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Economy of Guinea vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Guinea has a GDP of $28.3B compared to $1.91T for Spain, ranking 117/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

Guinea has $13.6B in government debt (48.1% of GDP), compared to $1.91T (100.4% of GDP) in Spain.

Guinea vs Spain GDP by year

Guinea
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Guinea Spain
2025 $28,346,024,753 $1,906,453,309,986
2024 $25,008,678,293 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $22,407,615,556 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $19,910,452,542 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $17,069,115,738 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $14,088,693,743 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $13,442,861,496 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $11,857,030,367 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $10,324,668,271 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $8,595,955,222 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $8,794,201,743 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $8,778,473,373 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $8,376,613,539 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $7,638,044,557 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $6,785,137,203 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $6,853,467,146 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $6,716,905,340 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $6,964,179,983 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $6,281,918,226 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $4,220,019,845 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $4,282,468,637 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $5,300,767,961 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $5,025,167,975 $907,963,217,058
2002 $4,301,608,753 $708,938,227,244
2001 $4,125,527,603 $627,798,682,379
2000 $4,367,458,867 $598,102,854,756
1999 $5,046,806,783 $634,394,904,387
1998 $5,232,118,046 $618,731,484,575
1997 $5,516,916,163 $589,739,772,727
1996 $5,641,243,100 $642,251,412,058
1995 $5,385,704,166 $614,170,002,669
1994 $4,932,800,407 $530,183,651,720
1993 $4,781,166,117 $524,700,572,624
1992 $4,789,220,417 $630,465,353,486
1991 $4,396,178,694 $576,753,902,322
1990 $3,888,320,666 $536,175,326,477
1989 $3,546,079,263 $414,460,794,097
1988 $3,476,480,303 $375,891,716,898
1987 $2,976,714,019 $318,520,253,335
1986 $2,909,130,355 $251,141,555,186
1985 $22,787,644,566 $180,664,322,896
1984 $18,421,497,251 $171,979,977,230
1983 $15,129,893,722 $170,829,074,246
1982 $11,926,032,493 $195,856,752,991
1981 $9,646,440,667 $202,663,023,968
1980 $9,746,524,915 $232,600,556,974
1979 $8,877,094,497 $214,448,666,336
1978 $8,087,305,999 $160,484,969,618
1977 $6,914,381,291 $132,354,665,936
1976 $6,762,781,871 $118,422,534,195
1975 $6,102,769,605 $114,695,060,870
1974 $5,691,417,541 $97,204,522,642
1973 $5,152,080,388 $78,583,355,226
1972 $4,203,069,035 $59,090,176,029
1971 $3,594,302,908 $46,586,119,760
1970 $3,220,224,608 $40,963,715,237
1969 - $37,090,689,288
1968 - $32,394,326,464
1967 - $32,570,905,397
1966 - $29,559,436,183
1965 - $25,479,619,607
1964 - $21,966,876,027
1963 - $19,631,714,760
1962 - $16,609,632,791
1961 - $14,238,126,760
1960 - $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Guinea vs Spain by year

Guinea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Guinea Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $1,877 - $38,627 -
2024 $1,695 $4,565 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $1,555 $4,334 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $1,417 $4,062 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $1,245 $3,739 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $1,054 $3,332 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $1,031 $3,106 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $933 $2,844 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $834 $2,687 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $712 $2,255 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $747 $1,930 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $765 $1,873 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $748 $1,842 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $699 $1,790 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $637 $1,705 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $659 $1,622 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $662 $1,567 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $704 $1,614 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $650 $1,558 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $447 $1,453 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $463 $1,422 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $585 $1,366 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $566 $1,328 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $496 $1,315 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $483 $1,251 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $518 $1,196 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $611 $1,163 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $647 $1,130 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $696 $1,099 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $726 $1,048 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $713 $1,014 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $672 $976 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $671 $947 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $693 $908 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $656 $887 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $604 $871 $13,795 $13,676
1989 $570 - $10,674 -
1988 $574 - $9,696 -
1987 $505 - $8,234 -
1986 $506 - $6,509 -
1985 $4,062 - $4,696 -
1984 $3,362 - $4,487 -
1983 $2,823 - $4,475 -
1982 $2,273 - $5,156 -
1981 $1,876 - $5,367 -
1980 $1,931 - $6,204 -
1979 $1,790 - $5,766 -
1978 $1,658 - $4,353 -
1977 $1,440 - $3,625 -
1976 $1,431 - $3,277 -
1975 $1,311 - $3,208 -
1974 $1,243 - $2,748 -
1973 $1,143 - $2,246 -
1972 $948 - $1,708 -
1971 $825 - $1,361 -
1970 $753 - $1,211 -
1969 - - $1,109 -
1968 - - $978 -
1967 - - $997 -
1966 - - $916 -
1965 - - $797 -
1964 - - $695 -
1963 - - $627 -
1962 - - $535 -
1961 - - $463 -
1960 - - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/spain | CC BY

