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Economy of Dominican Republic vs South Africa compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

The Dominican Republic has a GDP of $127B compared to $427B for South Africa, ranking 65/197 and 40/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Dominican Republic has $75.2B in government debt (59% of GDP), compared to $336B (78.6% of GDP) in South Africa.

Dominican Republic vs South Africa GDP by year

Dominican Republic
South Africa
1x
Year GDP, current $
Dominican Republic South Africa
2025 $127,407,463,759 $427,184,325,997
2024 $124,282,245,639 $401,144,998,374
2023 $120,456,239,154 $381,440,724,491
2022 $113,478,103,598 $407,596,043,068
2021 $94,850,719,517 $419,986,284,375
2020 $78,546,672,407 $337,974,655,408
2019 $89,146,130,745 $389,330,032,224
2018 $84,994,732,049 $405,260,723,893
2017 $79,070,274,743 $381,448,814,653
2016 $75,552,902,636 $323,585,509,674
2015 $70,966,782,572 $346,709,790,459
2014 $67,014,329,100 $381,198,869,776
2013 $62,555,417,415 $400,886,013,596
2012 $60,561,635,556 $434,400,545,086
2011 $57,948,261,616 $458,199,494,831
2010 $53,801,053,353 $417,363,822,802
2009 $48,223,781,477 $329,754,060,647
2008 $48,091,433,554 $316,131,258,616
2007 $43,965,458,509 $333,077,117,254
2006 $37,879,830,084 $303,858,675,364
2005 $35,777,560,684 $288,867,217,197
2004 $22,322,387,382 $255,806,908,595
2003 $21,403,167,848 $197,018,965,309
2002 $27,137,440,786 $129,087,556,612
2001 $25,601,823,688 $135,429,905,923
2000 $24,305,780,629 $151,752,757,215
1999 $22,136,579,397 $151,516,957,079
1998 $21,672,215,547 $152,982,984,557
1997 $20,017,450,041 $168,978,057,328
1996 $18,241,622,548 $163,234,925,381
1995 $16,637,370,839 $171,735,933,897
1994 $14,644,734,599 $153,512,712,382
1993 $13,081,042,400 $147,194,747,566
1992 $11,605,382,504 $146,956,150,987
1991 $9,824,483,340 $135,203,698,238
1990 $7,073,675,545 $126,048,140,142
1989 $6,686,593,060 $108,055,624,082
1988 $5,374,299,981 $103,976,831,871
1987 $5,827,050,753 $96,535,763,418
1986 $6,122,128,558 $73,354,771,399
1985 $5,044,579,979 $64,459,376,087
1984 $11,594,000,000 $84,870,163,366
1983 $9,220,600,000 $96,204,110,942
1982 $8,267,400,000 $85,904,057,409
1981 $7,561,300,000 $93,141,472,164
1980 $6,761,300,000 $89,411,864,402
1979 $5,498,800,000 $63,038,658,089
1978 $4,734,400,000 $51,607,412,902
1977 $4,587,100,000 $45,328,411,332
1976 $3,951,500,000 $41,150,460,288
1975 $3,599,200,000 $42,906,905,672
1974 $2,925,700,000 $41,389,186,095
1973 $2,344,800,000 $33,262,772,008
1972 $1,987,400,000 $24,515,919,217
1971 $1,666,500,000 $23,411,076,638
1970 $1,485,500,000 $21,218,391,513
1969 $1,230,500,000 $19,256,992,297
1968 $1,079,100,000 $17,124,793,150
1967 $1,034,800,000 $15,821,393,671
1966 $983,900,000 $14,211,394,315
1965 $888,100,000 $13,068,994,772
1964 $1,025,599,900 $11,955,995,218
1963 $940,799,900 $10,854,195,658
1962 $824,100,000 $9,813,996,074
1961 $654,100,200 $9,225,996,310
1960 $672,399,700 $8,748,596,501

