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Economy of Guinea vs Netherlands compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Guinea has a GDP of $25B compared to $1.21T for the Netherlands, ranking 118/197 and 19/197 by economy size, respectively.

Guinea has $12.2B in government debt (48.8% of GDP), compared to $532B (43.8% of GDP) in the Netherlands.

Guinea vs Netherlands GDP by year

Guinea
Netherlands
1x
Year GDP, current $
Guinea Netherlands
2024 $25,008,678,293 $1,214,927,698,573
2023 $22,407,615,556 $1,135,475,867,551
2022 $19,910,452,542 $1,046,540,797,549
2021 $17,069,115,738 $1,054,472,123,450
2020 $14,088,693,743 $932,560,861,701
2019 $13,442,861,496 $928,903,005,576
2018 $11,857,030,367 $929,733,599,797
2017 $10,324,668,271 $848,233,537,846
2016 $8,595,955,222 $797,163,949,290
2015 $8,794,201,743 $775,743,675,303
2014 $8,778,473,373 $901,556,501,756
2013 $8,376,613,539 $883,951,539,007
2012 $7,638,044,557 $845,689,017,066
2011 $6,785,137,203 $913,140,741,333
2010 $6,853,467,146 $852,464,982,433
2009 $6,716,905,340 $878,954,223,140
2008 $6,964,179,983 $957,901,566,041
2007 $6,281,918,226 $853,499,460,873
2006 $4,220,019,845 $737,593,995,289
2005 $4,282,468,637 $688,133,699,636
2004 $5,300,767,961 $661,224,886,143
2003 $5,025,167,975 $582,435,617,082
2002 $4,301,608,753 $475,529,972,123
2001 $4,125,527,603 $432,536,219,669
2000 $4,367,458,867 $417,649,282,154
1999 $5,046,806,783 $447,778,514,140
1998 $5,232,118,046 $438,612,530,549
1997 $5,516,916,163 $417,506,211,882
1996 $5,641,243,100 $451,372,549,020
1995 $5,385,704,166 $452,967,334,614
1994 $4,932,800,407 $379,688,232,232
1993 $4,781,166,117 $354,070,495,966
1992 $4,789,220,417 $363,497,050,125
1991 $4,396,178,694 $327,982,316,124
1990 $3,888,320,666 $318,799,003,994
1989 $3,546,079,263 $258,716,904,292
1988 $3,476,480,303 $262,295,966,105
1987 $2,976,714,019 $245,406,949,521
1986 $2,909,130,355 $201,157,708,221
1985 $22,787,644,566 $144,057,523,222
1984 $18,421,497,251 $144,124,462,912
1983 $15,129,893,722 $153,671,294,109
1982 $11,926,032,493 $158,712,765,536
1981 $9,646,440,667 $164,375,775,854
1980 $9,746,524,915 $195,439,301,707
1979 $8,877,094,497 $179,933,827,310
1978 $8,087,305,999 $156,089,077,205
1977 $6,914,381,291 $127,203,923,857
1976 $6,762,781,871 $109,329,386,564
1975 $6,102,769,605 $100,397,061,694
1974 $5,691,417,541 $87,371,810,804
1973 $5,152,080,388 $71,946,639,603
1972 $4,203,069,035 $54,787,070,173
1971 $3,594,302,908 $44,644,730,576
1970 $3,220,224,608 $38,220,884,519
1969 - $34,086,038,090
1968 - $30,097,635,751
1967 - $27,143,828,099
1966 - $24,741,480,717
1965 - $22,721,869,808
1964 - $20,232,048,553
1963 - $17,193,744,109
1962 - $15,847,582,341
1961 - $14,599,836,396
1960 - $13,282,979,015

