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Economy of Dominican Republic vs France compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Dominican Republic has a GDP of $124B compared to $3.16T for France, ranking 63/197 and 7/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Dominican Republic has $73.1B in government debt (58.8% of GDP), compared to $3.58T (113.1% of GDP) in France.

Dominican Republic vs France GDP by year

Dominican Republic
France
1x
Year GDP, current $
Dominican Republic France
2024 $124,282,245,639 $3,160,442,622,465
2023 $120,456,239,154 $3,056,250,648,138
2022 $113,478,087,135 $2,794,788,137,067
2021 $94,850,719,517 $2,966,433,692,008
2020 $78,546,672,407 $2,647,926,055,110
2019 $89,146,130,745 $2,722,793,515,172
2018 $84,994,732,049 $2,781,576,320,884
2017 $79,070,274,743 $2,588,868,323,335
2016 $75,552,902,636 $2,470,407,619,777
2015 $70,966,782,572 $2,442,483,452,643
2014 $67,014,329,100 $2,861,236,112,552
2013 $62,555,417,415 $2,816,077,607,875
2012 $60,561,635,556 $2,683,007,095,787
2011 $57,948,261,616 $2,870,408,553,990
2010 $53,801,053,353 $2,646,230,027,988
2009 $48,223,781,477 $2,700,075,882,519
2008 $48,091,433,554 $2,926,802,941,586
2007 $43,965,458,509 $2,655,816,911,867
2006 $37,879,830,084 $2,317,861,544,691
2005 $35,777,560,684 $2,192,146,403,028
2004 $22,322,387,382 $2,109,792,297,237
2003 $21,403,167,848 $1,835,095,983,049
2002 $27,137,440,786 $1,492,427,756,382
2001 $25,601,823,688 $1,370,376,677,299
2000 $24,305,780,629 $1,360,959,069,477
1999 $22,136,579,397 $1,486,915,879,702
1998 $21,672,215,547 $1,496,906,382,032
1997 $20,017,450,041 $1,449,392,222,971
1996 $18,241,622,548 $1,598,889,216,566
1995 $16,637,370,839 $1,595,219,345,512
1994 $14,644,734,599 $1,385,822,778,828
1993 $13,081,042,400 $1,314,383,368,080
1992 $11,605,382,504 $1,389,663,073,110
1991 $9,824,483,340 $1,258,961,748,634
1990 $7,073,675,545 $1,257,649,439,827
1989 $6,686,593,060 $1,016,742,237,302
1988 $5,374,299,981 $1,010,827,662,152
1987 $5,827,050,753 $926,320,855,615
1986 $6,122,128,558 $764,946,585,851
1985 $5,044,579,979 $547,220,981,165
1984 $11,594,000,000 $525,033,325,828
1983 $9,220,600,000 $553,356,312,936
1982 $8,267,400,000 $578,152,310,610
1981 $7,561,300,000 $609,184,791,792
1980 $6,761,300,000 $694,529,183,483
1979 $5,498,800,000 $608,218,624,730
1978 $4,734,400,000 $501,724,418,605
1977 $4,587,100,000 $406,401,711,688
1976 $3,951,500,000 $368,363,152,144
1975 $3,599,200,000 $357,324,307,786
1974 $2,925,700,000 $282,739,225,314
1973 $2,344,800,000 $261,970,536,240
1972 $1,987,400,000 $201,738,881,664
1971 $1,666,500,000 $164,694,210,962
1970 $1,485,500,000 $147,312,861,698
1969 $1,230,500,000 $140,660,914,841
1968 $1,079,100,000 $128,710,572,572
1967 $1,034,800,000 $118,088,635,381
1966 $983,900,000 $109,306,730,313
1965 $888,100,000 $100,927,668,584
1964 $1,025,599,900 $93,424,179,943
1963 $940,799,900 $84,227,606,650
1962 $824,100,000 $75,196,980,365
1961 $654,100,200 $67,158,050,215
1960 $672,399,700 $61,959,085,885

