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Economy of Dominican Republic vs South Korea compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Dominican Republic has a GDP of $124B compared to $1.88T for South Korea, ranking 63/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Dominican Republic has $73.1B in government debt (58.8% of GDP), compared to $934B (49.8% of GDP) in South Korea.

Dominican Republic vs South Korea GDP by year

Dominican Republic
South Korea
1x
Year GDP, current $
Dominican Republic South Korea
2024 $124,282,245,639 $1,875,388,209,407
2023 $120,456,239,154 $1,844,800,934,392
2022 $113,478,087,135 $1,799,363,116,867
2021 $94,850,719,517 $1,942,313,560,966
2020 $78,546,672,407 $1,744,070,276,373
2019 $89,146,130,745 $1,751,045,752,055
2018 $84,994,732,049 $1,824,251,454,307
2017 $79,070,274,743 $1,710,196,756,713
2016 $75,552,902,636 $1,579,150,518,945
2015 $70,966,782,572 $1,539,212,301,136
2014 $67,014,329,100 $1,556,252,422,020
2013 $62,555,417,415 $1,434,669,686,502
2012 $60,561,635,556 $1,335,343,586,438
2011 $57,948,261,616 $1,307,103,477,219
2010 $53,801,053,353 $1,192,830,015,738
2009 $48,223,781,477 $983,065,242,417
2008 $48,091,433,554 $1,091,580,692,542
2007 $43,965,458,509 $1,220,911,904,593
2006 $37,879,830,084 $1,095,175,538,508
2005 $35,777,560,684 $971,740,329,984
2004 $22,322,387,382 $823,251,107,639
2003 $21,403,167,848 $728,516,494,684
2002 $27,137,440,786 $650,014,391,470
2001 $25,601,823,688 $567,564,806,235
2000 $24,305,780,629 $597,487,173,479
1999 $22,136,579,397 $515,697,079,289
1998 $21,672,215,547 $397,297,216,492
1997 $20,017,450,041 $589,202,526,424
1996 $18,241,622,548 $631,196,863,758
1995 $16,637,370,839 $586,286,469,401
1994 $14,644,734,599 $479,181,794,217
1993 $13,081,042,400 $405,705,302,846
1992 $11,605,382,504 $366,921,291,825
1991 $9,824,483,340 $340,851,946,804
1990 $7,073,675,545 $292,064,221,389
1989 $6,686,593,060 $254,236,243,100
1988 $5,374,299,981 $205,477,530,605
1987 $5,827,050,753 $152,240,393,646
1986 $6,122,128,558 $119,965,960,795
1985 $5,044,579,979 $103,764,281,281
1984 $11,594,000,000 $99,749,645,089
1983 $9,220,600,000 $89,621,208,322
1982 $8,267,400,000 $79,921,300,447
1981 $7,561,300,000 $74,287,368,087
1980 $6,761,300,000 $66,547,970,351
1979 $5,498,800,000 $68,083,884,298
1978 $4,734,400,000 $52,824,793,388
1977 $4,587,100,000 $39,064,462,810
1976 $3,951,500,000 $30,371,074,380
1975 $3,599,200,000 $22,126,033,058
1974 $2,925,700,000 $19,860,929,977
1973 $2,344,800,000 $14,067,523,813
1972 $1,987,400,000 $10,990,490,570
1971 $1,666,500,000 $10,005,257,131
1970 $1,485,500,000 $9,085,001,794
1969 $1,230,500,000 $7,743,940,189
1968 $1,079,100,000 $6,167,109,472
1967 $1,034,800,000 $4,895,076,718
1966 $983,900,000 $3,957,064,541
1965 $888,100,000 $3,141,131,708
1964 $1,025,599,900 $3,476,789,682
1963 $940,799,900 $4,007,692,308
1962 $824,100,000 $2,826,923,077
1961 $654,100,200 $2,427,244,761
1960 $672,399,700 $3,973,069,307