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

GDP per capita in Dominican Republic vs South Africa by year

Dominican Republic
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
South Africa
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Dominican Republic South Africa
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $11,059 - $6,598 -
2024 $10,876 $27,542 $6,267 $15,456
2023 $10,630 $25,840 $6,034 $15,200
2022 $10,104 $24,626 $6,534 $14,749
2021 $8,527 $22,053 $6,829 $13,682
2020 $7,135 $18,998 $5,581 $12,671
2019 $8,183 $19,767 $6,534 $13,361
2018 $7,883 $17,995 $6,914 $13,347
2017 $7,413 $16,846 $6,618 $13,738
2016 $7,160 $16,282 $5,651 $13,519
2015 $6,801 $14,804 $6,112 $13,398
2014 $6,496 $13,465 $6,857 $13,359
2013 $6,137 $12,414 $7,332 $13,369
2012 $6,014 $11,777 $8,077 $12,987
2011 $5,827 $11,695 $8,646 $13,143
2010 $5,479 $11,246 $7,973 $12,637
2009 $4,974 $10,382 $6,375 $12,261
2008 $5,024 $10,346 $6,185 $12,525
2007 $4,650 $9,951 $6,592 $12,047
2006 $4,055 $9,130 $6,077 $11,250
2005 $3,878 $8,215 $5,837 $10,441
2004 $2,452 $7,375 $5,221 $9,714
2003 $2,383 $7,098 $4,062 $9,139
2002 $3,066 $7,158 $2,688 $8,792
2001 $2,936 $6,848 $2,847 $8,428
2000 $2,831 $6,639 $3,218 $8,095
1999 $2,621 $6,305 $3,242 $7,667
1998 $2,608 $5,963 $3,310 $7,463
1997 $2,449 $5,618 $3,700 $7,433
1996 $2,271 $5,161 $3,618 $7,208
1995 $2,109 $4,871 $3,856 $6,875
1994 $1,892 $4,599 $3,489 $6,611
1993 $1,722 $4,474 $3,400 $6,375
1992 $1,558 $4,151 $3,462 $6,275
1991 $1,346 $3,722 $3,243 $6,383
1990 $989 $3,641 $3,093 $6,382
1989 $955 - $2,727 -
1988 $784 - $2,702 -
1987 $868 - $2,586 -
1986 $932 - $2,027 -
1985 $784 - $1,839 -
1984 $1,844 - $2,504 -
1983 $1,500 - $2,938 -
1982 $1,376 - $2,717 -
1981 $1,288 - $3,050 -
1980 $1,180 - $3,029 -
1979 $984 - $2,202 -
1978 $868 - $1,852 -
1977 $863 - $1,671 -
1976 $763 - $1,559 -
1975 $713 - $1,670 -
1974 $595 - $1,656 -
1973 $490 - $1,369 -
1972 $427 - $1,038 -
1971 $368 - $1,020 -
1970 $338 - $952 -
1969 $287.7 - $891 -
1968 $259.6 - $817 -
1967 $256.2 - $779 -
1966 $250.9 - $722 -
1965 $233.2 - $685 -
1964 $277.3 - $646 -
1963 $262.2 - $605 -
1962 $236.8 - $563 -
1961 $193.9 - $546 -
1960 $205.7 - $532 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

The Dominican Republic's GDP per capita is $11,059, ranking 83/197, compared to $6,598 in South Africa, ranking 109/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Dominican Republic ranks 76th at $27,542, while South Africa ranks 112th at $15,456.

Economic indicators

Dominican Republic South Africa
Gross domestic product
$127B
2025
$427B
2025
GDP rank
65/197
2025
40/197
2025
GDP growth
2.12%
2024-2025
1.11%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$11,059
2025
$6,598
2025
GDP per capita rank
83/197
2025
109/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$27,542
2024
$15,456
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
76/197
2024
112/197
2024
Government debt
$75.2B
2025
$336B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
59%
2025
78.6%
2025
Government debt per person
$6,525
2025
$5,189
2025
Government debt per person rank
73/185
2025
84/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$7,179
2026
$4,738
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.4T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
97,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
7
2026
Income share by richest 10%
29.5%
2024
42.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2024
1.4%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
19.3%
2025
34.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.87%
2024-2025
3.21%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
5.5%
2025
7%
2026
Unemployment rate
5.17%
2025
32.3%
2024
Population
11656588
65829368

