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Economy of Canada vs Guinea compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Canada has a GDP of $2.24T compared to $25B for Guinea, ranking 9/197 and 118/197 by economy size, respectively.

Canada has $2.5T in government debt (111.3% of GDP), compared to $12.2B (48.8% of GDP) in Guinea.

Canada vs Guinea GDP by year

Canada
Guinea
1x
Year GDP, current $
Canada Guinea
2024 $2,243,636,826,634 $25,008,678,293
2023 $2,173,339,670,064 $22,407,615,556
2022 $2,190,411,080,134 $19,910,452,542
2021 $2,022,378,748,423 $17,069,115,738
2020 $1,655,684,730,000 $14,088,693,743
2019 $1,743,725,183,673 $13,442,861,496
2018 $1,725,329,192,783 $11,857,030,367
2017 $1,649,265,644,244 $10,324,668,271
2016 $1,527,994,741,907 $8,595,955,222
2015 $1,556,508,816,217 $8,794,201,743
2014 $1,805,749,878,440 $8,778,473,373
2013 $1,846,597,421,835 $8,376,613,539
2012 $1,828,366,481,522 $7,638,044,557
2011 $1,793,326,630,175 $6,785,137,203
2010 $1,617,343,367,486 $6,853,467,146
2009 $1,374,625,142,157 $6,716,905,340
2008 $1,552,989,690,722 $6,964,179,983
2007 $1,468,820,407,783 $6,281,918,226
2006 $1,319,264,809,591 $4,220,019,845
2005 $1,173,108,598,779 $4,282,468,637
2004 $1,026,690,238,278 $5,300,767,961
2003 $895,540,646,635 $5,025,167,975
2002 $760,649,334,098 $4,301,608,753
2001 $738,981,792,355 $4,125,527,603
2000 $744,773,415,932 $4,367,458,867
1999 $678,412,196,271 $5,046,806,783
1998 $634,000,000,000 $5,232,118,046
1997 $654,986,999,856 $5,516,916,163
1996 $630,607,994,133 $5,641,243,100
1995 $605,961,090,061 $5,385,704,166
1994 $579,944,346,807 $4,932,800,407
1993 $579,053,561,739 $4,781,166,117
1992 $594,387,358,319 $4,789,220,417
1991 $612,527,712,316 $4,396,178,694
1990 $596,075,591,361 $3,888,320,666
1989 $567,211,993,243 $3,546,079,263
1988 $509,380,027,627 $3,476,480,303
1987 $433,134,238,311 $2,976,714,019
1986 $379,006,836,992 $2,909,130,355
1985 $366,186,012,450 $22,787,644,566
1984 $356,718,400,124 $18,421,497,251
1983 $341,866,277,183 $15,129,893,722
1982 $314,647,807,409 $11,926,032,493
1981 $307,246,642,756 $9,646,440,667
1980 $274,776,566,028 $9,746,524,915
1979 $243,891,124,296 $8,877,094,497
1978 $219,369,542,386 $8,087,305,999
1977 $212,325,176,305 $6,914,381,291
1976 $207,271,612,576 $6,762,781,871
1975 $174,419,757,177 $6,102,769,605
1974 $160,949,188,139 $5,691,417,541
1973 $131,764,343,566 $5,152,080,388
1972 $113,463,848,874 $4,203,069,035
1971 $99,606,454,744 $3,594,302,908
1970 $88,192,257,632 $3,220,224,608
1969 $79,405,011,125 -
1968 $72,048,833,006 -
1967 $65,856,924,424 -
1966 $61,252,415,405 -
1965 $54,649,410,479 -
1964 $49,503,663,836 -
1963 $45,140,337,827 -
1962 $42,336,211,556 -
1961 $41,038,192,838 -
1960 $40,563,768,947 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/guinea | CC BY