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-korea | CC BY

GDP per capita in Dominican Republic vs South Korea by year

Dominican Republic
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
South Korea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Dominican Republic South Korea
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $10,876 $27,542 $36,239 $61,051
2023 $10,630 $25,840 $35,674 $57,430
2022 $10,104 $24,626 $34,822 $55,509
2021 $8,527 $22,053 $37,518 $51,718
2020 $7,135 $18,998 $33,646 $47,881
2019 $8,183 $19,767 $33,827 $46,511
2018 $7,883 $17,995 $35,364 $45,511
2017 $7,413 $16,846 $33,297 $43,156
2016 $7,160 $16,282 $30,832 $41,673
2015 $6,801 $14,804 $30,172 $39,794
2014 $6,496 $13,465 $30,667 $37,032
2013 $6,137 $12,414 $28,449 $35,844
2012 $6,014 $11,777 $26,601 $35,062
2011 $5,827 $11,695 $26,175 $33,944
2010 $5,479 $11,246 $24,071 $33,120
2009 $4,974 $10,382 $19,937 $30,740
2008 $5,024 $10,346 $22,252 $31,211
2007 $4,650 $9,951 $25,078 $30,255
2006 $4,055 $9,130 $22,610 $27,972
2005 $3,878 $8,215 $20,167 $26,179
2004 $2,452 $7,375 $17,122 $24,658
2003 $2,383 $7,098 $15,212 $22,920
2002 $3,066 $7,158 $13,643 $22,173
2001 $2,936 $6,848 $11,981 $20,442
2000 $2,831 $6,639 $12,710 $19,237
1999 $2,621 $6,305 $11,063 $17,421
1998 $2,608 $5,963 $8,583 $15,500
1997 $2,449 $5,618 $12,822 $16,241
1996 $2,271 $5,161 $13,865 $15,164
1995 $2,109 $4,871 $13,002 $13,921
1994 $1,892 $4,599 $10,734 $12,551
1993 $1,722 $4,474 $9,180 $11,349
1992 $1,558 $4,151 $8,387 $10,468
1991 $1,346 $3,722 $7,873 $9,724
1990 $989 $3,641 $6,813 $8,567
1989 $955 - $5,989 -
1988 $784 - $4,889 -
1987 $868 - $3,658 -
1986 $932 - $2,911 -
1985 $784 - $2,543 -
1984 $1,844 - $2,469 -
1983 $1,500 - $2,246 -
1982 $1,376 - $2,032 -
1981 $1,288 - $1,918 -
1980 $1,180 - $1,746 -
1979 $984 - $1,814 -
1978 $868 - $1,429 -
1977 $863 - $1,073 -
1976 $763 - $847 -
1975 $713 - $627 -
1974 $595 - $572 -
1973 $490 - $412 -
1972 $427 - $328 -
1971 $368 - $304 -
1970 $338 - $281.8 -
1969 $287.7 - $245.5 -
1968 $259.6 - $200 -
1967 $256.2 - $162.5 -
1966 $250.9 - $134.4 -
1965 $233.2 - $109.4 -
1964 $277.3 - $124.2 -
1963 $262.2 - $147 -
1962 $236.8 - $106.6 -
1961 $193.9 - $94.2 -
1960 $205.7 - $158.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-korea | CC BY

The Dominican Republic's GDP per capita is $10,876, ranking 83/197, compared to $36,239 in South Korea, ranking 31/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Dominican Republic ranks 76th at $27,542, while South Korea ranks 33rd at $61,051.

