Bhutan has a GDP of $3.01B compared to $71B for the DR Congo, ranking 170/197 and 87/197 by economy size, respectively.
Bhutan has $3.48B in government debt (116.7% of GDP), compared to $13.7B (13.8% of GDP) in the DR Congo.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bhutan
|
DR Congo
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | - | - | $3,359,404,118 | $19,887,704,764 |
| 1961 | - | - | $3,086,746,857 | $17,729,615,126 |
| 1962 | - | - | $3,779,841,429 | $21,488,417,199 |
| 1963 | - | - | $6,213,185,743 | $22,608,821,152 |
| 1964 | - | - | $2,881,545,273 | $22,057,115,371 |
| 1965 | - | - | $4,043,901,818 | $22,277,101,745 |
| 1966 | - | - | $4,532,660,182 | $23,786,483,499 |
| 1967 | - | - | $3,384,063,372 | $23,552,010,935 |
| 1968 | - | - | $3,909,780,539 | $24,572,448,551 |
| 1969 | - | - | $5,032,434,970 | $26,864,772,331 |
| 1970 | $61,812,113 | $126,311,212 | $4,877,684,910 | $26,798,938,440 |
| 1971 | $66,289,450 | $129,692,690 | $5,594,770,359 | $28,408,219,535 |
| 1972 | $70,139,867 | $131,201,350 | $6,173,712,814 | $28,451,154,444 |
| 1973 | $78,900,289 | $133,126,191 | $7,870,239,461 | $30,766,303,374 |
| 1974 | $92,901,784 | $139,993,193 | $9,596,960,180 | $31,729,468,923 |
| 1975 | $86,820,762 | $135,363,169 | $10,237,343,174 | $30,148,823,861 |
| 1976 | $88,461,263 | $147,484,467 | $9,648,583,225 | $28,548,222,175 |
| 1977 | $97,884,434 | $159,137,561 | $12,344,424,764 | $28,765,415,223 |
| 1978 | $94,086,228 | $170,478,518 | $15,372,608,002 | $27,227,819,920 |
| 1979 | $105,377,995 | $178,646,088 | $15,068,422,236 | $27,344,923,578 |
| 1980 | $128,669,201 | $187,593,999 | $14,394,927,495 | $27,945,120,839 |
| 1981 | $139,174,178 | $215,962,517 | $12,537,821,038 | $28,601,977,632 |
| 1982 | $141,439,317 | $223,391,139 | $13,651,667,371 | $28,471,072,785 |
| 1983 | $156,704,290 | $246,693,105 | $11,006,712,650 | $28,872,999,969 |
| 1984 | $160,423,494 | $257,934,068 | $7,857,729,193 | $30,472,874,270 |
| 1985 | $163,288,815 | $268,325,027 | $7,195,042,616 | $30,615,441,902 |
| 1986 | $191,218,115 | $298,893,145 | $8,095,367,168 | $32,059,636,483 |
| 1987 | $242,742,766 | $385,734,527 | $7,661,625,473 | $32,917,437,726 |
| 1988 | $272,298,067 | $404,123,931 | $8,861,299,977 | $33,072,275,210 |
| 1989 | $264,798,626 | $433,849,538 | $9,021,862,775 | $32,653,563,460 |
| 1990 | $287,765,007 | $478,896,647 | $9,349,764,580 | $30,508,775,959 |
| 1991 | $240,294,286 | $476,943,344 | $9,625,436,873 | $27,939,616,223 |
| 1992 | $240,233,531 | $498,886,989 | $8,227,343,907 | $25,005,954,127 |
| 1993 | $225,973,693 | $508,796,713 | $10,706,259,937 | $21,637,889,528 |
| 1994 | $258,954,708 | $533,989,801 | $5,820,382,248 | $20,794,012,528 |
| 1995 | $290,490,984 | $571,764,867 | $5,643,439,376 | $20,939,570,373 |
| 1996 | $303,408,346 | $603,584,570 | $5,771,456,952 | $20,725,322,417 |
| 1997 | $352,229,077 | $636,020,231 | $6,090,838,693 | $19,561,171,399 |
| 1998 | $363,458,381 | $673,634,664 | $6,217,805,821 | $19,243,467,843 |
| 1999 | $399,311,200 | $727,417,466 | $4,711,259,427 | $18,421,744,665 |
| 2000 | $460,733,418 | $751,822,819 | $19,088,046,306 | $17,148,631,281 |
| 2001 | $496,110,226 | $806,919,210 | $7,438,189,100 | $16,788,480,353 |