GDP per capita in Canada vs Guinea by year

Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Guinea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Canada Guinea
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $54,340 $64,610 $1,695 $4,565
2023 $54,220 $64,219 $1,555 $4,334
2022 $56,257 $63,944 $1,417 $4,062
2021 $52,887 $56,995 $1,245 $3,739
2020 $43,538 $48,591 $1,054 $3,332
2019 $46,353 $50,499 $1,031 $3,106
2018 $46,539 $49,983 $933 $2,844
2017 $45,130 $48,317 $834 $2,687
2016 $42,314 $46,471 $712 $2,255
2015 $43,594 $44,668 $747 $1,930
2014 $50,961 $45,758 $765 $1,873
2013 $52,638 $44,301 $748 $1,842
2012 $52,670 $42,292 $699 $1,790
2011 $52,224 $41,667 $637 $1,705
2010 $47,561 $40,103 $659 $1,622
2009 $40,875 $38,863 $662 $1,567
2008 $46,710 $40,376 $704 $1,614
2007 $44,660 $39,573 $650 $1,558
2006 $40,504 $38,123 $447 $1,453
2005 $36,384 $36,328 $463 $1,422
2004 $32,146 $33,929 $585 $1,366
2003 $28,302 $32,350 $566 $1,328
2002 $24,256 $30,964 $496 $1,315
2001 $23,822 $30,241 $483 $1,251
2000 $24,271 $29,348 $518 $1,196
1999 $22,315 $27,841 $611 $1,163
1998 $21,025 $26,324 $647 $1,130
1997 $21,902 $25,264 $696 $1,099
1996 $21,297 $24,055 $726 $1,048
1995 $20,680 $23,474 $713 $1,014
1994 $19,998 $22,624 $672 $976
1993 $20,187 $21,432 $671 $947
1992 $20,950 $20,619 $693 $908
1991 $21,847 $20,220 $656 $887
1990 $21,526 $20,226 $604 $871
1989 $20,795 - $570 -
1988 $19,013 - $574 -
1987 $16,378 - $505 -
1986 $14,521 - $506 -
1985 $14,170 - $4,062 -
1984 $13,930 - $3,362 -
1983 $13,477 - $2,823 -
1982 $12,527 - $2,273 -
1981 $12,379 - $1,876 -
1980 $11,208 - $1,931 -
1979 $10,078 - $1,790 -
1978 $9,154 - $1,658 -
1977 $8,949 - $1,440 -
1976 $8,839 - $1,431 -
1975 $7,537 - $1,311 -
1974 $7,057 - $1,243 -
1973 $5,858 - $1,143 -
1972 $5,107 - $948 -
1971 $4,535 - $825 -
1970 $4,136 - $753 -
1969 $3,776 - - -
1968 $3,473 - - -
1967 $3,226 - - -
1966 $3,055 - - -
1965 $2,777 - - -
1964 $2,562 - - -
1963 $2,380 - - -
1962 $2,274 - - -
1961 $2,246 - - -
1960 $2,265 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/guinea | CC BY

Canada's GDP per capita is $54,340, ranking 20/197, compared to $1,695 in Guinea, ranking 160/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Canada ranks 28th at $64,610, while Guinea ranks 161st at $4,565.

Economic indicators

Canada Guinea
Gross domestic product
$2.24T
2024
$25B
2024
GDP rank
9/197
2024
118/197
2024
GDP growth
1.55%
2023-2024
5.35%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$54,340
2024
$1,695
2024
GDP per capita rank
20/197
2024
160/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,610
2024
$4,565
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
28/197
2024
161/197
2024
Government debt
$2.5T
2024
$12.2B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
111.3%
2024
48.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$60,482
2024
$828
2024
Government debt per person rank
4/185
2024
147/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$37,320
2026
$20,020
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$3.37T
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
2,098,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
76
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2021
23.1%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
3.3%
2021
3.5%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.7%
2024
20.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.38%
2023-2024
4.7%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.35%
2024
5.02%
2019
Population
42181965
15546235