Economic indicators

Dominican Republic South Korea
Gross domestic product
$124B
2024
$1.88T
2024
GDP rank
63/197
2024
12/197
2024
GDP growth
4.95%
2023-2024
2%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$10,876
2024
$36,239
2024
GDP per capita rank
83/197
2024
31/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$27,542
2024
$61,051
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
76/197
2024
33/197
2024
Government debt
$73.1B
2024
$934B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
58.8%
2024
49.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$6,394
2024
$18,052
2024
Government debt per person rank
71/185
2024
33/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,547
2026
$27,215
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.56T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
1,301,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
30
2025
Income share by richest 10%
29.5%
2024
24.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2024
2.9%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
19.5%
2024
22.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.3%
2023-2024
2.32%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
5.5%
2025
2.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.31%
2024
2.78%
2024
Population
11637906
51649918

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Dominican Republic
Spending

Debt
South Korea
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Dominican Republic South Korea
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 19.5% 58.8% 22.5% 49.8%
2023 19.1% 60.5% 23.1% 50.5%
2022 18.5% 59.6% 26.7% 49.8%
2021 18.4% 62.8% 24.1% 48%
2020 22.2% 71.8% 23.7% 45.9%
2019 17.8% 53.5% 21.3% 39.7%
2018 16.5% 50.8% 19.3% 37.9%
2017 17.3% 49.5% 18.6% 38%
2016 17% 46.7% 18.5% 39.1%
2015 16.7% 44.8% 18.8% 38.8%
2014 17% 45% 18.8% 37.9%
2013 18.5% 46.8% 19% 36%
2012 19.8% 42.4% 18.8% 33.5%
2011 16% 39.1% 18.3% 31.7%
2010 16.1% 37.4% 17.9% 28.3%
2009 16.2% 36.8% 19.5% 28.8%
2008 18.5% 33.6% 19.1% 25.9%
2007 16.3% 32.9% 18.8% 26.3%
2006 17% 36% 18.7% 27%
2005 15.5% 38.3% 18.2% 24.9%
2004 17.3% 34.3% 18.5% 21.6%
2003 17.2% 48.2% 17.9% 19.1%
2002 16.5% 21.5% 15.9% 16.4%
2001 14.9% 20.4% 16.9% 16.6%
2000 14.1% 16.7% 16% 16.1%
1999 13.4% 16% 16.1% 15.8%
1998 12.6% 13.2% 16% 13.8%
1997 13.2% 13.8% 13.9% 9.69%
1996 11.4% 23% 14% 7.81%
1995 11% 25.7% 13.5% 8.48%
1994 12.1% 28.5% 15.4% 9.63%
1993 13% 36.1% 15.1% 10.9%
1992 10.4% 38.5% 15.5% 11.6%
1991 8.65% 47.3% 15.4% 11.9%
1990 9.1% 84.7% 15.2% 12.8%
1989 11.3% 62.5% 15% 12.4%
1988 12.8% 77% 13.9% 12.7%
1987 11.2% 86.9% 14.3% 15.3%
1986 10.4% 63.8% 14.9% 14.5%
1985 9.8% 66.3% 15.5% 16.2%
1984 9.32% 28.9% 15.6% 16.9%
1983 10.2% 32.9% 16% 19.3%
1982 10.2% 33.1% 17.8% 20.5%
1981 12.1% 29.8% 16.3% 18.8%
1980 12.8% 15.2% 16.8% 18.6%
1979 13.8% 24% 16.3% 15.7%
1978 12.3% 20.9% 15.7% 18.4%
1977 11.4% 16.4% 17.7% 20.1%
1976 12.5% 15.6% 17% 20.4%
1975 13.7% 13.1% 18.8% 21.5%
1974 14.6% 14.6% 16.1% 18.6%
1973 13.7% 14.6% 14.2% 17.9%
1972 14.1% 16.4% 18.5% 18.3%
1971 13.8% 17.8% 18.5% 14.5%
1970 13.3% 18% 17.5% 6.95%
1969 15.5% 17.4% 19.8% 2.63%
1968 15.5% 18.1% 18.5% 2.76%
1967 15% 16.2% 16.7% 3.74%
1966 15.2% 14.5% 16% 4.44%
1965 12.8% - 13.1% 6.14%
1964 16.7% - 12.1% 6.57%
1963 15.1% - 15.4% 9.21%
1962 15.7% - 22.3% 13%
1961 20% - 21.2% 13.4%
1960 20.1% - 17.9% 13.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-korea | CC BY

