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Economy of Dominican Republic vs Finland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Dominican Republic has a GDP of $124B compared to $299B for Finland, ranking 63/197 and 47/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Dominican Republic has $73.1B in government debt (58.8% of GDP), compared to $245B (82.1% of GDP) in Finland.

Dominican Republic vs Finland GDP by year

Dominican Republic
Finland
1x
Year GDP, current $
Dominican Republic Finland
2024 $124,282,245,639 $298,696,961,298
2023 $120,456,239,154 $295,021,982,463
2022 $113,478,087,135 $280,253,099,309
2021 $94,850,719,517 $294,223,210,496
2020 $78,546,672,407 $270,000,311,606
2019 $89,146,130,745 $267,014,821,129
2018 $84,994,732,049 $273,869,255,596
2017 $79,070,274,743 $253,846,138,440
2016 $75,552,902,636 $238,777,818,793
2015 $70,966,782,572 $233,210,733,506
2014 $67,014,329,100 $273,478,528,955
2013 $62,555,417,415 $270,268,036,626
2012 $60,561,635,556 $257,443,384,493
2011 $57,948,261,616 $275,126,915,516
2010 $53,801,053,353 $249,429,613,683
2009 $48,223,781,477 $253,480,783,439
2008 $48,091,433,554 $285,698,662,071
2007 $43,965,458,509 $256,360,251,538
2006 $37,879,830,084 $217,044,068,234
2005 $35,777,560,684 $204,859,368,791
2004 $22,322,387,382 $197,458,297,640
2003 $21,403,167,848 $171,612,867,736
2002 $27,137,440,786 $140,360,963,812
2001 $25,601,823,688 $129,519,672,869
2000 $24,305,780,629 $125,967,821,111
1999 $22,136,579,397 $135,234,241,918
1998 $21,672,215,547 $133,990,876,725
1997 $20,017,450,041 $126,862,902,302
1996 $18,241,622,548 $131,991,975,149
1995 $16,637,370,839 $134,060,457,516
1994 $14,644,734,599 $103,182,697,780
1993 $13,081,042,400 $89,112,105,756
1992 $11,605,382,504 $112,537,828,511
1991 $9,824,483,340 $127,794,441,994
1990 $7,073,675,545 $141,446,120,355
1989 $6,686,593,060 $118,991,270,611
1988 $5,374,299,981 $109,039,090,263
1987 $5,827,050,753 $91,564,993,913
1986 $6,122,128,558 $73,511,611,541
1985 $5,044,579,979 $55,856,676,899
1984 $11,594,000,000 $52,870,993,273
1983 $9,220,600,000 $50,956,447,481
1982 $8,267,400,000 $52,784,013,815
1981 $7,561,300,000 $52,440,066,134
1980 $6,761,300,000 $53,649,984,061
1979 $5,498,800,000 $44,469,218,440
1978 $4,734,400,000 $36,259,392,058
1977 $4,587,100,000 $33,502,784,418
1976 $3,951,500,000 $31,852,352,670
1975 $3,599,200,000 $29,475,251,333
1974 $2,925,700,000 $24,851,036,710
1973 $2,344,800,000 $19,474,098,335
1972 $1,987,400,000 $14,744,499,570
1971 $1,666,500,000 $12,528,522,307
1970 $1,485,500,000 $11,358,529,162
1969 $1,230,500,000 $10,177,524,839
1968 $1,079,100,000 $8,916,565,041
1967 $1,034,800,000 $9,468,272,357
1966 $983,900,000 $9,306,142,172
1965 $888,100,000 $8,680,393,839
1964 $1,025,599,900 $7,848,987,793
1963 $940,799,900 $6,958,916,548
1962 $824,100,000 $6,407,796,043
1961 $654,100,200 $5,984,433,774
1960 $672,399,700 $5,279,481,824

