Skip to content

Economy of Dominican Republic vs Japan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Dominican Republic has a GDP of $124B compared to $4.03T for Japan, ranking 63/197 and 4/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Dominican Republic has $73.1B in government debt (58.8% of GDP), compared to $9.51T (236.1% of GDP) in Japan.

Dominican Republic vs Japan GDP by year

Dominican Republic
Japan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Dominican Republic Japan
2024 $124,282,245,639 $4,027,597,523,551
2023 $120,456,239,154 $4,213,167,237,906
2022 $113,478,087,135 $4,262,463,317,797
2021 $94,850,719,517 $5,039,148,168,861
2020 $78,546,672,407 $5,054,068,005,376
2019 $89,146,130,745 $5,117,993,853,017
2018 $84,994,732,049 $5,040,880,939,325
2017 $79,070,274,743 $4,930,837,369,151
2016 $75,552,902,636 $5,003,677,627,544
2015 $70,966,782,572 $4,444,930,651,964
2014 $67,014,329,100 $4,896,994,405,353
2013 $62,555,417,415 $5,212,328,181,166
2012 $60,561,635,556 $6,272,362,996,105
2011 $57,948,261,616 $6,233,147,172,341
2010 $53,801,053,353 $5,759,071,769,013
2009 $48,223,781,477 $5,289,493,117,994
2008 $48,091,433,554 $5,106,679,115,127
2007 $43,965,458,509 $4,579,750,920,355
2006 $37,879,830,084 $4,601,663,122,650
2005 $35,777,560,684 $4,831,467,035,390
2004 $22,322,387,382 $4,893,116,005,657
2003 $21,403,167,848 $4,519,561,645,254
2002 $27,137,440,786 $4,182,846,045,874
2001 $25,601,823,688 $4,374,711,694,091
2000 $24,305,780,629 $4,968,359,075,957
1999 $22,136,579,397 $4,635,982,224,064
1998 $21,672,215,547 $4,098,362,709,531
1997 $20,017,450,041 $4,492,448,605,639
1996 $18,241,622,548 $4,923,391,533,852
1995 $16,637,370,839 $5,545,563,663,890
1994 $14,644,734,599 $4,998,797,547,741
1993 $13,081,042,400 $4,536,940,479,038
1992 $11,605,382,504 $3,980,702,922,118
1991 $9,824,483,340 $3,648,065,760,649
1990 $7,073,675,545 $3,185,904,656,664
1989 $6,686,593,060 $3,109,455,047,824
1988 $5,374,299,981 $3,125,724,434,401
1987 $5,827,050,753 $2,580,748,422,781
1986 $6,122,128,558 $2,120,083,812,110
1985 $5,044,579,979 $1,427,019,759,717
1984 $11,594,000,000 $1,345,824,500,837
1983 $9,220,600,000 $1,270,859,919,743
1982 $8,267,400,000 $1,158,731,426,906
1981 $7,561,300,000 $1,245,221,410,764
1980 $6,761,300,000 $1,129,377,244,854
1979 $5,498,800,000 $1,077,910,077,676
1978 $4,734,400,000 $1,035,611,588,217
1977 $4,587,100,000 $737,069,290,928
1976 $3,951,500,000 $598,883,902,156
1975 $3,599,200,000 $532,861,438,885
1974 $2,925,700,000 $490,035,789,970
1973 $2,344,800,000 $441,460,582,536
1972 $1,987,400,000 $324,933,841,269
1971 $1,666,500,000 $245,364,056,622
1970 $1,485,500,000 $217,223,652,719
1969 $1,230,500,000 $184,298,841,305
1968 $1,079,100,000 $156,897,496,759
1967 $1,034,800,000 $132,475,614,227
1966 $983,900,000 $113,046,784,179
1965 $888,100,000 $97,338,107,606
1964 $1,025,599,900 $87,490,590,818
1963 $940,799,900 $74,379,284,603
1962 $824,100,000 $64,987,857,542
1961 $654,100,200 $57,266,758,180
1960 $672,399,700 $47,419,238,274

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/japan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Dominican Republic vs Japan by year