| 2002 | $559,345,264 | $891,192,074 | $8,728,038,525 | $17,283,365,331 |
| 2003 | $651,935,430 | $960,585,284 | $8,937,567,060 | $18,247,400,739 |
| 2004 | $735,348,490 | $1,010,125,139 | $10,297,483,481 | $19,476,978,834 |
| 2005 | $860,391,000 | $1,080,178,039 | $12,609,728,573 | $20,671,920,926 |
| 2006 | $942,879,879 | $1,141,108,778 | $15,484,044,535 | $21,728,037,858 |
| 2007 | $1,255,767,964 | $1,324,881,878 | $18,374,807,773 | $23,581,424,222 |
| 2008 | $1,317,517,835 | $1,384,891,724 | $22,723,488,723 | $25,326,856,011 |
| 2009 | $1,331,343,798 | $1,491,078,191 | $18,607,259,481 | $25,470,074,711 |
| 2010 | $1,708,880,730 | $1,668,991,760 | $24,161,641,931 | $27,467,694,662 |
| 2011 | $1,977,728,659 | $1,810,676,784 | $26,392,379,642 | $29,553,403,849 |
| 2012 | $1,973,387,228 | $1,904,194,983 | $30,029,369,929 | $32,115,268,326 |
| 2013 | $1,943,696,952 | $1,937,258,290 | $34,891,189,160 | $35,206,198,726 |
| 2014 | $2,089,079,571 | $2,051,190,106 | $38,352,980,553 | $37,777,053,057 |
| 2015 | $2,187,815,803 | $2,187,815,803 | $40,179,574,490 | $40,179,574,490 |
| 2016 | $2,357,504,761 | $2,373,253,832 | $38,600,224,214 | $40,337,814,833 |
| 2017 | $2,591,358,009 | $2,422,779,967 | $37,537,521,566 | $42,048,626,460 |
| 2018 | $2,583,335,722 | $2,507,622,617 | $46,659,954,092 | $44,601,688,164 |
| 2019 | $2,735,683,570 | $2,651,940,022 | $46,845,900,350 | $44,849,398,935 |
| 2020 | $2,457,604,334 | $2,380,954,251 | $46,691,989,749 | $45,197,173,729 |
| 2021 | $2,768,802,960 | $2,486,224,986 | $59,067,289,574 | $48,103,175,756 |
| 2022 | $2,898,227,744 | $2,615,853,471 | $70,422,346,142 | $52,582,143,957 |
| 2023 | $3,012,896,789 | $2,737,023,912 | $69,843,655,425 | $57,069,235,865 |
| 2024 | - | - | $70,962,185,791 | $60,565,728,422 |
Economic indicators
|
Bhutan
|
DR Congo
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$3.01B
2023 |
$71B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
170/197
2023 |
87/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
3.96%
2022-2023 |
1.6%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$3,831
2023 |
$649
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
132/197
2023 |
190/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$16,215
2023 |
$1,821
2024 |
| Government debt |
$3.48B
2023 |
$13.7B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
116.7%
2026 |
13.8%
2026 |
| Government debt per person |
$4,423
2023 |
$125.4
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
88/185
2023 |
183/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$6,460
2026 |
$1,758
2026 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
22.7%
2022 |
35.7%
2020 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3.6%
2022 |
2.1%
2020 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
33.2%
2026 |
16.5%
2026 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
3.4%
2025-2026 |
2.89%
2015-2016 |
| Central bank interest rate | n/a |
25%
2023 |
| Unemployment rate |
3.28%
2024 |
1.47%
2020 |
| Population |
802266
|
116492354
|
GDP per capita in Bhutan vs DR Congo