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/finland | CC BY

GDP per capita in Dominican Republic vs Finland by year

Dominican Republic
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Finland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Dominican Republic Finland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $10,876 $27,542 $53,150 $65,378
2023 $10,630 $25,840 $52,834 $63,415
2022 $10,104 $24,626 $50,441 $62,133
2021 $8,527 $22,053 $53,099 $56,790
2020 $7,135 $18,998 $48,829 $53,297
2019 $8,183 $19,767 $48,358 $52,276
2018 $7,883 $17,995 $49,654 $49,249
2017 $7,413 $16,846 $46,085 $47,235
2016 $7,160 $16,282 $43,451 $44,562
2015 $6,801 $14,804 $42,560 $42,258
2014 $6,496 $13,465 $50,074 $41,547
2013 $6,137 $12,414 $49,691 $41,326
2012 $6,014 $11,777 $47,552 $40,739
2011 $5,827 $11,695 $51,060 $40,846
2010 $5,479 $11,246 $46,506 $38,946
2009 $4,974 $10,382 $47,478 $37,988
2008 $5,024 $10,346 $53,769 $40,081
2007 $4,650 $9,951 $48,473 $37,843
2006 $4,055 $9,130 $41,214 $34,440
2005 $3,878 $8,215 $39,050 $32,048
2004 $2,452 $7,375 $37,768 $31,195
2003 $2,383 $7,098 $32,920 $29,043
2002 $3,066 $7,158 $26,989 $28,596
2001 $2,936 $6,848 $24,965 $27,798
2000 $2,831 $6,639 $24,336 $26,783
1999 $2,621 $6,305 $26,180 $24,762
1998 $2,608 $5,963 $26,000 $23,570
1997 $2,449 $5,618 $24,682 $21,787
1996 $2,271 $5,161 $25,757 $20,067
1995 $2,109 $4,871 $26,246 $19,568
1994 $1,892 $4,599 $20,278 $18,458
1993 $1,722 $4,474 $17,589 $17,458
1992 $1,558 $4,151 $22,320 $17,271
1991 $1,346 $3,722 $25,489 $17,563
1990 $989 $3,641 $28,366 $18,149
1989 $955 - $23,969 -
1988 $784 - $22,044 -
1987 $868 - $18,565 -
1986 $932 - $14,947 -
1985 $784 - $11,394 -
1984 $1,844 - $10,830 -
1983 $1,500 - $10,494 -
1982 $1,376 - $10,935 -
1981 $1,288 - $10,925 -
1980 $1,180 - $11,225 -
1979 $984 - $9,333 -
1978 $868 - $7,629 -
1977 $863 - $7,070 -
1976 $763 - $6,740 -
1975 $713 - $6,256 -
1974 $595 - $5,298 -
1973 $490 - $4,174 -
1972 $427 - $3,178 -
1971 $368 - $2,716 -
1970 $338 - $2,466 -
1969 $287.7 - $2,201 -
1968 $259.6 - $1,927 -
1967 $256.2 - $2,056 -
1966 $250.9 - $2,032 -
1965 $233.2 - $1,902 -
1964 $277.3 - $1,726 -
1963 $262.2 - $1,538 -
1962 $236.8 - $1,427 -
1961 $193.9 - $1,341 -
1960 $205.7 - $1,192 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/finland | CC BY

The Dominican Republic's GDP per capita is $10,876, ranking 83/197, compared to $53,150 in Finland, ranking 23/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Dominican Republic ranks 76th at $27,542, while Finland ranks 27th at $65,378.

Economic indicators

Dominican Republic Finland
Gross domestic product
$124B
2024
$299B
2024
GDP rank
63/197
2024
47/197
2024
GDP growth
4.95%
2023-2024
0.42%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$10,876
2024
$53,150
2024
GDP per capita rank
83/197
2024
23/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$27,542
2024
$65,378
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
76/197
2024
27/197
2024
Government debt
$73.1B
2024
$245B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
58.8%
2024
82.1%
2024
Government debt per person
$6,394
2024
$43,662
2024
Government debt per person rank
71/185
2024
12/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,547
2026
$36,394
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$20.3B
2004
Number of billionaires n/a
7
2025
Income share by richest 10%
29.5%
2024
22.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2024
3.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
19.5%
2024
57.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.3%
2023-2024
1.57%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
5.5%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
5.31%
2024
8.34%
2024
Population
11637906
5631965