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/netherlands | CC BY

GDP per capita in Guinea vs Netherlands by year

Guinea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Netherlands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Guinea Netherlands
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $1,695 $4,565 $67,520 $86,174
2023 $1,555 $4,334 $63,516 $81,729
2022 $1,417 $4,062 $59,123 $78,630
2021 $1,245 $3,739 $60,142 $68,574
2020 $1,054 $3,332 $53,468 $62,597
2019 $1,031 $3,106 $53,555 $62,345
2018 $933 $2,844 $53,955 $58,819
2017 $834 $2,687 $49,514 $56,038
2016 $712 $2,255 $46,809 $53,162
2015 $747 $1,930 $45,794 $50,957
2014 $765 $1,873 $53,457 $49,751
2013 $748 $1,842 $52,602 $49,622
2012 $699 $1,790 $50,474 $47,653
2011 $637 $1,705 $54,702 $47,004
2010 $659 $1,622 $51,306 $45,301
2009 $662 $1,567 $53,172 $44,959
2008 $704 $1,614 $58,247 $46,714
2007 $650 $1,558 $52,101 $44,203
2006 $447 $1,453 $45,124 $41,208
2005 $463 $1,422 $42,165 $37,778
2004 $585 $1,366 $40,611 $35,961
2003 $566 $1,328 $35,897 $34,286
2002 $496 $1,315 $29,447 $34,568
2001 $483 $1,251 $26,956 $33,259
2000 $518 $1,196 $26,225 $31,895
1999 $611 $1,163 $28,319 $29,316
1998 $647 $1,130 $27,924 $27,749
1997 $696 $1,099 $26,745 $26,062
1996 $726 $1,048 $29,064 $24,564
1995 $713 $1,014 $29,301 $23,480
1994 $672 $976 $24,683 $22,414
1993 $671 $947 $23,156 $21,443
1992 $693 $908 $23,939 $20,831
1991 $656 $887 $21,764 $20,177
1990 $604 $871 $21,322 $19,203
1989 $570 - $17,423 -
1988 $574 - $17,771 -
1987 $505 - $16,734 -
1986 $506 - $13,804 -
1985 $4,062 - $9,941 -
1984 $3,362 - $9,992 -
1983 $2,823 - $10,696 -
1982 $2,273 - $11,089 -
1981 $1,876 - $11,537 -
1980 $1,931 - $13,812 -
1979 $1,790 - $12,817 -
1978 $1,658 - $11,196 -
1977 $1,440 - $9,180 -
1976 $1,431 - $7,937 -
1975 $1,311 - $7,346 -
1974 $1,243 - $6,450 -
1973 $1,143 - $5,353 -
1972 $948 - $4,110 -
1971 $825 - $3,384 -
1970 $753 - $2,931 -
1969 - - $2,647 -
1968 - - $2,364 -
1967 - - $2,155 -
1966 - - $1,986 -
1965 - - $1,848 -
1964 - - $1,668 -
1963 - - $1,437 -
1962 - - $1,342 -
1961 - - $1,254 -
1960 - - $1,156 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/netherlands | CC BY

Guinea's GDP per capita is $1,695, ranking 160/197, compared to $67,520 in the Netherlands, ranking 13/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Guinea ranks 161st at $4,565, while the Netherlands ranks 11th at $86,174.

Economic indicators

Guinea Netherlands
Gross domestic product
$25B
2024
$1.21T
2024
GDP rank
118/197
2024
19/197
2024
GDP growth
5.35%
2023-2024
1.08%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$1,695
2024
$67,520
2024
GDP per capita rank
160/197
2024
13/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$4,565
2024
$86,174
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
161/197
2024
11/197
2024
Government debt
$12.2B
2024
$532B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
48.8%
2024
43.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$828
2024
$29,571
2024
Government debt per person rank
147/185
2024
24/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$20,020
2026
$47,815
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.1T
2017
Number of millionaires n/a
1,267,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
13
2025
Income share by richest 10%
23.1%
2018
21.4%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.5%
2018
3.6%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
20.6%
2024
44.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.7%
2023-2024
3.35%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
5.02%
2019
3.64%
2024
Population
15546235
18252623

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Guinea
Spending

Debt
Netherlands
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Guinea Netherlands
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 20.6% 48.8% 44.4% 43.8%
2023 18.3% 40.4% 44% 45.9%
2022 15.7% 37.9% 43.3% 48.4%
2021 15.1% 40.6% 45.9% 50.5%
2020 17.1% 45.3% 47.8% 53.4%
2019 14.9% 37.3% 42.1% 47.7%
2018 15.9% 37.5% 42.4% 51.6%
2017 17.3% 39.9% 42.8% 56%
2016 16.1% 40.6% 43.9% 60.9%
2015 21.7% 41.5% 45.3% 63.8%
2014 20.1% 32.1% 46.7% 67.2%
2013 18.6% 30.5% 47.5% 67.2%
2012 19.6% 26.9% 47.6% 65.7%
2011 16% 53.8% 47.8% 61.2%
2010 20.5% 71.1% 48.9% 58.9%
2009 16.2% 61.3% 48.4% 56.3%
2008 10.1% 58.5% 44.3% 54.4%
2007 8.66% 60.8% 43.3% 42.7%
2006 13.2% 95.2% 44% 45%
2005 11% 97.9% 43.4% 49.6%
2004 13% 86.9% 44.7% 50.1%
2003 14.7% 81.6% 45.8% 49.8%
2002 14.4% 82.6% 44.8% 48.7%
2001 14.9% 90.4% 44.1% 49.4%
2000 12.6% 91.5% 43.2% 52.2%
1999 11.6% 92.3% 44.3% 58.6%
1998 10.3% 75.9% 44.6% 62.7%
1997 12.6% 67.9% 45.7% 65.7%
1996 12% 67.7% 47.3% 71.2%
1995 12.7% 66.5% 53.9% 73%
1994 12.6% 71.3% 49.4% 73.5%
1993 13.3% 68.9% 50.9% 76.7%
1992 13.8% 62% 50.2% 75.6%
1991 16.3% 70.9% 49.6% 74.8%
1990 18.7% 71.6% 48.8% 75%
1989 - - 54.5% 73.7%
1988 - - 56.4% 73.7%
1987 - - 58.5% 71.3%
1986 - - 57% 68.9%
1985 - - 57.3% 67.1%
1984 - - 58.1% 61.9%
1983 - - 59.1% 58.4%
1982 - - 59.1% 52.4%
1981 - - 56.8% 46.9%
1980 - - 55.2% 43.6%
1979 - - 53.7% 39.5%
1978 - - 52.3% 38.1%
1977 - - 50.6% 34.9%
1976 - - 50.8% 35.2%
1975 - - 50.8% 36.1%
1974 - - 46.4% 36.3%
1973 - - 44.6% 38.1%
1972 - - 44.9% 41.3%
1971 - - 44.6% 43.7%
1970 - - 43.2% 46.1%
1969 - - 42.1% 48.2%
1968 - - 25.4% 54.4%
1967 - - 24.1% 55%
1966 - - 24.4% 55.6%
1965 - - 23.4% 55.8%
1964 - - 22.3% 57.1%
1963 - - 21.9% 61.7%
1962 - - 22.1% 63.8%
1961 - - 22.2% 65.9%
1960 - - 20.4% 66.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/netherlands | CC BY

