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Economy of Dominican Republic vs South Africa compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Dominican Republic has a GDP of $124B compared to $401B for South Africa, ranking 63/197 and 40/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Dominican Republic has $73.1B in government debt (58.8% of GDP), compared to $305B (76% of GDP) in South Africa.

Dominican Republic vs South Africa GDP by year

Dominican Republic
South Africa
1x
Year GDP, current $
Dominican Republic South Africa
2024 $124,282,245,639 $401,144,998,374
2023 $120,456,239,154 $381,440,724,491
2022 $113,478,087,135 $407,596,043,068
2021 $94,850,719,517 $419,986,284,375
2020 $78,546,672,407 $337,974,655,408
2019 $89,146,130,745 $389,330,032,224
2018 $84,994,732,049 $405,260,723,893
2017 $79,070,274,743 $381,448,814,653
2016 $75,552,902,636 $323,585,509,674
2015 $70,966,782,572 $346,709,790,459
2014 $67,014,329,100 $381,198,869,776
2013 $62,555,417,415 $400,886,013,596
2012 $60,561,635,556 $434,400,545,086
2011 $57,948,261,616 $458,199,494,831
2010 $53,801,053,353 $417,363,822,802
2009 $48,223,781,477 $329,754,060,647
2008 $48,091,433,554 $316,131,258,616
2007 $43,965,458,509 $333,077,117,254
2006 $37,879,830,084 $303,858,675,364
2005 $35,777,560,684 $288,867,217,197
2004 $22,322,387,382 $255,806,908,595
2003 $21,403,167,848 $197,018,965,309
2002 $27,137,440,786 $129,087,556,612
2001 $25,601,823,688 $135,429,905,923
2000 $24,305,780,629 $151,752,757,215
1999 $22,136,579,397 $151,516,957,079
1998 $21,672,215,547 $152,982,984,557
1997 $20,017,450,041 $168,978,057,328
1996 $18,241,622,548 $163,234,925,381
1995 $16,637,370,839 $171,735,933,897
1994 $14,644,734,599 $153,512,712,382
1993 $13,081,042,400 $147,194,747,566
1992 $11,605,382,504 $146,956,150,987
1991 $9,824,483,340 $135,203,698,238
1990 $7,073,675,545 $126,048,140,142
1989 $6,686,593,060 $108,055,624,082
1988 $5,374,299,981 $103,976,831,871
1987 $5,827,050,753 $96,535,763,418
1986 $6,122,128,558 $73,354,771,399
1985 $5,044,579,979 $64,459,376,087
1984 $11,594,000,000 $84,870,163,366
1983 $9,220,600,000 $96,204,110,942
1982 $8,267,400,000 $85,904,057,409
1981 $7,561,300,000 $93,141,472,164
1980 $6,761,300,000 $89,411,864,402
1979 $5,498,800,000 $63,038,658,089
1978 $4,734,400,000 $51,607,412,902
1977 $4,587,100,000 $45,328,411,332
1976 $3,951,500,000 $41,150,460,288
1975 $3,599,200,000 $42,906,905,672
1974 $2,925,700,000 $41,389,186,095
1973 $2,344,800,000 $33,262,772,008
1972 $1,987,400,000 $24,515,919,217
1971 $1,666,500,000 $23,411,076,638
1970 $1,485,500,000 $21,218,391,513
1969 $1,230,500,000 $19,256,992,297
1968 $1,079,100,000 $17,124,793,150
1967 $1,034,800,000 $15,821,393,671
1966 $983,900,000 $14,211,394,315
1965 $888,100,000 $13,068,994,772
1964 $1,025,599,900 $11,955,995,218
1963 $940,799,900 $10,854,195,658
1962 $824,100,000 $9,813,996,074
1961 $654,100,200 $9,225,996,310
1960 $672,399,700 $8,748,596,501