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/france | CC BY

GDP per capita in Dominican Republic vs France by year

Dominican Republic
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
France
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Dominican Republic France
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $10,876 $27,542 $46,103 $62,557
2023 $10,630 $25,840 $44,700 $60,839
2022 $10,104 $24,626 $40,989 $57,043
2021 $8,527 $22,053 $43,725 $52,517
2020 $7,135 $18,998 $39,170 $49,482
2019 $8,183 $19,767 $40,408 $51,130
2018 $7,883 $17,995 $41,418 $46,381
2017 $7,413 $16,846 $38,687 $44,469
2016 $7,160 $16,282 $37,024 $42,880
2015 $6,801 $14,804 $36,702 $40,905
2014 $6,496 $13,465 $43,148 $40,218
2013 $6,137 $12,414 $42,669 $39,583
2012 $6,014 $11,777 $40,864 $37,671
2011 $5,827 $11,695 $43,930 $37,510
2010 $5,479 $11,246 $40,695 $35,908
2009 $4,974 $10,382 $41,728 $34,685
2008 $5,024 $10,346 $45,465 $35,053
2007 $4,650 $9,951 $41,486 $34,066
2006 $4,055 $9,130 $36,432 $32,424
2005 $3,878 $8,215 $34,696 $30,431
2004 $2,452 $7,375 $33,645 $28,921
2003 $2,383 $7,098 $29,480 $28,024
2002 $3,066 $7,158 $24,145 $28,350
2001 $2,936 $6,848 $22,332 $27,347
2000 $2,831 $6,639 $22,341 $26,007
1999 $2,621 $6,305 $24,576 $24,204
1998 $2,608 $5,963 $24,869 $23,263
1997 $2,449 $5,618 $24,169 $22,190
1996 $2,271 $5,161 $26,758 $21,268
1995 $2,109 $4,871 $26,792 $20,701
1994 $1,892 $4,599 $23,360 $19,892
1993 $1,722 $4,474 $22,239 $19,094
1992 $1,558 $4,151 $23,615 $18,801
1991 $1,346 $3,722 $21,501 $18,198
1990 $989 $3,641 $21,586 $17,475
1989 $955 - $17,547 -
1988 $784 - $17,550 -
1987 $868 - $16,176 -
1986 $932 - $13,430 -
1985 $784 - $9,657 -
1984 $1,844 - $9,312 -
1983 $1,500 - $9,862 -
1982 $1,376 - $10,360 -
1981 $1,288 - $10,956 -
1980 $1,180 - $12,565 -
1979 $984 - $11,063 -
1978 $868 - $9,167 -
1977 $863 - $7,459 -
1976 $763 - $6,792 -
1975 $713 - $6,617 -
1974 $595 - $5,261 -
1973 $490 - $4,907 -
1972 $427 - $3,809 -
1971 $368 - $3,137 -
1970 $338 - $2,833 -
1969 $287.7 - $2,729 -
1968 $259.6 - $2,518 -
1967 $256.2 - $2,328 -
1966 $250.9 - $2,173 -
1965 $233.2 - $2,024 -
1964 $277.3 - $1,891 -
1963 $262.2 - $1,723 -
1962 $236.8 - $1,554 -
1961 $193.9 - $1,402 -
1960 $205.7 - $1,307 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/france | CC BY

The Dominican Republic's GDP per capita is $10,876, ranking 83/197, compared to $46,103 in France, ranking 27/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Dominican Republic ranks 76th at $27,542, while France ranks 30th at $62,557.

Economic indicators

Dominican Republic France
Gross domestic product
$124B
2024
$3.16T
2024
GDP rank
63/197
2024
7/197
2024
GDP growth
4.95%
2023-2024
1.19%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$10,876
2024
$46,103
2024
GDP per capita rank
83/197
2024
27/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$27,542
2024
$62,557
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
76/197
2024
30/197
2024
Government debt
$73.1B
2024
$3.58T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
58.8%
2024
113.1%
2024
Government debt per person
$6,394
2024
$52,165
2024
Government debt per person rank
71/185
2024
8/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,547
2026
$35,669
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$2.37T
2018
Number of millionaires n/a
2,897,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
52
2025
Income share by richest 10%
29.5%
2024
25%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2024
3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
19.5%
2024
57.2%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.3%
2023-2024
2%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
5.5%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
5.31%
2024
7.44%
2024
Population
11637906
68788006