In 2024, the Dominican Republic's government spending was $24.2B, accounting for 19.5% of its GDP, while South Korea spent $423B, or 22.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 58.8% in the Dominican Republic and 49.8% in South Korea, ranking 83/185 and 110/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Dominican Republic

South Korea
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Dominican Republic South Korea
2024 -3.09% -0.78%
2023 -3.28% -0.67%
2022 -3.25% -1.49%
2021 -2.92% -0.02%
2020 -7.94% -2.11%
2019 -3.46% 0.35%
2018 -2.17% 2.42%
2017 -3.12% 2.08%
2016 -3.11% 1.56%
2015 -0.03% 0.5%
2014 -2.76% 0.57%
2013 -4.41% 0.79%
2012 -6.26% 1.63%
2011 -3.07% 1.72%
2010 -2.97% 1.61%
2009 -2.9% 0.24%
2008 -3.43% 1.58%
2007 0.28% 2.49%
2006 -1.69% 1.18%
2005 -0.71% 0.95%
2004 -3.6% 0.09%
2003 -4.24% 1.51%
2002 -2.28% 3.23%
2001 -0.73% 2.42%
2000 -0.86% 3.91%
1999 -0.79% 1.15%
1998 -0.29% 1.09%
1997 -0.64% 2.31%
1996 0.14% 2.3%
1995 0.82% 2.16%
1994 -0.39% 2.06%
1993 -0.16% 3.21%
1992 2.35% 2.42%
1991 0.11% 1.94%
1990 0.39% 2.98%
1989 -0.09% 2.27%
1988 -1.68% 2.85%
1987 -0.75% 1.7%
1986 -0.57% 0.8%
1985 -1.27% 0.47%
1984 -0.95% 0.78%
1983 -1.74% 1.05%
1982 -2.4% -0.41%
1981 -1.92% 0.99%
1980 -1.82% 0.46%
1979 -3.26% 0.47%
1978 -0.82% -0.27%
1977 0.15% -1.81%
1976 -0.22% -0.87%
1975 1.37% -3.68%
1974 -0.93% -2.78%
1973 -0.53% -1.72%
1972 -1.73% -4.33%
1971 -0.85% -1.3%
1970 -0.68% -0.52%
1969 -0.99% -2.85%
1968 -0.99% -2.36%
1967 -1.68% -2.87%
1966 -2.14% -4.27%
1965 -1.84% -3.43%
1964 -1.36% -4.1%
1963 -0.39% -4.32%
1962 -1.17% -7.82%
1961 -3% -9.48%
1960 -0.61% -5.18%
1959 -0.29% -6.52%
1958 -1.29% -10%
1957 0.21% -10.1%
1956 -0.05% -10.8%
1955 1.47% -10.6%
1954 1.43% -10.3%
1953 2.79% -4.14%
1952 0% -
1951 -2.58% -
1950 -3.66% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1950–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-korea | CC BY

In 2024, the Dominican Republic's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.84B, equivalent to 3.09% of GDP. This compares to South Korea's deficit of $14.7B, or 0.78% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, the Dominican Republic recorded a fiscal deficit in 57 of those years, while South Korea ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, the Dominican Republic posted an annual deficit equal to 1.62% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.08% of GDP for South Korea.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Dominican Republic