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Canada
Spending

Debt
Guinea
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Canada Guinea
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 44.7% 111.3% 20.6% 48.8%
2023 42.1% 107.7% 18.3% 40.4%
2022 40.6% 104.2% 15.7% 37.9%
2021 45.5% 112.6% 15.1% 40.6%
2020 52.4% 118.1% 17.1% 45.3%
2019 40.6% 90.2% 14.9% 37.3%
2018 40.7% 90.8% 15.9% 37.5%
2017 40.5% 90.9% 17.3% 39.9%
2016 40.8% 92.4% 16.1% 40.6%
2015 40% 92% 21.7% 41.5%
2014 38.4% 85.5% 20.1% 32.1%
2013 40% 87.6% 18.6% 30.5%
2012 40.9% 87.2% 19.6% 26.9%
2011 41.6% 84.3% 16% 53.8%
2010 43.1% 84% 20.5% 71.1%
2009 43.4% 81.8% 16.2% 61.3%
2008 38.8% 70.4% 10.1% 58.5%
2007 38.5% 67.2% 8.66% 60.8%
2006 38.7% 69.9% 13.2% 95.2%
2005 38.5% 70.6% 11% 97.9%
2004 39.1% 71.9% 13% 86.9%
2003 40.3% 75.9% 14.7% 81.6%
2002 40.4% 79.6% 14.4% 82.6%
2001 41.1% 81.5% 14.9% 90.4%
2000 40.6% 80.4% 12.6% 91.5%
1999 41.8% 89% 11.6% 92.3%
1998 43.4% 93.3% 10.3% 75.9%
1997 43.5% 95.3% 12.6% 67.9%
1996 45.9% 100.2% 12% 67.7%
1995 47.7% 100.1% 12.7% 66.5%
1994 49% 97.5% 12.6% 71.3%
1993 51.5% 94.7% 13.3% 68.9%
1992 52.5% 88.2% 13.8% 62%
1991 51.4% 81.7% 16.3% 70.9%
1990 48.1% 73.7% 18.7% 71.6%
1989 45.8% 72.2% - -
1988 45.4% 71.1% - -
1987 46.1% 71.4% - -
1986 47.6% 71% - -
1985 48.3% 66.9% - -
1984 47.5% 61.7% - -
1983 47.9% 58.4% - -
1982 47.3% 52.7% - -
1981 42.5% 46.9% - -
1980 41.6% 45.6% - -
1979 40% 45.3% - -
1978 41.6% 48% - -
1977 41.4% 45.1% - -
1976 40.2% 43.6% - -
1975 41.1% 45.2% - -
1974 37.6% 45.8% - -
1973 36% 48% - -
1972 37.5% 53.5% - -
1971 37.3% 55.3% - -
1970 36% 54.3% - -
1969 33.9% 53% - -
1968 33.8% 55.9% - -
1967 32.9% 56.9% - -
1966 30.8% 56.6% - -
1965 29.8% 60.1% - -
1964 29.7% 63.7% - -
1963 30.3% 67% - -
1962 30.6% 67.2% - -
1961 30.6% 68.2% - -
1960 14.9% 66.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/guinea | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government spending was $1T, accounting for 44.7% of its GDP, while Guinea spent $5.14B, or 20.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 111.3% in Canada and 48.8% in Guinea, ranking 15/185 and 111/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Canada