Bhutan's GDP per capita is $3,831, ranking 132/197, compared to $649 in the DR Congo, ranking 190/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bhutan ranks 109th at $16,215, while the DR Congo ranks 190th at $1,821.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bhutan
|
DR Congo
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | - | - | $220.1 | - |
| 1961 | - | - | $197.1 | - |
| 1962 | - | - | $235.1 | - |
| 1963 | - | - | $376 | - |
| 1964 | - | - | $169.9 | - |
| 1965 | - | - | $232 | - |
| 1966 | - | - | $252.8 | - |
| 1967 | - | - | $183.3 | - |
| 1968 | - | - | $205.6 | - |
| 1969 | - | - | $257.1 | - |
| 1970 | $200.3 | - | $242.2 | - |
| 1971 | $207.7 | - | $270.3 | - |
| 1972 | $212.4 | - | $290.5 | - |
| 1973 | $230.9 | - | $361 | - |
| 1974 | $262.8 | - | $428 | - |
| 1975 | $237.4 | - | $445 | - |
| 1976 | $233.7 | - | $408 | - |
| 1977 | $249.9 | - | $509 | - |
| 1978 | $232.2 | - | $615 | - |
| 1979 | $251.4 | - | $582 | - |
| 1980 | $296.9 | - | $539 | - |
| 1981 | $311 | - | $456 | - |
| 1982 | $306 | - | $482 | - |
| 1983 | $328 | - | $376 | - |
| 1984 | $326 | - | $259.8 | - |
| 1985 | $321 | - | $230.1 | - |
| 1986 | $365 | - | $250.9 | - |
| 1987 | $449 | - | $230.1 | - |
| 1988 | $489 | - | $257.7 | - |
| 1989 | $462 | - | $254.2 | - |
| 1990 | $488 | $1,638 | $254.9 | $832 |
| 1991 | $401 | $1,657 | $253.8 | $762 |
| 1992 | $416 | $1,840 | $209.7 | $674 |
| 1993 | $407 | $2,001 | $263.3 | $576 |
| 1994 | $467 | $2,146 | $136.5 | $540 |
| 1995 | $530 | $2,374 | $127 | $532 |
| 1996 | $553 | $2,548 | $127.4 | $526 |
| 1997 | $630 | $2,683 | $132.3 | $497 |
| 1998 | $638 | $2,819 | $131.5 | $481 |
| 1999 | $685 | $3,017 | $96.3 | $452 |
| 2000 | $772 | $3,113 | $378 | $417 |
| 2001 | $812 | $3,338 | $142.7 | $404 |
| 2002 | $896 | $3,663 | $162.4 | $410 |
| 2003 | $1,022 | $3,942 | $161.5 | $428 |
| 2004 | $1,130 | $4,173 | $180.7 | $456 |
| 2005 | $1,300 | $4,523 | $214.5 | $484 |
| 2006 | $1,406 | $4,860 | $255.4 | $508 |
| 2007 | $1,850 | $5,729 | $294.1 | $550 |
| 2008 | $1,920 | $6,035 | $353 | $584 |
| 2009 | $1,918 | $6,466 | $280.2 | $573 |
| 2010 | $2,436 | $7,246 | $352 | $606 |
| 2011 | $2,788 | $7,935 | $373 | $644 |
| 2012 | $2,751 | $8,577 | $410 | $648 |
| 2013 | $2,680 | $8,667 | $460 | $761 |
| 2014 | $2,849 | $9,323 | $489 | $859 |
| 2015 | $2,954 | $10,214 | $496 | $910 |
| 2016 | $3,152 | $11,273 | $460 | $950 |
| 2017 | $3,435 | $11,677 | $431 | $991 |
| 2018 | $3,400 | $11,970 | $518 | $1,049 |
| 2019 | $3,577 | $12,909 | $504 | $1,056 |
| 2020 | $3,192 | $12,475 | $486 | $1,089 |
| 2021 | $3,571 | $13,459 | $596 | $1,402 |
| 2022 | $3,711 | $15,064 | $688 | $1,590 |
| 2023 | $3,831 | $16,215 | $660 | $1,731 |
| 2024 | - | - | $649 | $1,821 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Bhutan's government spending was $869M, accounting for 33.2% of its GDP, while the DR Congo's spent $12.7B, or 16.5% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 116.7% in Bhutan and 13.8% in the DR Congo, ranking 13/185 and 177/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bhutan
|
DR Congo
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1987 | 47.5% | 17.3% | - | - |
| 1988 | 45.3% | 24.7% | - | - |
| 1989 | 46.8% | 26.4% | - | - |
| 1990 | 35.8% | 27.4% | - | - |