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Dominican Republic
Spending

Debt
France
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Dominican Republic France
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 19.5% 58.8% 57.2% 113.1%
2023 19.1% 60.5% 56.8% 109.6%
2022 18.5% 59.6% 58.4% 111.4%
2021 18.4% 62.8% 59.5% 112.8%
2020 22.2% 71.8% 61.7% 114.9%
2019 17.8% 53.5% 55.3% 98.1%
2018 16.5% 50.8% 56.4% 98.5%
2017 17.3% 49.5% 57.7% 98.7%
2016 17% 46.7% 57.4% 98.1%
2015 16.7% 44.8% 57.6% 96.9%
2014 17% 45% 58.4% 96.1%
2013 18.5% 46.8% 58.6% 94.5%
2012 19.8% 42.4% 57.9% 91.7%
2011 16% 39.1% 57% 88.7%
2010 16.1% 37.4% 57.7% 86.3%
2009 16.2% 36.8% 58% 84.1%
2008 18.5% 33.6% 54.3% 69.8%
2007 16.3% 32.9% 53.6% 65.5%
2006 17% 36% 53.7% 65.4%
2005 15.5% 38.3% 54.3% 68.2%
2004 17.3% 34.3% 54% 66.9%
2003 17.2% 48.2% 54.4% 65.4%
2002 16.5% 21.5% 53.9% 61.3%
2001 14.9% 20.4% 52.8% 59.3%
2000 14.1% 16.7% 52.6% 59.7%
1999 13.4% 16% 53.7% 61.4%
1998 12.6% 13.2% 54% 62.1%
1997 13.2% 13.8% 55.6% 62%
1996 11.4% 23% 56% 60.6%
1995 11% 25.7% 56% 57.8%
1994 12.1% 28.5% 55.9% 51.6%
1993 13% 36.1% 56.5% 48.2%
1992 10.4% 38.5% 54% 41.7%
1991 8.65% 47.3% 52.7% 37.8%
1990 9.1% 84.7% 51.6% 36.8%
1989 11.3% 62.5% 48.9% 34%
1988 12.8% 77% 50.1% 33.3%
1987 11.2% 86.9% 50.7% 33.4%
1986 10.4% 63.8% 51.3% 31.1%
1985 9.8% 66.3% 51.9% 30.6%
1984 9.32% 28.9% 51.2% 29%
1983 10.2% 32.9% 50.2% 26.6%
1982 10.2% 33.1% 49.9% 25.3%
1981 12.1% 29.8% 48.5% 22%
1980 12.8% 15.2% 46% 20.7%
1979 13.8% 24% 44.9% 21.1%
1978 12.3% 20.9% 44.7% 21.2%
1977 11.4% 16.4% 21.4% 15%
1976 12.5% 15.6% 21.7% 15.1%
1975 13.7% 13.1% 22% 16.1%
1974 14.6% 14.6% 19.9% 15.4%
1973 13.7% 14.6% 19.7% 15.8%
1972 14.1% 16.4% 19.8% 17.7%
1971 13.8% 17.8% 20% 20.1%
1970 13.3% 18% 20.5% 21%
1969 15.5% 17.4% 21.5% 14.4%
1968 15.5% 18.1% 22.7% 15.8%
1967 15% 16.2% 21.4% 16.1%
1966 15.2% 14.5% 21.4% 15.3%
1965 12.8% - 21.1% 17.6%
1964 16.7% - 21% 19.6%
1963 15.1% - 22.6% 22.2%
1962 15.7% - 21.7% 23.6%
1961 20% - 21.9% 26.3%
1960 20.1% - 22.2% 28.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/france | CC BY

In 2024, the Dominican Republic's government spending was $24.2B, accounting for 19.5% of its GDP, while France spent $1.81T, or 57.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 58.8% in the Dominican Republic and 113.1% in France, ranking 83/185 and 14/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Dominican Republic