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Dominican Republic
Spending

Debt
Finland
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Dominican Republic Finland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 19.5% 58.8% 57.7% 82.1%
2023 19.1% 60.5% 55.9% 77.5%
2022 18.5% 59.6% 52.6% 74%
2021 18.4% 62.8% 55.2% 73.2%
2020 22.2% 71.8% 56.5% 75.3%
2019 17.8% 53.5% 52.6% 65.3%
2018 16.5% 50.8% 52.7% 65.3%
2017 17.3% 49.5% 52.8% 66.6%
2016 17% 46.7% 55.1% 68.6%
2015 16.7% 44.8% 55.7% 68.8%
2014 17% 45% 57.6% 64.8%
2013 18.5% 46.8% 57.1% 60.8%
2012 19.8% 42.4% 55.7% 57.9%
2011 16% 39.1% 53.8% 52%
2010 16.1% 37.4% 54% 50.1%
2009 16.2% 36.8% 54.1% 41.5%
2008 18.5% 33.6% 47.9% 32.6%
2007 16.3% 32.9% 46.7% 33.9%
2006 17% 36% 48.3% 38%
2005 15.5% 38.3% 49.2% 39.9%
2004 17.3% 34.3% 48.2% 42.6%
2003 17.2% 48.2% 48.3% 42.7%
2002 16.5% 21.5% 47.5% 40.1%
2001 14.9% 20.4% 46.2% 40.9%
2000 14.1% 16.7% 46.9% 42.4%
1999 13.4% 16% 49.9% 44%
1998 12.6% 13.2% 51.3% 46.8%
1997 13.2% 13.8% 54.9% 52.2%
1996 11.4% 23% 58.5% 55.4%
1995 11% 25.7% 60% 55.2%
1994 12.1% 28.5% 62.2% 56.2%
1993 13% 36.1% 63.7% 54.2%
1992 10.4% 38.5% 60.8% 39.3%
1991 8.65% 47.3% 55.8% 21.9%
1990 9.1% 84.7% 47.1% 13.9%
1989 11.3% 62.5% 44.4% 14.3%
1988 12.8% 77% 46.4% 16.5%
1987 11.2% 86.9% 47.8% 17.6%
1986 10.4% 63.8% 46.9% 16.4%
1985 9.8% 66.3% 46.3% 15.8%
1984 9.32% 28.9% 44.4% 15.2%
1983 10.2% 32.9% 44.4% 15.4%
1982 10.2% 33.1% 42.7% 13.9%
1981 12.1% 29.8% 41% 11.5%
1980 12.8% 15.2% 40.1% 10.9%
1979 13.8% 24% 40.3% 11%
1978 12.3% 20.9% 41.3% 10.7%
1977 11.4% 16.4% 41.7% 8.22%
1976 12.5% 15.6% 39.8% 7.09%
1975 13.7% 13.1% 38.6% 6.76%
1974 14.6% 14.6% 22.9% 2.97%
1973 13.7% 14.6% 21.8% 4.42%
1972 14.1% 16.4% 20.4% 6.46%
1971 13.8% 17.8% 22.8% 7.94%
1970 13.3% 18% 21.9% 9.19%
1969 15.5% 17.4% 22.2% 10.8%
1968 15.5% 18.1% 25.5% 13.9%
1967 15% 16.2% 23.5% 14.2%
1966 15.2% 14.5% 23.3% 13.7%
1965 12.8% - 23.2% 13%
1964 16.7% - 22.8% 12.5%
1963 15.1% - 21.6% 12.2%
1962 15.7% - 23.9% 10.3%
1961 20% - 22.7% 9.12%
1960 20.1% - 22.5% 9.96%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/finland | CC BY

In 2024, the Dominican Republic's government spending was $24.2B, accounting for 19.5% of its GDP, while Finland spent $172B, or 57.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 58.8% in the Dominican Republic and 82.1% in Finland, ranking 83/185 and 42/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Dominican Republic