Dominican Republic
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Dominican Republic Japan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $10,876 $27,542 $32,487 $52,039
2023 $10,630 $25,840 $33,836 $50,662
2022 $10,104 $24,626 $34,066 $47,192
2021 $8,527 $22,053 $40,095 $44,355
2020 $7,135 $18,998 $40,029 $42,426
2019 $8,183 $19,767 $40,416 $42,678
2018 $7,883 $17,995 $39,751 $42,142
2017 $7,413 $16,846 $38,834 $41,444
2016 $7,160 $16,282 $39,375 $40,597
2015 $6,801 $14,804 $34,961 $40,899
2014 $6,496 $13,465 $38,475 $39,555
2013 $6,137 $12,414 $40,899 $39,402
2012 $6,014 $11,777 $49,145 $37,606
2011 $5,827 $11,695 $48,760 $36,214
2010 $5,479 $11,246 $44,968 $35,336
2009 $4,974 $10,382 $41,309 $33,543
2008 $5,024 $10,346 $39,876 $35,274
2007 $4,650 $9,951 $35,779 $35,015
2006 $4,055 $9,130 $35,992 $33,632
2005 $3,878 $8,215 $37,813 $32,170
2004 $2,452 $7,375 $38,299 $30,832
2003 $2,383 $7,098 $35,387 $29,392
2002 $3,066 $7,158 $32,821 $28,624
2001 $2,936 $6,848 $34,406 $27,943
2000 $2,831 $6,639 $39,169 $27,288
1999 $2,621 $6,305 $36,610 $25,736
1998 $2,608 $5,963 $32,424 $25,508
1997 $2,449 $5,618 $35,638 $25,619
1996 $2,271 $5,161 $39,150 $24,999
1995 $2,109 $4,871 $44,198 $23,858
1994 $1,892 $4,599 $39,934 $22,823
1993 $1,722 $4,474 $36,345 $22,168
1992 $1,558 $4,151 $31,993 $21,825
1991 $1,346 $3,722 $29,428 $21,227
1990 $989 $3,641 $25,801 $19,912
1989 $955 - $25,266 -
1988 $784 - $25,500 -
1987 $868 - $21,142 -
1986 $932 - $17,452 -
1985 $784 - $11,809 -
1984 $1,844 - $11,207 -
1983 $1,500 - $10,652 -
1982 $1,376 - $9,780 -
1981 $1,288 - $10,583 -
1980 $1,180 - $9,669 -
1979 $984 - $9,301 -
1978 $868 - $9,012 -
1977 $863 - $6,473 -
1976 $763 - $5,310 -
1975 $713 - $4,776 -
1974 $595 - $4,448 -
1973 $490 - $4,061 -
1972 $427 - $3,031 -
1971 $368 - $2,321 -
1970 $338 - $2,101 -
1969 $287.7 - $1,803 -
1968 $259.6 - $1,553 -
1967 $256.2 - $1,326 -
1966 $250.9 - $1,144 -
1965 $233.2 - $994 -
1964 $277.3 - $903 -
1963 $262.2 - $776 -
1962 $236.8 - $685 -
1961 $193.9 - $609 -
1960 $205.7 - $509 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/japan | CC BY

The Dominican Republic's GDP per capita is $10,876, ranking 83/197, compared to $32,487 in Japan, ranking 38/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Dominican Republic ranks 76th at $27,542, while Japan ranks 41st at $52,039.

Economic indicators

Dominican Republic Japan
Gross domestic product
$124B
2024
$4.03T
2024
GDP rank
63/197
2024
4/197
2024
GDP growth
4.95%
2023-2024
0.1%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$10,876
2024
$32,487
2024
GDP per capita rank
83/197
2024
38/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$27,542
2024
$52,039
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
76/197
2024
41/197
2024
Government debt
$73.1B
2024
$9.51T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
58.8%
2024
236.1%
2024
Government debt per person
$6,394
2024
$76,704
2024
Government debt per person rank
71/185
2024
3/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,547
2026
$23,653
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$6.31T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
2,732,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
42
2025
Income share by richest 10%
29.5%
2024
23.9%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2024
2.4%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
19.5%
2024
39.1%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.3%
2023-2024
2.74%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
5.5%
2025
0.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.31%
2024
2.54%
2024
Population
11637906
122677250