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Dominican Republic
Spending

Debt
South Africa
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Dominican Republic South Africa
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 19.3% 59% 34.2% 78.6%
2024 19.5% 58.8% 33% 76%
2023 19.1% 60.5% 32.5% 73.2%
2022 18.5% 59.6% 31.9% 70.7%
2021 18.4% 62.8% 32.7% 68.8%
2020 22.2% 71.8% 34.6% 68.9%
2019 17.8% 53.5% 31.4% 56.1%
2018 16.5% 50.8% 30.2% 51.5%
2017 17.3% 49.5% 29.9% 48.6%
2016 17% 46.7% 29.9% 47.1%
2015 16.7% 44.8% 30.2% 45.2%
2014 17% 45% 29.3% 43.3%
2013 18.5% 46.8% 28.9% 40.4%
2012 19.8% 42.4% 28.6% 37.4%
2011 16% 39.1% 28.1% 34.7%
2010 16.1% 37.4% 28.3% 31.2%
2009 16.2% 36.8% 28.5% 27%
2008 18.5% 33.6% 26% 24%
2007 16.3% 32.9% 24.4% 24.3%
2006 17% 36% 24.7% 28%
2005 15.5% 38.3% 25.1% 29.6%
2004 17.3% 34.3% 22.7% 30.7%
2003 17.2% 48.2% 22.6% 31.5%
2002 16.5% 21.5% 22.2% 31.8%
2001 14.9% 20.4% 22.6% 38%
2000 14.1% 16.7% 22.6% 37.9%
1999 13.4% 16% 26.7% 45.9%
1998 12.6% 13.2% 27.1% 45.8%
1997 13.2% 13.8% 27.9% 45.8%
1996 11.4% 23% 28.5% 44.3%
1995 11% 25.7% 27.2% 47%
1994 12.1% 28.5% 31.3% 46.4%
1993 13% 36.1% 29.1% 39.8%
1992 10.4% 38.5% 29.8% 34.8%
1991 8.65% 47.3% 27.8% 34.7%
1990 9.1% 84.7% 28.7% 31.8%
1989 11.3% 62.5% 29.6% 33.3%
1988 12.8% 77% 23.9% 30.6%
1987 11.2% 86.9% 28% 33.5%
1986 10.4% 63.8% 27.8% 32.5%
1985 9.8% 66.3% 26.8% 26.3%
1984 9.32% 28.9% 25.2% 23.2%
1983 10.2% 32.9% 25.1% 28.7%
1982 10.2% 33.1% 23.8% 31.3%
1981 12.1% 29.8% 23.3% 27.4%
1980 12.8% 15.2% 21.8% 33.3%
1979 13.8% 24% 26.5% 41.9%
1978 12.3% 20.9% 26.8% 44.7%
1977 11.4% 16.4% 27.3% 45.3%
1976 12.5% 15.6% 23% 35%
1975 13.7% 13.1% 21.2% 32.8%
1974 14.6% 14.6% 19.1% 33.7%
1973 13.7% 14.6% 21% 38.2%
1972 14.1% 16.4% 22.9% 41.1%
1971 13.8% 17.8% 19.9% 41.1%
1970 13.3% 18% 20% 43.3%
1969 15.5% 17.4% 18.8% 44.4%
1968 15.5% 18.1% 19.4% 42.7%
1967 15% 16.2% 18.8% 41.1%
1966 15.2% 14.5% 18.3% 41.4%
1965 12.8% - 18.2% 42.7%
1964 16.7% - 11.3% 30%
1963 15.1% - 15.9% 43.4%
1962 15.7% - 15.9% 45.7%
1961 20% - 15.7% 52.8%
1960 20.1% - 16.7% 52.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

In 2025, the Dominican Republic's government spending was $24.6B, accounting for 19.3% of its GDP, while South Africa spent $146B, or 34.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 59% in the Dominican Republic and 78.6% in South Africa, ranking 80/185 and 46/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Dominican Republic