| 1991 | 30.8% | 33.5% | - | - |
| 1992 | 34.5% | 35.6% | - | - |
| 1993 | 35.2% | 60.2% | - | - |
| 1994 | 37.9% | 53.2% | - | - |
| 1995 | 38.6% | 38.7% | - | - |
| 1996 | 37.9% | 36.8% | 2.17% | - |
| 1997 | 37.8% | 33% | 2.51% | - |
| 1998 | 31.1% | 36.4% | 2.78% | - |
| 1999 | 40.2% | 39.2% | 2.15% | - |
| 2000 | 43% | 44% | 2.49% | 135% |
| 2001 | 50.3% | 52.4% | 4.26% | 185.4% |
| 2002 | 39.3% | 57.7% | 4.17% | 136% |
| 2003 | 34.7% | 68.5% | 9.19% | 114.5% |
| 2004 | 31% | 76% | 8.11% | 164.1% |
| 2005 | 36.4% | 80.8% | 8.28% | 112% |
| 2006 | 33.4% | 80.1% | 8.45% | 107.5% |
| 2007 | 33.2% | 67.3% | 8.78% | 85.1% |
| 2008 | 36.1% | 60.6% | 10.1% | 80.3% |
| 2009 | 39.3% | 61% | 12.4% | 91.6% |
| 2010 | 41.5% | 55.8% | 15.4% | 31.8% |
| 2011 | 36.1% | 62.3% | 13.7% | 29.3% |
| 2012 | 35.1% | 71.5% | 13.4% | 25.1% |
| 2013 | 32.5% | 92.4% | 11.9% | 23.8% |
| 2014 | 28.9% | 89.8% | 12.9% | 22.8% |
| 2015 | 27.5% | 90.2% | 15.2% | 25.5% |
| 2016 | 30.5% | 107.5% | 13.9% | 33% |
| 2017 | 30.6% | 104.1% | 10.4% | 23.2% |
| 2018 | 31.7% | 107.3% | 11.7% | 19.3% |
| 2019 | 24.2% | 99.7% | 13.4% | 19.4% |
| 2020 | 30.9% | 114.9% | 12.6% | 24.9% |
| 2021 | 36.6% | 123.3% | 14.4% | 24.7% |
| 2022 | 32.1% | 117.3% | 18.2% | 22.6% |
| 2023 | 28.8% | 115.4% | 17.2% | 25.1% |
| 2024 | 27.2% | 107.8% | 17.8% | 19.3% |
| 2025 | 30.5% | 102.9% | 17.4% | 16.3% |
| 2026 | 33.2% | 116.7% | 16.5% | 13.8% |
Government deficit by year
In 2023, Bhutan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$142M, equivalent to -4.7% of GDP. This compares to the DR Congo's deficit of -$1.21B, or -1.73% of GDP.
Over the past 28 years, Bhutan recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while the DR Congo ran a deficit in 18 years. On average, Bhutan posted an annual deficit equal to -2.57% of GDP, compared to deficit of -0.52% of GDP for the DR Congo.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bhutan
|
DR Congo
|
|
| 1987 | -0.56% | - |
| 1988 | 1.33% | - |
| 1989 | -10.1% | - |
| 1990 | -7.21% | - |
| 1991 | -0.48% | - |
| 1992 | -3.47% | - |
| 1993 | 4.71% | - |
| 1994 | -0.13% | - |
| 1995 | -0.88% | - |
| 1996 | 2.55% | -0.56% |
| 1997 | -1.92% | -1.06% |
| 1998 | 1.28% | -1.55% |
| 1999 | -1.28% | -1.35% |
| 2000 | -3.39% | -1.85% |
| 2001 | -12.2% | -1.27% |
| 2002 | -4.33% | 0.72% |
| 2003 | -10.2% | -4.24% |
| 2004 | 1.8% | -1.09% |
| 2005 | -6.96% | 0.61% |
| 2006 | -0.07% | 0.99% |
| 2007 | 0.79% | 0.41% |
| 2008 | -2.57% | -0.41% |
| 2009 | -0.8% | 0.92% |
| 2010 | 1.92% | -0.97% |
| 2011 | -3.02% | -0.96% |
| 2012 | -2.1% | 1.71% |
| 2013 | -4.55% | 1.76% |
| 2014 | 2.46% | 4.36% |
| 2015 | -0.49% | 0.66% |
| 2016 | -2.31% | -0.48% |
| 2017 | -4.49% | 0.24% |
| 2018 | -1.52% | -1.17% |
| 2019 | -1.49% | -2.63% |
| 2020 | -1.81% | -3.19% |
| 2021 | -5.76% | -1.4% |
| 2022 | -6.95% | -0.91% |
| 2023 | -4.7% | -1.73% |
| 2024 | -0.17% | -2.02% |
| 2025 | -2.51% | -2.58% |
| 2026 | -2.07% | -1.8% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 20 years, Bhutan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.22%, compared with 77.2% in the DR Congo. In 2016, inflation was 3.4% in Bhutan and 2.89% in the DR Congo.