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Dominican Republic
Spending

Debt
Japan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Dominican Republic Japan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 19.5% 58.8% 39.1% 236.1%
2023 19.1% 60.5% 39.2% 240.5%
2022 18.5% 59.6% 41.8% 248.2%
2021 18.4% 62.8% 42.5% 253.7%
2020 22.2% 71.8% 44.5% 258.4%
2019 17.8% 53.5% 37.3% 236.4%
2018 16.5% 50.8% 36.7% 232.4%
2017 17.3% 49.5% 36.7% 231.3%
2016 17% 46.7% 37.2% 232.4%
2015 16.7% 44.8% 37.3% 228.3%
2014 17% 45% 38.4% 233.3%
2013 18.5% 46.8% 38.8% 229.5%
2012 19.8% 42.4% 38.6% 226.1%
2011 16% 39.1% 38.6% 219.2%
2010 16.1% 37.4% 37.7% 205.9%
2009 16.2% 36.8% 38.7% 198.8%
2008 18.5% 33.6% 34.1% 180.9%
2007 16.3% 32.9% 33.1% 173%
2006 17% 36% 33.1% 174.1%
2005 15.5% 38.3% 33.5% 174.6%
2004 17.3% 34.3% 33.7% 169.5%
2003 17.2% 48.2% 35% 160%
2002 16.5% 21.5% 35.4% 154.1%
2001 14.9% 20.4% 35.2% 145.1%
2000 14.1% 16.7% 36% 135.6%
1999 13.4% 16% 35.6% 129.5%
1998 12.6% 13.2% 38.6% 116%
1997 13.2% 13.8% 33.1% 105%
1996 11.4% 23% 33.8% 98.1%
1995 11% 25.7% 33.4% 92.5%
1994 12.1% 28.5% 32.8% 84.4%
1993 13% 36.1% 32.1% 72.8%
1992 10.4% 38.5% 30.3% 66.8%
1991 8.65% 47.3% 29.3% 62.4%
1990 9.1% 84.7% 29.5% 63.2%
1989 11.3% 62.5% 29.2% 65.7%
1988 12.8% 77% 29.9% 71.9%
1987 11.2% 86.9% 30.6% 75.8%
1986 10.4% 63.8% 30.4% 74.1%
1985 9.8% 66.3% 30.4% 68.3%
1984 9.32% 28.9% 31.2% 65.6%
1983 10.2% 32.9% 31.8% 63.5%
1982 10.2% 33.1% 31.7% 57.7%
1981 12.1% 29.8% 31.5% 52.8%
1980 12.8% 15.2% 33.5% 47.8%
1979 13.8% 24% 33.2% 43.8%
1978 12.3% 20.9% 32.1% 39%
1977 11.4% 16.4% 30.4% 31.1%
1976 12.5% 15.6% 29.1% 26.1%
1975 13.7% 13.1% 28.5% 20.9%
1974 14.6% 14.6% 25.5% 16.7%
1973 13.7% 14.6% 23.3% 15.9%
1972 14.1% 16.4% 23.1% 16.3%
1971 13.8% 17.8% 21.8% 12.6%
1970 13.3% 18% 20.2% 11.2%
1969 15.5% 17.4% 19.8% 11.4%
1968 15.5% 18.1% 20.1% 11.8%
1967 15% 16.2% 19.9% 11.4%
1966 15.2% 14.5% 20.8% 11.2%
1965 12.8% - 20.4% 9.78%
1964 16.7% - 19.8% 8.53%
1963 15.1% - 20% 8.66%
1962 15.7% - 19.4% 9.01%
1961 20% - 18.2% 8.44%
1960 20.1% - 18.4% 10.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/japan | CC BY

In 2024, the Dominican Republic's government spending was $24.2B, accounting for 19.5% of its GDP, while Japan spent $1.57T, or 39.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 58.8% in the Dominican Republic and 236.1% in Japan, ranking 83/185 and 3/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Dominican Republic