Finland
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Dominican Republic Finland
2024 -3.09% -4.41%
2023 -3.28% -2.98%
2022 -3.25% -0.18%
2021 -2.92% -2.69%
2020 -7.94% -5.53%
2019 -3.46% -0.93%
2018 -2.17% -0.87%
2017 -3.12% -0.63%
2016 -3.11% -1.7%
2015 -0.03% -2.43%
2014 -2.76% -2.99%
2013 -4.41% -2.52%
2012 -6.26% -2.15%
2011 -3.07% -1.01%
2010 -2.97% -2.57%
2009 -2.9% -2.48%
2008 -3.43% 4.18%
2007 0.28% 5.12%
2006 -1.69% 3.93%
2005 -0.71% 2.59%
2004 -3.6% 2.16%
2003 -4.24% 2.34%
2002 -2.28% 3.97%
2001 -0.73% 4.89%
2000 -0.86% 6.73%
1999 -0.79% 1.6%
1998 -0.29% 1.54%
1997 -0.64% -1.33%
1996 0.14% -3.37%
1995 0.82% -5.98%
1994 -0.39% -6.41%
1993 -0.16% -8.09%
1992 2.35% -4.88%
1991 0.11% 0.3%
1990 0.39% 6.63%
1989 -0.09% 6.73%
1988 -1.68% 5.09%
1987 -0.75% 1.63%
1986 -0.57% 3.83%
1985 -1.27% 3.33%
1984 -0.95% 3.23%
1983 -1.74% 1.52%
1982 -2.4% 3.06%
1981 -1.92% 5.11%
1980 -1.82% 3.7%
1979 -3.26% 3.41%
1978 -0.82% 3.83%
1977 0.15% 6.27%
1976 -0.22% 7.65%
1975 1.37% 4.96%
1974 -0.93% -0.03%
1973 -0.53% 1.48%
1972 -1.73% -0.18%
1971 -0.85% 0.15%
1970 -0.68% 1.06%
1969 -0.99% 0.94%
1968 -0.99% -1.69%
1967 -1.68% -0.26%
1966 -2.14% -1.08%
1965 -1.84% -1.67%
1964 -1.36% -1.35%
1963 -0.39% -2.5%
1962 -1.17% -2.37%
1961 -3% -3.03%
1960 -0.61% -0.52%
1959 -0.29% -0.12%
1958 -1.29% -1.73%
1957 0.21% 0.08%
1956 -0.05% -1.14%
1955 1.47% -1%
1954 1.43% -0.17%
1953 2.79% 0.02%
1952 0% -1.24%
1951 -2.58% 1.1%
1950 -3.66% -0.26%
1949 - -2.77%
1948 - 1.88%
1947 - -5.99%
1946 - -15.3%
1945 - -6.35%
1944 - -21.5%
1943 - -14.2%
1942 - -16.4%
1941 - -35.8%
1940 - -36.9%
1939 - -9.76%
1938 - -1.48%
1937 - -4.44%
1936 - -3.75%
1935 - -3.81%
1934 - -2.81%
1933 - -1.63%
1932 - -2.61%
1931 - -2.32%
1930 - -1.94%
1929 - -0.78%
1928 - -2.07%
1927 - -0.32%
1926 - -2.9%
1925 - -2.92%
1924 - 0.04%
1923 - -2.3%
1922 - 0.62%
1921 - -2.59%
1920 - -2.6%
1919 - -7.49%
1918 - -11.4%
1917 - -1.27%
1916 - 1.48%
1915 - -0.29%
1914 - -1.15%
1913 - -0.25%
1912 - 0.33%
1911 - -0.14%
1910 - -0.3%
1909 - -2.64%
1908 - -1.92%
1907 - 0.24%
1906 - 0.86%
1905 - -1.28%
1904 - -1.63%
1903 - -0.3%
1902 - -1.74%
1901 - -2.13%
1900 - -0.52%
1899 - -1%
1898 - -4.55%
1897 - -0.37%
1896 - -0.56%
1895 - -1.21%
1894 - -0.62%
1893 - 0%
1892 - 0.82%
1891 - 0.16%
1890 - 0.17%
1889 - 0.18%
1888 - -0.59%
1887 - -1.46%
1886 - 0%
1885 - -1.2%
1884 - -0.2%
1883 - 0%
1882 - 0.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1882–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/finland | CC BY

In 2024, the Dominican Republic's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.84B, equivalent to 3.09% of GDP. This compares to Finland's deficit of $13.2B, or 4.41% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, the Dominican Republic recorded a fiscal deficit in 57 of those years, while Finland ran a deficit in 33 years. On average, the Dominican Republic posted an annual deficit equal to 1.62% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.49% of GDP for Finland.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Dominican Republic