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

GDP per capita in Dominican Republic vs South Africa by year

Dominican Republic
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
South Africa
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Dominican Republic South Africa
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $10,876 $27,542 $6,267 $15,456
2023 $10,630 $25,840 $6,034 $15,200
2022 $10,104 $24,626 $6,534 $14,749
2021 $8,527 $22,053 $6,829 $13,682
2020 $7,135 $18,998 $5,581 $12,671
2019 $8,183 $19,767 $6,534 $13,361
2018 $7,883 $17,995 $6,914 $13,347
2017 $7,413 $16,846 $6,618 $13,738
2016 $7,160 $16,282 $5,651 $13,519
2015 $6,801 $14,804 $6,112 $13,398
2014 $6,496 $13,465 $6,857 $13,359
2013 $6,137 $12,414 $7,332 $13,369
2012 $6,014 $11,777 $8,077 $12,987
2011 $5,827 $11,695 $8,646 $13,143
2010 $5,479 $11,246 $7,973 $12,637
2009 $4,974 $10,382 $6,375 $12,261
2008 $5,024 $10,346 $6,185 $12,525
2007 $4,650 $9,951 $6,592 $12,047
2006 $4,055 $9,130 $6,077 $11,250
2005 $3,878 $8,215 $5,837 $10,441
2004 $2,452 $7,375 $5,221 $9,714
2003 $2,383 $7,098 $4,062 $9,139
2002 $3,066 $7,158 $2,688 $8,792
2001 $2,936 $6,848 $2,847 $8,428
2000 $2,831 $6,639 $3,218 $8,095
1999 $2,621 $6,305 $3,242 $7,667
1998 $2,608 $5,963 $3,310 $7,463
1997 $2,449 $5,618 $3,700 $7,433
1996 $2,271 $5,161 $3,618 $7,208
1995 $2,109 $4,871 $3,856 $6,875
1994 $1,892 $4,599 $3,489 $6,611
1993 $1,722 $4,474 $3,400 $6,375
1992 $1,558 $4,151 $3,462 $6,275
1991 $1,346 $3,722 $3,243 $6,383
1990 $989 $3,641 $3,093 $6,382
1989 $955 - $2,727 -
1988 $784 - $2,702 -
1987 $868 - $2,586 -
1986 $932 - $2,027 -
1985 $784 - $1,839 -
1984 $1,844 - $2,504 -
1983 $1,500 - $2,938 -
1982 $1,376 - $2,717 -
1981 $1,288 - $3,050 -
1980 $1,180 - $3,029 -
1979 $984 - $2,202 -
1978 $868 - $1,852 -
1977 $863 - $1,671 -
1976 $763 - $1,559 -
1975 $713 - $1,670 -
1974 $595 - $1,656 -
1973 $490 - $1,369 -
1972 $427 - $1,038 -
1971 $368 - $1,020 -
1970 $338 - $952 -
1969 $287.7 - $891 -
1968 $259.6 - $817 -
1967 $256.2 - $779 -
1966 $250.9 - $722 -
1965 $233.2 - $685 -
1964 $277.3 - $646 -
1963 $262.2 - $605 -
1962 $236.8 - $563 -
1961 $193.9 - $546 -
1960 $205.7 - $532 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

The Dominican Republic's GDP per capita is $10,876, ranking 83/197, compared to $6,267 in South Africa, ranking 111/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Dominican Republic ranks 76th at $27,542, while South Africa ranks 112th at $15,456.

Economic indicators

Dominican Republic South Africa
Gross domestic product
$124B
2024
$401B
2024
GDP rank
63/197
2024
40/197
2024
GDP growth
4.95%
2023-2024
0.53%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$10,876
2024
$6,267
2024
GDP per capita rank
83/197
2024
111/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$27,542
2024
$15,456
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
76/197
2024
112/197
2024
Government debt
$73.1B
2024
$305B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
58.8%
2024
76%
2024
Government debt per person
$6,394
2024
$4,761
2024
Government debt per person rank
71/185
2024
83/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,547
2026
$15,431
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$986B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
90,595
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
7
2025
Income share by richest 10%
29.5%
2024
50.5%
2014
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2024
0.9%
2014
Government expenditure, % of GDP
19.5%
2024
33%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.3%
2023-2024
4.36%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
5.5%
2025
6.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.31%
2024
32.3%
2024
Population
11637906
65683993