Japan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Dominican Republic Japan
2024 -3.09% -1.53%
2023 -3.28% -2.26%
2022 -3.25% -4.21%
2021 -2.92% -6.13%
2020 -7.94% -9.08%
2019 -3.46% -3.04%
2018 -2.17% -2.47%
2017 -3.12% -3.1%
2016 -3.11% -3.6%
2015 -0.03% -3.68%
2014 -2.76% -5.62%
2013 -4.41% -7.61%
2012 -6.26% -8.2%
2011 -3.07% -8.99%
2010 -2.97% -9.08%
2009 -2.9% -9.69%
2008 -3.43% -4.11%
2007 0.28% -2.9%
2006 -1.69% -3.03%
2005 -0.71% -4.44%
2004 -3.6% -5.31%
2003 -4.24% -7.43%
2002 -2.28% -7.34%
2001 -0.73% -6.2%
2000 -0.86% -7.28%
1999 -0.79% -6.75%
1998 -0.29% -10%
1997 -0.64% -3.53%
1996 0.14% -4.87%
1995 0.82% -4.3%
1994 -0.39% -3.76%
1993 -0.16% -2.39%
1992 2.35% 0.57%
1991 0.11% 1.67%
1990 0.39% 1.96%
1989 -0.09% 1.23%
1988 -1.68% 0.49%
1987 -0.75% -0.36%
1986 -0.57% -1.36%
1985 -1.27% -1.37%
1984 -0.95% -2.62%
1983 -1.74% -3.95%
1982 -2.4% -3.81%
1981 -1.92% -3.85%
1980 -1.82% -4.66%
1979 -3.26% -5%
1978 -0.82% -5.79%
1977 0.15% -4.02%
1976 -0.22% -3.89%
1975 1.37% -2.92%
1974 -0.93% 0.38%
1973 -0.53% 0.56%
1972 -1.73% -0.13%
1971 -0.85% 1.21%
1970 -0.68% 1.74%
1969 -0.99% 1.26%
1968 -0.99% 0.88%
1967 -1.68% 0.8%
1966 -2.14% -0.34%
1965 -1.84% 0.48%
1964 -1.36% 0.85%
1963 -0.39% 1.08%
1962 -1.17% 1.49%
1961 -3% 2.58%
1960 -0.61% 1.85%
1959 -0.29% 0.97%
1958 -1.29% -0.1%
1957 0.21% 1.27%
1956 -0.05% 1.39%
1955 1.47% -0.67%
1954 1.43% 0.7%
1953 2.79% 1.65%
1952 0% 2.22%
1951 -2.58% 5.06%
1950 -3.66% 6.99%
1949 - 12.5%
1948 - 7.53%
1947 - 6.09%
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - 0.32%
1942 - -0.13%
1941 - -0.19%
1940 - 0.31%
1939 - 0.11%
1938 - 0.45%
1937 - 0.71%
1936 - 0.34%
1935 - 0.26%
1934 - 0.34%
1933 - 0.28%
1932 - 0.31%
1931 - 0.23%
1930 - 0.19%
1929 - 0.5%
1928 - 0.42%
1927 - 0.58%
1926 - 0.65%
1925 - 0.75%
1924 - 0.84%
1923 - 0.87%
1922 - 0.89%
1921 - 1.43%
1920 - 1.19%
1919 - 1.21%
1918 - 1.58%
1917 - 1.54%
1916 - 1.37%
1915 - 1.41%
1914 - 1.31%
1913 - 1.21%
1912 - 1.27%
1911 - 1.21%
1910 - 1.57%
1909 - 1.51%
1908 - 1.63%
1907 - 1.77%
1906 - 0.46%
1905 - -0.68%
1904 - -0.81%
1903 - 0.19%
1902 - 0.44%
1901 - 0.21%
1900 - 0.53%
1899 - 0.2%
1898 - 0.6%
1897 - 0.33%
1896 - 0.88%
1895 - 0.28%
1894 - -0.24%
1893 - 0.6%
1892 - 0.63%
1891 - 0.61%
1890 - 0.74%
1889 - 0.18%
1888 - 0.13%
1887 - 0.11%
1886 - 0.03%
1885 - 0.01%
1884 - 0.001%
1883 - 0.03%
1882 - 0.001%
1881 - 0.001%
1880 - 0.004%
1879 - 0.02%
1878 - 0.02%
1877 - -0.29%
1876 - -0.42%
1875 - 0.005%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/japan | CC BY

In 2024, the Dominican Republic's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.84B, equivalent to 3.09% of GDP. This compares to Japan's deficit of $61.6B, or 1.53% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, the Dominican Republic recorded a fiscal deficit in 57 of those years, while Japan ran a deficit in 47 years. On average, the Dominican Republic posted an annual deficit equal to 1.62% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3% of GDP for Japan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Dominican Republic