Finland
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Dominican Republic Finland
2024 3.3% 1.57%
2023 4.79% 6.25%
2022 8.81% 7.12%
2021 8.24% 2.19%
2020 3.78% 0.29%
2019 1.81% 1.02%
2018 3.56% 1.08%
2017 3.28% 0.75%
2016 1.61% 0.36%
2015 0.84% -0.21%
2014 3% 1.04%
2013 4.83% 1.48%
2012 3.69% 2.81%
2011 5.8% 3.42%
2010 6.33% 1.18%
2009 1.44% -0%
2008 10.6% 4.07%
2007 6.14% 2.51%
2006 7.57% 1.57%
2005 4.19% 0.62%
2004 51.5% 0.19%
2003 27.4% 0.88%
2002 5.22% 1.57%
2001 8.88% 2.58%
2000 7.72% 3.04%
1999 6.47% 1.16%
1998 4.83% 1.4%
1997 8.3% 1.19%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/finland | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the Dominican Republic has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 7.64%, compared with 1.83% in Finland. In 2024, inflation was 3.3% in the Dominican Republic and 1.57% in Finland.

Top exports between countries

Dominican Republic
Export category Export value
Metals $32.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $120K
Raw agricultural goods $52K
Machinery & equipment $46K
Animal & marine products $25K
Chemicals & pharma $18K
Raw materials & minerals $7K
Finland
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $49.2M
Wood & paper products $10.2M
Precious metals & jewellery $1.19M
Chemicals & pharma $206K
Textiles & consumer goods $199K
Metals $166K
Animal & marine products $119K
Raw materials & minerals $29K

Balance of trade

Dominican Republic Finland
Current account balance
-$4.17B
2024
-$1.99B
2024
Current account balance ranking
163/190
2024
143/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.35%
2024
-0.67%
2024
Goods imports
$29.8B
2024
$76.6B
2024
Goods exports
$13.9B
2024
$83.1B
2024
Service imports
$6.34B
2024
$47.4B
2024
Service exports
$14.7B
2024
$42B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
29%
2024
41.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.8%
2024
41.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Dominican Republic Finland
Economic freedom 63.8 76.6
Economic freedom ranking 77/197 15/197
Property rights 53.9 99.9
Government integrity 39.8 95.4
Judicial effectiveness 58 96.4
Tax burden 84.4 68.4
Government spending 89.1 7.9
Fiscal health 76.6 76.3
Business freedom 71.4 85.3
Labor freedom 53.2 65.4
Monetary freedom 72.1 80.3
Trade freedom 67.4 79.4
Investment freedom 60 85
Financial freedom 40 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Dominican Republic
Finland
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Dominican Republic Finland
2026 63.8 76.6
2025 64.3 77
2024 62.9 76.3
2023 62.6 77.1
2022 63 78.3
2021 62.1 76.1
2020 60.9 75.7
2019 61 74.9
2018 61.6 74.1
2017 62.9 74
2016 61 72.6
2015 61 73.4
2014 61.3 73.4
2013 59.7 74
2012 60.2 72.3
2011 60 74
2010 60.3 73.8
2009 59.2 74.5
2008 57.7 74.6
2007 56.8 74
2006 56.3 72.9
2005 55.1 71
2004 54.6 73.4
2003 57.8 73.7
2002 58.6 73.6
2001 59.1 69.7
2000 59 64.3
1999 58.1 63.9
1998 58.1 63.5
1997 53.5 65.2
1996 58.1 63.7
1995 55.8 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/dominican-republic/finland | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Dominican Republic is 63.8, ranking 77/197, compared to 76.6 for Finland, ranking 15/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Dominican Republic Finland
Services, % of GDP
59.8%
2024
62.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
28.7%
2024
22.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.45%
2024
2.47%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$117B
2024
$290B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$26,050
2024
$65,640
2024
Total reserves including gold
$13.5B
2024
$18B
2024
Total reserves ranking
71/177
2024
65/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
$3.28B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.48B
2024
$8.74B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$47.3M
2024
$12B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.62%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
19%
2024
12.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27%
2024
22.3%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1882–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.