South Korea
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Dominican Republic South Korea
2024 3.3% 2.32%
2023 4.79% 3.6%
2022 8.81% 5.09%
2021 8.24% 2.5%
2020 3.78% 0.54%
2019 1.81% 0.38%
2018 3.56% 1.48%
2017 3.28% 1.94%
2016 1.61% 0.97%
2015 0.84% 0.71%
2014 3% 1.27%
2013 4.83% 1.3%
2012 3.69% 2.19%
2011 5.8% 4.03%
2010 6.33% 2.94%
2009 1.44% 2.76%
2008 10.6% 4.67%
2007 6.14% 2.53%
2006 7.57% 2.24%
2005 4.19% 2.75%
2004 51.5% 3.59%
2003 27.4% 3.51%
2002 5.22% 2.76%
2001 8.88% 4.07%
2000 7.72% 2.26%
1999 6.47% 0.81%
1998 4.83% 7.51%
1997 8.3% 4.44%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-korea | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the Dominican Republic has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 7.64%, compared with 2.68% in South Korea. In 2024, inflation was 3.3% in the Dominican Republic and 2.32% in South Korea.

Top exports between countries

Dominican Republic
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $22.3M
Metals $19.8M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.68M
Chemicals & pharma $1.52M
Raw materials & minerals $989K
Textiles & consumer goods $951K
Wood & paper products $454K
Animal & marine products $230K
Raw agricultural goods $28K
Precious metals & jewellery $22K
South Korea
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $275M
Chemicals & pharma $32M
Raw materials & minerals $5.06M
Metals $4.08M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.78M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.44M
Wood & paper products $2.27M
Raw agricultural goods $1.5M
Precious metals & jewellery $281K
Animal & marine products $179K

Balance of trade

Dominican Republic South Korea
Current account balance
-$4.17B
2024
$99B
2024
Current account balance ranking
163/190
2024
7/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.35%
2024
+5.28%
2024
Goods imports
$29.8B
2024
$596B
2024
Goods exports
$13.9B
2024
$696B
2024
Service imports
$6.34B
2024
$163B
2024
Service exports
$14.7B
2024
$139B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
29%
2024
40.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.8%
2024
44.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Dominican Republic South Korea
Economic freedom 63.8 73.7
Economic freedom ranking 77/197 24/197
Property rights 53.9 89.6
Government integrity 39.8 70.9
Judicial effectiveness 58 77.5
Tax burden 84.4 61.5
Government spending 89.1 82.6
Fiscal health 76.6 93.5
Business freedom 71.4 81.5
Labor freedom 53.2 55
Monetary freedom 72.1 79.3
Trade freedom 67.4 73
Investment freedom 60 60
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Dominican Republic
South Korea
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Dominican Republic South Korea
2026 63.8 73.7
2025 64.3 74
2024 62.9 73.1
2023 62.6 73.7
2022 63 74.6
2021 62.1 74
2020 60.9 74
2019 61 72.3
2018 61.6 73.8
2017 62.9 74.3
2016 61 71.7
2015 61 71.5
2014 61.3 71.2
2013 59.7 70.3
2012 60.2 69.9
2011 60 69.8
2010 60.3 69.9
2009 59.2 68.1
2008 57.7 68.6
2007 56.8 67.8
2006 56.3 67.5
2005 55.1 66.4
2004 54.6 67.8
2003 57.8 68.3
2002 58.6 69.5
2001 59.1 69.1
2000 59 69.7
1999 58.1 69.7
1998 58.1 73.3
1997 53.5 69.8
1996 58.1 73
1995 55.8 72

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-korea | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Dominican Republic is 63.8, ranking 77/197, compared to 73.7 for South Korea, ranking 24/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Dominican Republic South Korea
Services, % of GDP
59.8%
2024
57.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
28.7%
2024
33.9%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.45%
2024
1.46%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$117B
2024
$1.9T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$26,050
2024
$61,930
2024
Total reserves including gold
$13.5B
2024
$418B
2024
Total reserves ranking
71/177
2024
8/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
$33.4B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.48B
2024
$15.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$47.3M
2024
$48.6B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.62%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
19%
2024
14.4%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27%
2024
30%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/south-korea | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1950–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.