In 2024, Guinea's government spending was $5.14B, accounting for 20.6% of its GDP, while the Netherlands spent $540B, or 44.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 48.8% in Guinea and 43.8% in the Netherlands, ranking 111/185 and 123/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Guinea

Netherlands
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Guinea Netherlands
2024 -4.99% -0.94%
2023 -3.86% -0.37%
2022 -1.88% 0.002%
2021 -1.7% -2.26%
2020 -3.08% -3.72%
2019 -0.17% 1.91%
2018 -0.97% 1.49%
2017 -1.98% 1.35%
2016 -0.08% 0.23%
2015 -6.53% -1.84%
2014 -3.01% -2.17%
2013 -3.86% -2.87%
2012 23.7% -3.83%
2011 -0.92% -4.42%
2010 -9.66% -5.3%
2009 -4.87% -5.06%
2008 0.38% -0.06%
2007 1.28% -0.16%
2006 -2.13% 0.04%
2005 -1.06% -0.51%
2004 -3.85% -1.82%
2003 -4.65% -3.19%
2002 -3.37% -2.23%
2001 -3.23% -0.47%
2000 -2.42% 1.14%
1999 -1.3% 0.28%
1998 2.46% -1.34%
1997 0.07% -1.6%
1996 -2.2% -1.91%
1995 -1.07% -8.72%
1994 -2.59% -3.53%
1993 -2.33% -3.13%
1992 -0.89% -3.12%
1991 -3.25% -2.05%
1990 -3.76% -4.08%
1989 - -5%
1988 - -4.23%
1987 - -5.39%
1986 - -4.62%
1985 - -3.6%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -5.47%
1982 - -6.17%
1981 - -4.92%
1980 - -3.95%
1979 - -2.46%
1978 - -2.09%
1977 - -0.75%
1976 - -2.02%
1975 - -2.82%
1974 - -0.26%
1973 - 0.54%
1972 - -0.7%
1971 - -1.58%
1970 - -1.52%
1969 - -1.14%
1968 - -3.06%
1967 - -1.97%
1966 - -2.37%
1965 - -1.15%
1964 - -1.2%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - -1.38%
1961 - -0.38%
1960 - 0.9%
1959 - -0.74%
1958 - -0.89%
1957 - 0.3%
1956 - -0.83%
1955 - -0.25%
1954 - 0.76%
1953 - -2.95%
1952 - 2.19%
1951 - 2.13%
1950 - 0.81%
1949 - 2.3%
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -3.19%
1938 - -0.37%
1937 - 0.02%
1936 - -0.41%
1935 - -0.69%
1934 - -0.92%
1933 - -2.55%
1932 - -1.97%
1931 - -1.66%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -1.16%
1928 - -0.62%
1927 - -0.33%
1926 - -0.78%
1925 - -2.04%
1924 - -3.37%
1923 - -2.62%
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.45%
1912 - -0.47%
1911 - -0.13%
1910 - -0.93%
1909 - -0.34%
1908 - -0.57%
1907 - 0.03%
1906 - 0.16%
1905 - 0.1%
1904 - -0.72%
1903 - 0.09%
1902 - -0.14%
1901 - 0.03%
1900 - 0.06%
1899 - -0.13%
1898 - -0.48%
1897 - -0.45%
1896 - 0.08%
1895 - -0.06%
1894 - 0.12%
1893 - -0.76%
1892 - -1.72%
1891 - -0.06%
1890 - -0.06%
1889 - 0.04%
1888 - -0.31%
1887 - -0.37%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.55%
1884 - 0%
1883 - -2.1%
1882 - -1.11%
1881 - -1.06%
1880 - 0.21%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/netherlands | CC BY