Guinea
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Canada Guinea
2024 -2.01% -4.99%
2023 0.07% -3.86%
2022 0.56% -1.88%
2021 -3.06% -1.7%
2020 -10.9% -3.08%
2019 -0.02% -0.17%
2018 0.36% -0.97%
2017 -0.11% -1.98%
2016 -0.45% -0.08%
2015 -0.06% -6.53%
2014 0.17% -3.01%
2013 -1.49% -3.86%
2012 -2.52% 23.7%
2011 -3.31% -0.92%
2010 -4.74% -9.66%
2009 -3.88% -4.87%
2008 0.18% 0.38%
2007 1.82% 1.28%
2006 1.83% -2.13%
2005 1.55% -1.06%
2004 0.77% -3.85%
2003 -0.13% -4.65%
2002 -0.23% -3.37%
2001 0.53% -3.23%
2000 2.64% -2.42%
1999 1.66% -1.3%
1998 0.14% 2.46%
1997 0.04% 0.07%
1996 -3.05% -2.2%
1995 -5.49% -1.07%
1994 -6.94% -2.59%
1993 -8.93% -2.33%
1992 -9.2% -0.89%
1991 -8.36% -3.25%
1990 -5.91% -3.76%
1989 -4.6% -
1988 -4.33% -
1987 -5.42% -
1986 -7.14% -
1985 -8.59% -
1984 -7.78% -
1983 -8.17% -
1982 -7.03% -
1981 -2.83% -
1980 -4.07% -
1979 -3.41% -
1978 -4.77% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -2.78% -
1975 -3.54% -
1974 1.1% -
1973 0.6% -
1972 -0.97% -
1971 -1.02% -
1970 -0.36% -
1969 1.2% -
1968 -0.45% -
1967 -0.82% -
1966 -0.07% -
1965 -0.25% -
1964 -0.68% -
1963 -2.31% -
1962 -2.6% -
1961 -2.75% -
1960 -0.85% -
1959 -1.08% -
1958 -1.69% -
1957 -0.11% -
1956 0.77% -
1955 -0.11% -
1954 -0.57% -
1953 0.3% -
1952 0.09% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 1.09% -
1949 0.78% -
1948 3.84% -
1947 5.02% -
1946 3.14% -
1945 -17.9% -
1944 -21.6% -
1943 -23.1% -
1942 -20.8% -
1941 -4.79% -
1940 -5.62% -
1939 -2.11% -
1938 -0.97% -
1937 -0.34% -
1936 -1.68% -
1935 -3.72% -
1934 -2.93% -
1933 -3.83% -
1932 -5.79% -
1931 -2.43% -
1930 -1.47% -
1929 0.78% -
1928 1.12% -
1927 0.92% -
1926 0.81% -
1925 0.55% -
1924 0.007% -
1923 0.79% -
1922 -0.75% -
1921 -2% -
1920 -1.82% -
1919 -8.94% -
1918 -8.98% -
1917 -7.83% -
1916 -8.14% -
1915 -6.17% -
1914 -4.63% -
1913 -0.82% -
1912 1.03% -
1911 0.004% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 -0.67% -
1908 -2.78% -
1907 -0.83% -
1906 0.22% -
1905 -0.07% -
1904 -0.44% -
1903 0.07% -
1902 0.91% -
1901 -0.34% -
1900 -0.33% -
1899 0.1% -
1898 -0.3% -
1897 -0.35% -
1896 -0.48% -
1895 -0.85% -
1894 -1.06% -
1893 -0.66% -
1892 -0.07% -
1891 3.23% -
1890 -0.04% -
1889 0% -
1888 -0.48% -
1887 -1.18% -
1886 -0.73% -
1885 -4.82% -
1884 -2.43% -
1883 -3.88% -
1882 -0.78% -
1881 0.32% -
1880 -0.62% -
1879 -2.11% -
1878 -0.63% -
1877 -1.63% -
1876 -2.06% -
1875 -1.88% -
1874 -1.57% -
1873 -1.74% -
1872 -3.93% -
1871 -1.09% -
1870 0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/guinea | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $45.2B, equivalent to 2.01% of GDP. This compares to Guinea's deficit of $1.25B, or 4.99% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Canada recorded a fiscal deficit in 21 of those years, while Guinea ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, Canada posted an annual deficit equal to 1.96% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.65% of GDP for Guinea.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Canada