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Dominican Republic
Spending

Debt
South Africa
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Dominican Republic South Africa
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 19.5% 58.8% 33% 76%
2023 19.1% 60.5% 32.5% 73.2%
2022 18.5% 59.6% 31.9% 70.7%
2021 18.4% 62.8% 32.7% 68.8%
2020 22.2% 71.8% 34.6% 68.9%
2019 17.8% 53.5% 31.4% 56.1%
2018 16.5% 50.8% 30.2% 51.5%
2017 17.3% 49.5% 29.9% 48.6%
2016 17% 46.7% 29.9% 47.1%
2015 16.7% 44.8% 30.2% 45.2%
2014 17% 45% 29.3% 43.3%
2013 18.5% 46.8% 28.9% 40.4%
2012 19.8% 42.4% 28.6% 37.4%
2011 16% 39.1% 28.1% 34.7%
2010 16.1% 37.4% 28.3% 31.2%
2009 16.2% 36.8% 28.5% 27%
2008 18.5% 33.6% 26% 24%
2007 16.3% 32.9% 24.4% 24.3%
2006 17% 36% 24.7% 28%
2005 15.5% 38.3% 25.1% 29.6%
2004 17.3% 34.3% 22.7% 30.7%
2003 17.2% 48.2% 22.6% 31.5%
2002 16.5% 21.5% 22.2% 31.8%
2001 14.9% 20.4% 22.6% 38%
2000 14.1% 16.7% 22.6% 37.9%
1999 13.4% 16% 26.7% 45.9%
1998 12.6% 13.2% 27.1% 45.8%
1997 13.2% 13.8% 27.9% 45.8%
1996 11.4% 23% 28.5% 44.3%
1995 11% 25.7% 27.2% 47%
1994 12.1% 28.5% 31.3% 46.4%
1993 13% 36.1% 29.1% 39.8%
1992 10.4% 38.5% 29.8% 34.8%
1991 8.65% 47.3% 27.8% 34.7%
1990 9.1% 84.7% 28.7% 31.8%
1989 11.3% 62.5% 29.6% 33.3%
1988 12.8% 77% 23.9% 30.6%
1987 11.2% 86.9% 28% 33.5%
1986 10.4% 63.8% 27.8% 32.5%
1985 9.8% 66.3% 26.8% 26.3%
1984 9.32% 28.9% 25.2% 23.2%
1983 10.2% 32.9% 25.1% 28.7%
1982 10.2% 33.1% 23.8% 31.3%
1981 12.1% 29.8% 23.3% 27.4%
1980 12.8% 15.2% 21.8% 33.3%
1979 13.8% 24% 26.5% 41.9%
1978 12.3% 20.9% 26.8% 44.7%
1977 11.4% 16.4% 27.3% 45.3%
1976 12.5% 15.6% 23% 35%
1975 13.7% 13.1% 21.2% 32.8%
1974 14.6% 14.6% 19.1% 33.7%
1973 13.7% 14.6% 21% 38.2%
1972 14.1% 16.4% 22.9% 41.1%
1971 13.8% 17.8% 19.9% 41.1%
1970 13.3% 18% 20% 43.3%
1969 15.5% 17.4% 18.8% 44.4%
1968 15.5% 18.1% 19.4% 42.7%
1967 15% 16.2% 18.8% 41.1%
1966 15.2% 14.5% 18.3% 41.4%
1965 12.8% - 18.2% 42.7%
1964 16.7% - 11.3% 30%
1963 15.1% - 15.9% 43.4%
1962 15.7% - 15.9% 45.7%
1961 20% - 15.7% 52.8%
1960 20.1% - 16.7% 52.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

In 2024, the Dominican Republic's government spending was $24.2B, accounting for 19.5% of its GDP, while South Africa spent $132B, or 33% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 58.8% in the Dominican Republic and 76% in South Africa, ranking 83/185 and 48/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Dominican Republic