South Africa
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Dominican Republic South Africa
2025 -3.56% -5.78%
2024 -3.09% -5.67%
2023 -3.28% -5.6%
2022 -3.25% -4.25%
2021 -2.92% -5.54%
2020 -7.94% -9.62%
2019 -3.46% -5.07%
2018 -2.17% -3.73%
2017 -3.12% -4.02%
2016 -3.11% -3.72%
2015 -0.03% -4.37%
2014 -2.76% -3.93%
2013 -4.41% -3.9%
2012 -6.26% -4.04%
2011 -3.07% -3.7%
2010 -2.97% -4.51%
2009 -2.9% -4.67%
2008 -3.43% -0.49%
2007 0.28% 1.22%
2006 -1.69% 0.81%
2005 -0.71% -0.1%
2004 -3.6% -1.04%
2003 -4.24% -1.59%
2002 -2.28% -0.96%
2001 -0.73% -1.02%
2000 -0.86% -1.38%
1999 -0.79% -2.21%
1998 -0.29% -2.56%
1997 -0.64% -4.08%
1996 0.14% -4.53%
1995 0.82% -4.38%
1994 -0.39% -8.09%
1993 -0.16% -8.54%
1992 2.35% -7.09%
1991 0.11% -4.85%
1990 0.39% -3.82%
1989 -0.09% -8.3%
1988 -1.68% -3.29%
1987 -0.75% -6.36%
1986 -0.57% -5.69%
1985 -1.27% -4.86%
1984 -0.95% -5.24%
1983 -1.74% -5.3%
1982 -2.4% -3.88%
1981 -1.92% -3.72%
1980 -1.82% -1.91%
1979 -3.26% -4.65%
1978 -0.82% -5.42%
1977 0.15% -5.52%
1976 -0.22% -4.19%
1975 1.37% -2.62%
1974 -0.93% -1.5%
1973 -0.53% -4.54%
1972 -1.73% -5.39%
1971 -0.85% -1.96%
1970 -0.68% -3.19%
1969 -0.99% -3.94%
1968 -0.99% -3.38%
1967 -1.68% -3.8%
1966 -2.14% -3.04%
1965 -1.84% -3.15%
1964 -1.36% -1.19%
1963 -0.39% -2.26%
1962 -1.17% -1.4%
1961 -3% -3.25%
1960 -0.61% -2.36%
1959 -0.29% -4.4%
1958 -1.29% -3.5%
1957 0.21% -2.8%
1956 -0.05% -2.12%
1955 1.47% -2.9%
1954 1.43% -2.53%
1953 2.79% -3.72%
1952 0% -4.14%
1951 -2.58% -0.4%
1950 -3.66% -2.33%
1949 - -6.87%
1948 - -6.03%
1947 - -1.82%
1946 - -4.03%
1945 - -7.41%
1944 - -8.94%
1943 - -8.49%
1942 - -9.08%
1941 - -7.3%
1940 - -10.9%
1939 - -2.96%
1938 - -3.91%
1937 - -2.16%
1936 - -2.58%
1935 - -3.2%
1934 - -3.29%
1933 - -3.31%
1932 - -4.72%
1931 - -5.31%
1930 - -5.19%
1929 - -4.41%
1928 - -3.29%
1927 - -3.79%
1926 - -4.76%
1925 - -4.92%
1924 - -4.72%
1923 - -5.53%
1922 - -4.51%
1921 - -5.38%
1920 - -5.52%
1919 - -2.6%
1918 - -3.7%
1917 - -3.52%
1916 - -2.57%
1915 - -10.7%
1914 - -11.6%
1913 - -4.15%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1913–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

In 2025, the Dominican Republic's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $4.53B, equivalent to 3.56% of GDP. This compares to South Africa's deficit of $24.7B, or 5.78% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, the Dominican Republic recorded a fiscal deficit in 58 of those years, while South Africa ran a deficit in 64 years. On average, the Dominican Republic posted an annual deficit equal to 1.65% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.82% of GDP for South Africa.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Dominican Republic