Guinea
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Canada Guinea
2024 2.38% 4.7%
2023 3.88% 5.4%
2022 6.8% 10.5%
2021 3.4% 12.6%
2020 0.72% 10.6%
2019 1.95% 9.5%
2018 2.27% 9.8%
2017 1.6% 8.9%
2016 1.43% 8.2%
2015 1.13% 8.2%
2014 1.91% 9.7%
2013 0.94% 11.9%
2012 1.52% 15.2%
2011 2.91% 21.4%
2010 1.78% 15.5%
2009 0.3% 4.7%
2008 2.37% 18.4%
2007 2.14% 22.9%
2006 2% 34.7%
2005 2.21% 31.4%
2004 1.86% 17.5%
2003 2.76% 11%
2002 2.26% 3%
2001 2.53% 5.4%
2000 2.72% 6.8%
1999 1.73% 4.6%
1998 1% 5.1%
1997 1.62% 1.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/guinea | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Canada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.15%, compared with 11.8% in Guinea. In 2024, inflation was 2.38% in Canada and 4.7% in Guinea.

Top exports between countries

Canada
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $33.2M
Raw agricultural goods $5.94M
Animal & marine products $5.29M
Miscellaneous $832K
Chemicals & pharma $684K
Textiles & consumer goods $497K
Raw materials & minerals $168K
Metals $163K
Wood & paper products $146K
Weapons & explosives $126K
Guinea
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $40.5M
Machinery & equipment $210K
Precious metals & jewellery $108K
Animal & marine products $5K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5K
Textiles & consumer goods $3K
Miscellaneous $2K
Metals $1K

Balance of trade

Canada Guinea
Current account balance
-$10.3B
2024
-$392M
2024
Current account balance ranking
177/190
2024
104/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.46%
2024
-1.57%
2024
Goods imports
$574B
2024
$7.08B
2024
Goods exports
$569B
2024
$11.6B
2024
Service imports
$160B
2024
$3.15B
2024
Service exports
$159B
2024
$71.2M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.7%
2024
56.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.4%
2024
41.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Canada Guinea
Economic freedom 75.6 53.1
Economic freedom ranking 17/197 141/197
Property rights 85.9 21.3
Government integrity 85.5 26.7
Judicial effectiveness 96 26
Tax burden 74.7 70.1
Government spending 45.9 90.1
Fiscal health 79.7 74.8
Business freedom 84.2 44.8
Labor freedom 68.3 56.4
Monetary freedom 73.8 75.3
Trade freedom 83.2 61.8
Investment freedom 60 50
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Canada
Guinea
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Canada Guinea
2026 75.6 53.1
2025 75.5 54.6
2024 72.4 53.3
2023 73.7 53.2
2022 76.6 54.2
2021 77.9 56.5
2020 78.2 56.5
2019 77.7 55.7
2018 77.7 52.2
2017 78.5 47.6
2016 78 53.3
2015 79.1 52.1
2014 80.2 53.5
2013 79.4 51.2
2012 79.9 50.8
2011 80.8 51.7
2010 80.4 51.8
2009 80.5 51
2008 80.2 52.8
2007 78 54.5
2006 77.4 52.8
2005 75.8 57.4
2004 75.3 56.1
2003 74.8 54.6
2002 74.6 52.9
2001 71.2 58.4
2000 70.5 58.2
1999 69.3 59.4
1998 68.5 61
1997 67.9 52.9
1996 70.3 58.5
1995 69.4 59.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/guinea | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Canada is 75.6, ranking 17/197, compared to 53.1 for Guinea, ranking 141/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Canada Guinea
Services, % of GDP
66.4%
2021
36.3%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.3%
2021
25.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.6%
2021
31%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.2T
2024
$21.3B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$63,630
2024
$4,130
2024
Total reserves including gold
$120B
2024
$1.89B
2023
Total reserves ranking
23/177
2024
128/177
2023
Net foreign direct investment
$27.8B
2024
-$1.4B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$63.1B
2024
$1.4B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$89.4B
2024
$30K
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
1.94%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2020
47%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
32.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/guinea | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2016–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  8. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  9. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.