South Africa
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Dominican Republic South Africa
2024 -3.09% -5.79%
2023 -3.28% -5.55%
2022 -3.25% -4.25%
2021 -2.92% -5.54%
2020 -7.94% -9.62%
2019 -3.46% -5.07%
2018 -2.17% -3.73%
2017 -3.12% -4.02%
2016 -3.11% -3.72%
2015 -0.03% -4.37%
2014 -2.76% -3.93%
2013 -4.41% -3.9%
2012 -6.26% -4.04%
2011 -3.07% -3.7%
2010 -2.97% -4.51%
2009 -2.9% -4.67%
2008 -3.43% -0.49%
2007 0.28% 1.22%
2006 -1.69% 0.81%
2005 -0.71% -0.1%
2004 -3.6% -1.04%
2003 -4.24% -1.59%
2002 -2.28% -0.96%
2001 -0.73% -1.02%
2000 -0.86% -1.38%
1999 -0.79% -2.21%
1998 -0.29% -2.56%
1997 -0.64% -4.08%
1996 0.14% -4.53%
1995 0.82% -4.38%
1994 -0.39% -8.09%
1993 -0.16% -8.54%
1992 2.35% -7.09%
1991 0.11% -4.85%
1990 0.39% -3.82%
1989 -0.09% -8.3%
1988 -1.68% -3.29%
1987 -0.75% -6.36%
1986 -0.57% -5.69%
1985 -1.27% -4.86%
1984 -0.95% -5.24%
1983 -1.74% -5.3%
1982 -2.4% -3.88%
1981 -1.92% -3.72%
1980 -1.82% -1.91%
1979 -3.26% -4.65%
1978 -0.82% -5.42%
1977 0.15% -5.52%
1976 -0.22% -4.19%
1975 1.37% -2.62%
1974 -0.93% -1.5%
1973 -0.53% -4.54%
1972 -1.73% -5.39%
1971 -0.85% -1.96%
1970 -0.68% -3.19%
1969 -0.99% -3.94%
1968 -0.99% -3.38%
1967 -1.68% -3.8%
1966 -2.14% -3.04%
1965 -1.84% -3.15%
1964 -1.36% -1.19%
1963 -0.39% -2.26%
1962 -1.17% -1.4%
1961 -3% -3.25%
1960 -0.61% -2.36%
1959 -0.29% -4.4%
1958 -1.29% -3.5%
1957 0.21% -2.8%
1956 -0.05% -2.12%
1955 1.47% -2.9%
1954 1.43% -2.53%
1953 2.79% -3.72%
1952 0% -4.14%
1951 -2.58% -0.4%
1950 -3.66% -2.33%
1949 - -6.87%
1948 - -6.03%
1947 - -1.82%
1946 - -4.03%
1945 - -7.41%
1944 - -8.94%
1943 - -8.49%
1942 - -9.08%
1941 - -7.3%
1940 - -10.9%
1939 - -2.96%
1938 - -3.91%
1937 - -2.16%
1936 - -2.58%
1935 - -3.2%
1934 - -3.29%
1933 - -3.31%
1932 - -4.72%
1931 - -5.31%
1930 - -5.19%
1929 - -4.41%
1928 - -3.29%
1927 - -3.79%
1926 - -4.76%
1925 - -4.92%
1924 - -4.72%
1923 - -5.53%
1922 - -4.51%
1921 - -5.38%
1920 - -5.52%
1919 - -2.6%
1918 - -3.7%
1917 - -3.52%
1916 - -2.57%
1915 - -10.7%
1914 - -11.6%
1913 - -4.15%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1913–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

In 2024, the Dominican Republic's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.84B, equivalent to 3.09% of GDP. This compares to South Africa's deficit of $23.2B, or 5.79% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, the Dominican Republic recorded a fiscal deficit in 57 of those years, while South Africa ran a deficit in 63 years. On average, the Dominican Republic posted an annual deficit equal to 1.62% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.79% of GDP for South Africa.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Dominican Republic