| Year | Inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bhutan
|
DR Congo
|
|
| 1997 | 8.6% | 198.5% |
| 1998 | 7.6% | 29.1% |
| 1999 | 9.1% | 284.9% |
| 2000 | 7.2% | 514% |
| 2001 | 3.7% | 360% |
| 2002 | 2.9% | 31.5% |
| 2003 | 2.5% | 12.9% |
| 2004 | 3.3% | 3.99% |
| 2005 | 4.8% | 21.3% |
| 2006 | 4.9% | 13.1% |
| 2007 | 5.2% | 16.9% |
| 2008 | 6.3% | 17.3% |
| 2009 | 7.1% | 2.8% |
| 2010 | 4.8% | 7.1% |
| 2011 | 8.6% | 15.3% |
| 2012 | 10.1% | 9.72% |
| 2013 | 8.1% | 0.81% |
| 2014 | 9.6% | 1.24% |
| 2015 | 6.7% | 0.74% |
| 2016 | 3.3% | 2.89% |
| 2017 | 4.3% | - |
| 2018 | 3.6% | - |
| 2019 | 2.8% | - |
| 2020 | 3% | - |
| 2021 | 8.2% | - |
| 2022 | 5.9% | - |
| 2023 | 4.5% | - |
| 2024 | 4.3% | - |
| 2025 | 2.4% | - |
| 2026 | 3.4% | - |
Balance of trade
|
Bhutan
|
DR Congo
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$670M
2024 |
-$2.72B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
114/190
2024 |
153/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-32%
2023 |
-3.83%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$1.29B
2024 |
$31B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$656M
2024 |
$34.9B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$228M
2024 |
$6.14B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$288M
2024 |
$322M
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
53.3%
2023 |
51.8%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
28.4%
2023 |
48.8%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Bhutan
|
DR Congo
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 57.5 | 47.3 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 113/197 | 177/197 |
| Property rights | 69.7 | 15.6 |
| Government integrity | 71.1 | 11.7 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 62.9 | 12 |
| Tax burden | 83.4 | 74.2 |
| Government spending | 68.2 | 92.4 |
| Fiscal health | 25.8 | 97 |
| Business freedom | 67.2 | 32.8 |
| Labor freedom | 57.7 | 54.4 |
| Monetary freedom | 70.5 | 59.4 |
| Trade freedom | 63 | 68.2 |
| Investment freedom | 20 | 30 |
| Financial freedom | 30 | 20 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Bhutan is 57.5, ranking 113/197, compared to 47.3 for the DR Congo, ranking 177/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bhutan
|
DR Congo
|
|
| 1995 | - | 41.4 |
| 1996 | - | 39.5 |
| 1997 | - | 39.5 |
| 1998 | - | 40.6 |
| 1999 | - | 34 |
| 2000 | - | 34.8 |
| 2001 | - | - |
| 2002 | - | - |
| 2003 | - | - |
| 2004 | - | - |
| 2005 | - | - |
| 2006 | - | - |
| 2007 | - | - |
| 2008 | - | - |
| 2009 | 57.7 | 42.8 |
| 2010 | 57 | 41.4 |
| 2011 | 57.6 | 40.7 |
| 2012 | 56.6 | 41.1 |
| 2013 | 55 | 39.6 |
| 2014 | 56.7 | 40.6 |
| 2015 | 57.4 | 45 |
| 2016 | 59.5 | 46.4 |
| 2017 | 58.4 | 56.4 |
| 2018 | 61.8 | 52.1 |
| 2019 | 62.9 | 50.3 |
| 2020 | 62.1 | 49.5 |
| 2021 | 58.3 | 49 |
| 2022 | 59.3 | 47.6 |
| 2023 | 59 | 47.9 |
| 2024 | 55.4 | 47.6 |
| 2025 | 57.5 | 47.3 |
More economic indicators
|
Bhutan
|
DR Congo
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
52.8%
2023 |
46.6%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
29.4%
2023 |
39.9%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
15%
2023 |
9.64%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$2.93B
2023 |
$72.7B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$15,320
2023 |
$1,760
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$941M
2024 |
$5.1B
2023 |
| Total reserves ranking |
143/177
2024 |
99/177
2023 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$22.8M
2024 |
-$2.92B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$22.8M
2024 |
$2.92B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$0
2024 |
$198M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
4.96%
2023 |
0.69%
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
12.4%
2022 |
56.2%
2020 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
45.3%
2023 |
32.5%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.