South Africa
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Dominican Republic South Africa
2025 3.87% 3.21%
2024 3.3% 4.36%
2023 4.79% 6.08%
2022 8.81% 7.04%
2021 8.24% 4.62%
2020 3.78% 3.23%
2019 1.81% 4.1%
2018 3.56% 4.51%
2017 3.28% 5.19%
2016 1.61% 6.6%
2015 0.84% 4.52%
2014 3% 6.13%
2013 4.83% 5.78%
2012 3.69% 5.74%
2011 5.8% 5%
2010 6.33% 4.07%
2009 1.44% 7.24%
2008 10.6% 9.91%
2007 6.14% 6.18%
2006 7.57% 3.24%
2005 4.19% 2.06%
2004 51.5% -0.69%
2003 27.4% 5.68%
2002 5.22% 9.49%
2001 8.88% 5.7%
2000 7.72% 5.34%
1999 6.47% 5.18%
1998 4.83% 6.88%
1997 8.3% 8.6%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, the Dominican Republic has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 7.51%, compared with 5.34% in South Africa. In 2025, inflation was 3.87% in the Dominican Republic and 3.21% in South Africa.

Top exports between countries

Dominican Republic
Export category Export value
Metals $7.48M
Machinery & equipment $337K
Textiles & consumer goods $194K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $176K
Chemicals & pharma $55K
Wood & paper products $33K
Raw materials & minerals $18K
Animal & marine products $5K
Raw agricultural goods $2K
South Africa
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $9.5M
Chemicals & pharma $866K
Raw materials & minerals $778K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $583K
Metals $408K
Textiles & consumer goods $232K
Raw agricultural goods $86K
Wood & paper products $23K
Precious metals & jewellery $9K
Weapons & explosives $4K

Balance of trade

Dominican Republic South Africa
Current account balance
-$1.49B
2025
-$1.81B
2025
Current account balance ranking
128/190
2025
135/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.17%
2025
-0.42%
2025
Goods imports
$29.8B
2025
$104B
2025
Goods exports
$16B
2025
$116B
2025
Service imports
$5.65B
2025
$21.8B
2025
Service exports
$14.4B
2025
$18.1B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
27.9%
2025
29.5%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.6%
2025
31.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Dominican Republic South Africa
Economic freedom 63.8 58.6
Economic freedom ranking 77/197 110/197
Property rights 53.9 48.8
Government integrity 39.8 46.7
Judicial effectiveness 58 64.6
Tax burden 84.4 65.4
Government spending 89.1 68.4
Fiscal health 76.6 45.3
Business freedom 71.4 67.9
Labor freedom 53.2 70.8
Monetary freedom 72.1 75.8
Trade freedom 67.4 68.8
Investment freedom 60 40
Financial freedom 40 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Dominican Republic
South Africa
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Dominican Republic South Africa
2026 63.8 58.6
2025 64.3 57.3
2024 62.9 55.3
2023 62.6 55.7
2022 63 56.2
2021 62.1 59.7
2020 60.9 58.8
2019 61 58.3
2018 61.6 63
2017 62.9 62.3
2016 61 61.9
2015 61 62.6
2014 61.3 62.5
2013 59.7 61.8
2012 60.2 62.7
2011 60 62.7
2010 60.3 62.8
2009 59.2 63.8
2008 57.7 63.4
2007 56.8 63.5
2006 56.3 63.7
2005 55.1 62.9
2004 54.6 66.3
2003 57.8 67.1
2002 58.6 64
2001 59.1 63.8
2000 59 63.7
1999 58.1 63.3
1998 58.1 64.3
1997 53.5 63.2
1996 58.1 62.5
1995 55.8 60.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Dominican Republic is 63.8, ranking 77/197, compared to 58.6 for South Africa, ranking 110/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Dominican Republic South Africa
Services, % of GDP
60.1%
2025
63.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
28.4%
2025
24.1%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.6%
2025
2.83%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$122B
2025
$406B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$26,980
2025
$15,600
2025
Total reserves including gold
$14.8B
2025
$76B
2025
Total reserves ranking
71/177
2025
35/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$5.03B
2025
-$1.85B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.48B
2024
$2.33B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$47.3M
2024
-$1.26B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.61%
2024
5.74%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
17.3%
2025
37.9%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.7%
2025
13.9%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-africa | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1913–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.