6% |
| 2022 | 14.8% | 29.8% | 42.3% | 70.6% |
| 2023 | 19.2% | 36.3% | 40.3% | 60.5% |
| 2024 | 19.7% | 36.2% | 44.7% | 62.6% |
| 2025 | 18.7% | 35.1% | 44% | 60.3% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Equatorial Guinea's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$158M, equivalent to -1.23% of GDP. This compares to Montenegro's deficit of -$226M, or -2.8% of GDP.
Over the past 23 years, Equatorial Guinea recorded a fiscal deficit in 10 of those years, while Montenegro ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Equatorial Guinea posted an annual surplus equal to +3.02% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.21% of GDP for Montenegro.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Montenegro
|
|
| 1985 | -89.3% | - |
| 1986 | -97.3% | - |
| 1987 | -158% | - |
| 1988 | -208.5% | - |
| 1989 | -76.2% | - |
| 1990 | -160.2% | - |
| 1991 | -236% | - |
| 1992 | -557% | - |
| 1993 | -217.9% | - |
| 1994 | -487% | - |
| 1995 | -123.4% | - |
| 1996 | -6.36% | - |
| 1997 | 3.21% | - |
| 1998 | -7.65% | - |
| 1999 | -0.19% | - |
| 2000 | -2.67% | - |
| 2001 | 14.9% | - |
| 2002 | 17.6% | -1.44% |
| 2003 | 7.85% | -4.05% |
| 2004 | 13.9% | -2.45% |
| 2005 | 18.5% | -1.41% |
| 2006 | 21.8% | 4.33% |
| 2007 | 17.2% | 8.43% |
| 2008 | 14.6% | -2.3% |
| 2009 | -6.47% | -6.71% |
| 2010 | -4.53% | -4.87% |
| 2011 | 0.83% | -6.73% |
| 2012 | -7.24% | -5.84% |
| 2013 | -4.4% | -4.49% |
| 2014 | -7.54% | -0.7% |
| 2015 | -15.1% | -5.96% |
| 2016 | -10.9% | -6.18% |
| 2017 | -2.59% | -6.81% |
| 2018 | 0.52% | -6.21% |
| 2019 | 1.82% | -1.72% |
| 2020 | -1.77% | -10.9% |
| 2021 | 2.65% | -1.71% |
| 2022 | 11.7% | -4.08% |
| 2023 | 2.39% | 0.86% |
| 2024 | -1.23% | -2.8% |
| 2025 | -0.78% | -3.38% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 26 years, Equatorial Guinea has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.9%, compared with 5.87% in Montenegro. In 2025, inflation was 2.9% in Equatorial Guinea and 4.1% in Montenegro.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Montenegro
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Montenegro
|
| 1996 | 4.5% | - | |
| 1997 | 3% | - | |
| 1998 | 7.9% | - | |
| 1999 | 0.4% | - | |
| 2000 | 4.8% | 29.9% | |
| 2001 | 8.7% | 23.7% | |
| 2002 | 7.6% | 19.7% | |
| 2003 | 7.3% | 7.5% | |
| 2004 | 4.2% | 3.1% | |
| 2005 | 5.6% | 3.4% | |
| 2006 | 4.5% | 2.1% | |
| 2007 | 2.8% | 3.4% | |
| 2008 | 4.7% | 9% | |
| 2009 | 5.7% | 3.6% | |
| 2010 | 5.3% | 0.4% | |
| 2011 | 4.8% | 3.5% | |
| 2012 | 3.4% | 4.1% | |
| 2013 | 3.2% | 2.2% | |
| 2014 | 4.3% | -0.7% | |
| 2015 | 1.7% | 1.5% | |
| 2016 | 1.4% | -0.3% | |
| 2017 | 0.7% | 2.4% | |
| 2018 | 1.3% | 2.6% | |
| 2019 | 1.2% | 0.4% | |
| 2020 | 4.8% | -0.3% | |
| 2021 | -0.1% | 2.4% | |
| 2022 | 4.9% | 13% | |
| 2023 | 2.4% | 8.6% | |
| 2024 | 3.4% | 3.3% | |
| 2025 | 2.9% | 4.1% | |
Balance of trade
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$344M
1996 |
-$1.4B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
99/189
1996 |
130/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-148%
1996 |
-17.4%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$292M
1996 |
$4.29B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$175M
1996 |
$714M
2024 |
| Service imports |
$185M
1996 |
$1.19B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$4.88M
1996 |
$2.92B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
25.4%
2024 |
67.5%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
35.2%
2024 |
44.9%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 47.7 | 63.8 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 175/197 | 75/197 |
| Property rights | 18.7 | 58.8 |
| Government integrity | 7.2 | 48.9 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 7.1 | 50.1 |
| Tax burden | 74.9 | 88.7 |
| Government spending | 92.5 | 45.2 |
| Fiscal health | 97.2 | 87.9 |
| Business freedom | 36.5 | 70.9 |
| Labor freedom | 44.9 | 64.4 |
| Monetary freedom | 74.3 | 70.9 |
| Trade freedom | 48.8 | 79.6 |
| Investment freedom | 40 | 50 |
| Financial freedom | 30 | 50 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Equatorial Guinea is 47.7, ranking 175/197, compared to 63.8 for Montenegro, ranking 75/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Montenegro
|
|
| 1999 | 45.1 | - |
| 2000 | 45.6 | - |
| 2001 | 47.9 | - |
| 2002 | 46.4 | 46.6 |
| 2003 | 53.1 | 43.5 |
| 2004 | 53.3 | - |
| 2005 | 53.3 | - |
| 2006 | 51.5 | - |
| 2007 | 53.2 | - |
| 2008 | 51.6 | - |
| 2009 | 51.3 | 58.2 |
| 2010 | 48.6 | 63.6 |
| 2011 | 47.5 | 62.5 |
| 2012 | 42.8 | 62.5 |
| 2013 | 42.3 | 62.6 |
| 2014 | 44.4 | 63.6 |
| 2015 | 40.4 | 64.7 |
| 2016 | 43.7 | 64.9 |
| 2017 | 45 | 62 |
| 2018 | 42 | 64.3 |
| 2019 | 41 | 60.5 |
| 2020 | 48.3 | 61.5 |
| 2021 | 49.2 | 63.4 |
| 2022 | 47.2 | 57.8 |
| 2023 | 48.3 | 60.9 |
| 2024 | 47.7 | 59.7 |
| 2025 | 47.7 | 63.8 |
More economic indicators
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Montenegro
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
51.1%
2024 |
62.1%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
45.8%
2024 |
11.6%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
3.15%
2024 |
5.16%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$8.96B
2024 |
$7.5B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$12,330
2024 |
$33,280
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$1.54B
2023 |
$1.74B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
134/177
2023 |
130/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$376M
1996 |
-$532M
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$188M
2024 |
$599M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$154M
2024 |
$67.8M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
n/a |
10.3%
2023 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
50.7%
2022 |
20%
2023 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
8.96%
2024 |
28.5%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.