Japan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Dominican Republic Japan
2024 3.3% 2.74%
2023 4.79% 3.27%
2022 8.81% 2.5%
2021 8.24% -0.23%
2020 3.78% -0.02%
2019 1.81% 0.47%
2018 3.56% 0.99%
2017 3.28% 0.48%
2016 1.61% -0.13%
2015 0.84% 0.8%
2014 3% 2.76%
2013 4.83% 0.34%
2012 3.69% -0.04%
2011 5.8% -0.27%
2010 6.33% -0.73%
2009 1.44% -1.35%
2008 10.6% 1.38%
2007 6.14% 0.06%
2006 7.57% 0.25%
2005 4.19% -0.28%
2004 51.5% -0.009%
2003 27.4% -0.26%
2002 5.22% -0.92%
2001 8.88% -0.74%
2000 7.72% -0.68%
1999 6.47% -0.34%
1998 4.83% 0.66%
1997 8.3% 1.75%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/japan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the Dominican Republic has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 7.64%, compared with 0.44% in Japan. In 2024, inflation was 3.3% in the Dominican Republic and 2.74% in Japan.

Top exports between countries

Dominican Republic
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $40.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $11.3M
Chemicals & pharma $8.25M
Metals $7.17M
Textiles & consumer goods $2M
Raw agricultural goods $509K
Precious metals & jewellery $344K
Miscellaneous $100K
Raw materials & minerals $88K
Wood & paper products $38K
Japan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $319M
Raw materials & minerals $11.8M
Miscellaneous $10.8M
Metals $8.29M
Chemicals & pharma $5.5M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.75M
Animal & marine products $357K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $76K
Wood & paper products $42K
Raw agricultural goods $39K

Balance of trade

Dominican Republic Japan
Current account balance
-$4.17B
2024
$194B
2024
Current account balance ranking
163/190
2024
3/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.35%
2024
+4.82%
2024
Goods imports
$29.8B
2024
$719B
2024
Goods exports
$13.9B
2024
$694B
2024
Service imports
$6.34B
2024
$246B
2024
Service exports
$14.7B
2024
$228B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
29%
2024
23.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.8%
2024
22.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Dominican Republic Japan
Economic freedom 63.8 70.3
Economic freedom ranking 77/197 36/197
Property rights 53.9 94.2
Government integrity 39.8 81.1
Judicial effectiveness 58 97.9
Tax burden 84.4 63
Government spending 89.1 52
Fiscal health 76.6 41.7
Business freedom 71.4 77.8
Labor freedom 53.2 65.9
Monetary freedom 72.1 74.3
Trade freedom 67.4 76.2
Investment freedom 60 60
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Dominican Republic
Japan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Dominican Republic Japan
2026 63.8 70.3
2025 64.3 70.2
2024 62.9 67.5
2023 62.6 69.3
2022 63 69.9
2021 62.1 74.1
2020 60.9 73.3
2019 61 72.1
2018 61.6 72.3
2017 62.9 69.6
2016 61 73.1
2015 61 73.3
2014 61.3 72.4
2013 59.7 71.8
2012 60.2 71.6
2011 60 72.8
2010 60.3 72.9
2009 59.2 72.8
2008 57.7 73
2007 56.8 72.7
2006 56.3 73.3
2005 55.1 67.3
2004 54.6 64.3
2003 57.8 67.6
2002 58.6 66.7
2001 59.1 70.9
2000 59 70.7
1999 58.1 69.1
1998 58.1 70.2
1997 53.5 70.3
1996 58.1 72.6
1995 55.8 75

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/japan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Dominican Republic is 63.8, ranking 77/197, compared to 70.3 for Japan, ranking 36/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Dominican Republic Japan
Services, % of GDP
59.8%
2024
69.8%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
28.7%
2024
28.6%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.45%
2024
0.94%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$117B
2024
$4.46T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$26,050
2024
$55,490
2024
Total reserves including gold
$13.5B
2024
$1.23T
2024
Total reserves ranking
71/177
2024
2/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
$191B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.48B
2024
$16.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$47.3M
2024
$203B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.62%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
19%
2024
16.1%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27%
2024
26.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/japan | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.