France
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Dominican Republic France
2024 -3.09% -5.77%
2023 -3.28% -5.44%
2022 -3.25% -4.74%
2021 -2.92% -6.58%
2020 -7.94% -8.93%
2019 -3.46% -2.39%
2018 -2.17% -2.32%
2017 -3.12% -3.36%
2016 -3.11% -3.76%
2015 -0.03% -3.89%
2014 -2.76% -4.57%
2013 -4.41% -4.94%
2012 -6.26% -5.17%
2011 -3.07% -5.3%
2010 -2.97% -7.16%
2009 -2.9% -7.38%
2008 -3.43% -3.5%
2007 0.28% -2.99%
2006 -1.69% -2.66%
2005 -0.71% -3.5%
2004 -3.6% -3.55%
2003 -4.24% -4.09%
2002 -2.28% -3.18%
2001 -0.73% -1.42%
2000 -0.86% -1.32%
1999 -0.79% -1.55%
1998 -0.29% -2.39%
1997 -0.64% -3.71%
1996 0.14% -3.89%
1995 0.82% -5.11%
1994 -0.39% -5.46%
1993 -0.16% -6.4%
1992 2.35% -4.64%
1991 0.11% -2.89%
1990 0.39% -2.45%
1989 -0.09% -1.9%
1988 -1.68% -2.7%
1987 -0.75% -2.13%
1986 -0.57% -3.3%
1985 -1.27% -3.08%
1984 -0.95% -2.8%
1983 -1.74% -2.58%
1982 -2.4% -2.91%
1981 -1.92% -2.39%
1980 -1.82% -0.27%
1979 -3.26% -0.36%
1978 -0.82% -1.73%
1977 0.15% 0.9%
1976 -0.22% 1.01%
1975 1.37% -0.28%
1974 -0.93% 3.05%
1973 -0.53% 1.97%
1972 -1.73% 1.94%
1971 -0.85% -0.13%
1970 -0.68% 0.02%
1969 -0.99% -0.49%
1968 -0.99% -2.54%
1967 -1.68% -0.8%
1966 -2.14% -0.57%
1965 -1.84% -0.07%
1964 -1.36% -0.25%
1963 -0.39% -2.24%
1962 -1.17% -1.53%
1961 -3% -1.36%
1960 -0.61% -1.95%
1959 -0.29% 0.56%
1958 -1.29% 0.08%
1957 0.21% -1.99%
1956 -0.05% -2.62%
1955 1.47% -1.04%
1954 1.43% -0.78%
1953 2.79% -4.79%
1952 0% -6.82%
1951 -2.58% -4.42%
1950 -3.66% -5.56%
1949 - -7.31%
1948 - -9.11%
1947 - -7.6%
1946 - -8.1%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -6.89%
1936 - -4.76%
1935 - -4.22%
1934 - -4.31%
1933 - -4.96%
1932 - -1.86%
1931 - -2.06%
1930 - -1.65%
1929 - 1.48%
1928 - 1.13%
1927 - -0.04%
1926 - -0.02%
1925 - -0.87%
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - 0.05%
1912 - 0.23%
1911 - 0.31%
1910 - -0.12%
1909 - -0.11%
1908 - -0.15%
1907 - 0.23%
1906 - -0.04%
1905 - 0.18%
1904 - 0.3%
1903 - 0.21%
1902 - -0.37%
1901 - -0.39%
1900 - 0.21%
1899 - 0.21%
1898 - 0.29%
1897 - 0.01%
1896 - -0.03%
1895 - -0.07%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - -0.3%
1892 - -0.03%
1891 - 0.36%
1890 - 0.31%
1889 - 0.09%
1888 - 0.18%
1887 - -0.07%
1886 - -0.5%
1885 - -0.59%
1884 - -0.35%
1883 - -0.23%
1882 - -0.15%
1881 - 0.64%
1880 - 0.65%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/france | CC BY

In 2024, the Dominican Republic's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.84B, equivalent to 3.09% of GDP. This compares to France's deficit of $182B, or 5.77% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, the Dominican Republic recorded a fiscal deficit in 57 of those years, while France ran a deficit in 59 years. On average, the Dominican Republic posted an annual deficit equal to 1.62% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.71% of GDP for France.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Dominican Republic