In 2024, Guinea's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.25B, equivalent to 4.99% of GDP. This compares to the Netherlands' deficit of $11.5B, or 0.94% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Guinea recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while the Netherlands ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Guinea posted an annual deficit equal to 1.65% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.84% of GDP for the Netherlands.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Guinea

Netherlands
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Guinea Netherlands
2024 4.7% 3.35%
2023 5.4% 3.84%
2022 10.5% 10%
2021 12.6% 2.68%
2020 10.6% 1.27%
2019 9.5% 2.63%
2018 9.8% 1.7%
2017 8.9% 1.38%
2016 8.2% 0.32%
2015 8.2% 0.6%
2014 9.7% 0.98%
2013 11.9% 2.51%
2012 15.2% 2.46%
2011 21.4% 2.34%
2010 15.5% 1.28%
2009 4.7% 1.19%
2008 18.4% 2.49%
2007 22.9% 1.61%
2006 34.7% 1.1%
2005 31.4% 1.69%
2004 17.5% 1.26%
2003 11% 2.09%
2002 3% 3.29%
2001 5.4% 4.16%
2000 6.8% 2.36%
1999 4.6% 2.16%
1998 5.1% 1.96%
1997 1.9% 2.11%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/netherlands | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Guinea has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 11.8%, compared with 2.31% in the Netherlands. In 2024, inflation was 4.7% in Guinea and 3.35% in the Netherlands.

Top exports between countries

Guinea
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $7.92M
Raw materials & minerals $2.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $808K
Machinery & equipment $7K
Netherlands
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $34.1M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $30.6M
Raw materials & minerals $29.5M
Machinery & equipment $25M
Animal & marine products $7.18M
Chemicals & pharma $2.73M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.19M
Metals $290K
Miscellaneous $210K
Wood & paper products $53K

Balance of trade

Guinea Netherlands
Current account balance
-$392M
2024
$111B
2024
Current account balance ranking
104/190
2024
5/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.57%
2024
+9.13%
2024
Goods imports
$7.08B
2024
$606B
2024
Goods exports
$11.6B
2024
$693B
2024
Service imports
$3.15B
2024
$262B
2024
Service exports
$71.2M
2024
$308B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
56.4%
2024
71.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.4%
2024
82.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Guinea Netherlands
Economic freedom 53.1 78.5
Economic freedom ranking 141/197 11/197
Property rights 21.3 96
Government integrity 26.7 86.8
Judicial effectiveness 26 96.1
Tax burden 70.1 54
Government spending 90.1 42.2
Fiscal health 74.8 95.9
Business freedom 44.8 85
Labor freedom 56.4 59.3
Monetary freedom 75.3 77
Trade freedom 61.8 79.4
Investment freedom 50 90
Financial freedom 40 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Guinea
Netherlands
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Guinea Netherlands
2026 53.1 78.5
2025 54.6 78.2
2024 53.3 77.3
2023 53.2 78
2022 54.2 79.5
2021 56.5 76.8
2020 56.5 77
2019 55.7 76.8
2018 52.2 76.2
2017 47.6 75.8
2016 53.3 74.6
2015 52.1 73.7
2014 53.5 74.2
2013 51.2 73.5
2012 50.8 73.3
2011 51.7 74.7
2010 51.8 75
2009 51 77
2008 52.8 77.4
2007 54.5 75.5
2006 52.8 75.4
2005 57.4 72.9
2004 56.1 74.5
2003 54.6 74.6
2002 52.9 75.1
2001 58.4 73
2000 58.2 70.4
1999 59.4 70.2
1998 61 69.2
1997 52.9 70.4
1996 58.5 69.7
1995 59.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/netherlands | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Guinea is 53.1, ranking 141/197, compared to 78.5 for the Netherlands, ranking 11/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Guinea Netherlands
Services, % of GDP
36.3%
2024
70.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.1%
2024
17.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
31%
2024
1.73%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$21.3B
2024
$1.12T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$4,130
2024
$84,970
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.89B
2023
$79.1B
2024
Total reserves ranking
128/177
2023
34/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.4B
2024
$11.1B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.4B
2024
-$17.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30K
2024
-$5.93B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.94%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
47%
2020
14.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
32.1%
2024
19.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/netherlands | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2016–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.