South Africa
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Dominican Republic South Africa
2024 3.3% 4.36%
2023 4.79% 6.08%
2022 8.81% 7.04%
2021 8.24% 4.62%
2020 3.78% 3.23%
2019 1.81% 4.1%
2018 3.56% 4.51%
2017 3.28% 5.19%
2016 1.61% 6.6%
2015 0.84% 4.52%
2014 3% 6.13%
2013 4.83% 5.78%
2012 3.69% 5.74%
2011 5.8% 5%
2010 6.33% 4.07%
2009 1.44% 7.24%
2008 10.6% 9.91%
2007 6.14% 6.18%
2006 7.57% 3.24%
2005 4.19% 2.06%
2004 51.5% -0.69%
2003 27.4% 5.68%
2002 5.22% 9.49%
2001 8.88% 5.7%
2000 7.72% 5.34%
1999 6.47% 5.18%
1998 4.83% 6.88%
1997 8.3% 8.6%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the Dominican Republic has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 7.64%, compared with 5.42% in South Africa. In 2024, inflation was 3.3% in the Dominican Republic and 4.36% in South Africa.

Top exports between countries

Dominican Republic
Export category Export value
Metals $7.48M
Machinery & equipment $1.67M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $226K
Textiles & consumer goods $113K
Chemicals & pharma $54K
Raw materials & minerals $18K
Wood & paper products $13K
Animal & marine products $5K
South Africa
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $11.1M
Chemicals & pharma $983K
Raw materials & minerals $754K
Textiles & consumer goods $314K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $243K
Metals $239K
Raw agricultural goods $86K
Wood & paper products $10K
Precious metals & jewellery $9K
Weapons & explosives $4K

Balance of trade

Dominican Republic South Africa
Current account balance
-$4.17B
2024
-$2.58B
2024
Current account balance ranking
163/190
2024
152/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.35%
2024
-0.64%
2024
Goods imports
$29.8B
2024
$99.8B
2024
Goods exports
$13.9B
2024
$112B
2024
Service imports
$6.34B
2024
$20B
2024
Service exports
$14.7B
2024
$16.1B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
29%
2024
29.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.8%
2024
31.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Dominican Republic South Africa
Economic freedom 63.8 58.6
Economic freedom ranking 77/197 110/197
Property rights 53.9 48.8
Government integrity 39.8 46.7
Judicial effectiveness 58 64.6
Tax burden 84.4 65.4
Government spending 89.1 68.4
Fiscal health 76.6 45.3
Business freedom 71.4 67.9
Labor freedom 53.2 70.8
Monetary freedom 72.1 75.8
Trade freedom 67.4 68.8
Investment freedom 60 40
Financial freedom 40 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Dominican Republic
South Africa
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Dominican Republic South Africa
2026 63.8 58.6
2025 64.3 57.3
2024 62.9 55.3
2023 62.6 55.7
2022 63 56.2
2021 62.1 59.7
2020 60.9 58.8
2019 61 58.3
2018 61.6 63
2017 62.9 62.3
2016 61 61.9
2015 61 62.6
2014 61.3 62.5
2013 59.7 61.8
2012 60.2 62.7
2011 60 62.7
2010 60.3 62.8
2009 59.2 63.8
2008 57.7 63.4
2007 56.8 63.5
2006 56.3 63.7
2005 55.1 62.9
2004 54.6 66.3
2003 57.8 67.1
2002 58.6 64
2001 59.1 63.8
2000 59 63.7
1999 58.1 63.3
1998 58.1 64.3
1997 53.5 63.2
1996 58.1 62.5
1995 55.8 60.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Dominican Republic is 63.8, ranking 77/197, compared to 58.6 for South Africa, ranking 110/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Dominican Republic South Africa
Services, % of GDP
59.8%
2024
63%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
28.7%
2024
24.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.45%
2024
2.81%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$117B
2024
$391B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$26,050
2024
$15,150
2024
Total reserves including gold
$13.5B
2024
$65.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking
71/177
2024
36/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
-$3.59B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.48B
2024
$2.33B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$47.3M
2024
-$1.26B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.62%
2024
5.74%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
19%
2024
55.5%
2014
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27%
2024
14.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1913–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.