France
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Dominican Republic France
2024 3.3% 2%
2023 4.79% 4.88%
2022 8.81% 5.22%
2021 8.24% 1.64%
2020 3.78% 0.48%
2019 1.81% 1.11%
2018 3.56% 1.85%
2017 3.28% 1.03%
2016 1.61% 0.18%
2015 0.84% 0.04%
2014 3% 0.51%
2013 4.83% 0.86%
2012 3.69% 1.95%
2011 5.8% 2.11%
2010 6.33% 1.53%
2009 1.44% 0.09%
2008 10.6% 2.81%
2007 6.14% 1.49%
2006 7.57% 1.68%
2005 4.19% 1.75%
2004 51.5% 2.14%
2003 27.4% 2.1%
2002 5.22% 1.92%
2001 8.88% 1.63%
2000 7.72% 1.68%
1999 6.47% 0.54%
1998 4.83% 0.65%
1997 8.3% 1.2%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/france | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the Dominican Republic has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 7.64%, compared with 1.61% in France. In 2024, inflation was 3.3% in the Dominican Republic and 2% in France.

Top exports between countries

Dominican Republic
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $38.7M
Raw agricultural goods $13.8M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $11.6M
Chemicals & pharma $5.24M
Metals $2.89M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.32M
Wood & paper products $889K
Raw materials & minerals $803K
Miscellaneous $691K
Animal & marine products $245K
France
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $66.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $37.6M
Animal & marine products $36.2M
Chemicals & pharma $35.9M
Raw materials & minerals $14M
Textiles & consumer goods $13.5M
Metals $3.27M
Wood & paper products $2.04M
Precious metals & jewellery $1.66M
Miscellaneous $1.28M

Balance of trade

Dominican Republic France
Current account balance
-$4.17B
2024
$2.69B
2024
Current account balance ranking
163/190
2024
42/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.35%
2024
+0.09%
2024
Goods imports
$29.8B
2024
$733B
2024
Goods exports
$13.9B
2024
$668B
2024
Service imports
$6.34B
2024
$341B
2024
Service exports
$14.7B
2024
$403B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
29%
2024
34.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.8%
2024
33.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Dominican Republic France
Economic freedom 63.8 64.6
Economic freedom ranking 77/197 72/197
Property rights 53.9 91.2
Government integrity 39.8 73.4
Judicial effectiveness 58 84.7
Tax burden 84.4 54.6
Government spending 89.1 0.9
Fiscal health 76.6 34.8
Business freedom 71.4 78.4
Labor freedom 53.2 59.1
Monetary freedom 72.1 73.2
Trade freedom 67.4 79.4
Investment freedom 60 75
Financial freedom 40 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Dominican Republic
France
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Dominican Republic France
2026 63.8 64.6
2025 64.3 64.4
2024 62.9 62.5
2023 62.6 63.6
2022 63 65.9
2021 62.1 65.7
2020 60.9 66
2019 61 63.8
2018 61.6 63.9
2017 62.9 63.3
2016 61 62.3
2015 61 62.5
2014 61.3 63.5
2013 59.7 64.1
2012 60.2 63.2
2011 60 64.6
2010 60.3 64.2
2009 59.2 63.3
2008 57.7 64.7
2007 56.8 62.1
2006 56.3 61.1
2005 55.1 60.5
2004 54.6 60.9
2003 57.8 59.2
2002 58.6 58
2001 59.1 58
2000 59 57.4
1999 58.1 59.1
1998 58.1 58.9
1997 53.5 59.1
1996 58.1 63.7
1995 55.8 64.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/france | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Dominican Republic is 63.8, ranking 77/197, compared to 64.6 for France, ranking 72/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Dominican Republic France
Services, % of GDP
59.8%
2024
70.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
28.7%
2024
17.2%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.45%
2024
1.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$117B
2024
$3.1T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$26,050
2024
$63,880
2024
Total reserves including gold
$13.5B
2024
$283B
2024
Total reserves ranking
71/177
2024
13/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
-$10.3B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.48B
2024
$52.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$47.3M
2024
$41.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.62%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
19%
2024
15.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27%
2024
21.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.