Guinea's GDP per capita is $1,877, ranking 161/197, compared to $38,627 in Spain, ranking 31/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Guinea ranks 161st at $4,565, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Guinea Spain
Gross domestic product
$28.3B
2025
$1.91T
2025
GDP rank
117/197
2025
12/197
2025
GDP growth
7.45%
2024-2025
2.82%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$1,877
2025
$38,627
2025
GDP per capita rank
161/197
2025
31/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$4,565
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
161/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$13.6B
2025
$1.91T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
48.1%
2025
100.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$902
2025
$38,794
2025
Government debt per person rank
146/185
2025
20/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$1,966
2026
$24,910
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.3T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
1,077,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
34
2026
Income share by richest 10%
23.1%
2018
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.5%
2018
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
44.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.1%
2024-2025
2.7%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
5.02%
2019
10.5%
2025
Population
15624314
49323658

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Guinea
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Guinea Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 25.2% 48.1% 44.7% 100.4%
2024 20.6% 48.3% 45.5% 101.6%
2023 18.3% 39.8% 45.4% 105.1%
2022 15.7% 37.2% 46.3% 109.2%
2021 15.1% 40.6% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 17.1% 45.3% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 14.9% 37.3% 42% 97.6%
2018 15.9% 37.5% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 17.3% 39.9% 41% 101.1%
2016 16.1% 40.6% 42.1% 102%
2015 21.7% 41.5% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 20.1% 32.1% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 18.6% 30.5% 46.2% 100%
2012 19.6% 26.9% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 16% 53.8% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 20.5% 71.1% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 16.2% 61.3% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 10.1% 58.5% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 8.66% 60.8% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 13.2% 95.2% 38.4% 39%
2005 11% 97.9% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 13% 86.9% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 14.7% 81.6% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 14.4% 82.6% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 14.9% 90.4% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 12.6% 91.5% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 11.6% 92.3% 40% 60.9%
1998 10.3% 75.9% 41% 62.4%
1997 12.6% 67.9% 41.5% 64.3%
1996 12% 67.7% 42.9% 65.4%
1995 12.7% 66.5% 44.1% 61.6%
1994 12.6% 71.3% 44.8% 57%
1993 13.3% 68.9% 46.3% 54.6%
1992 13.8% 62% 43.9% 44.1%
1991 16.3% 70.9% 42.6% 41.9%
1990 18.7% 71.6% 41.1% 41.3%
1989 - - 32.1% 39.2%
1988 - - 28.6% 38.2%
1987 - - 31.1% 42.1%
1986 - - 28.4% 36.5%
1985 - - 27.6% 31.5%
1984 - - 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Guinea's government spending was $7.13B, accounting for 25.2% of its GDP, while Spain spent $852B, or 44.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 48.1% in Guinea and 100.4% in Spain, ranking 111/185 and 25/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Guinea

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Guinea Spain
2025 -7% -2.5%
2024 -4.99% -3.22%
2023 -3.86% -3.34%
2022 -1.88% -4.59%
2021 -1.7% -6.66%
2020 -3.08% -10%
2019 -0.17% -3.04%
2018 -0.97% -2.58%
2017 -1.98% -3.1%
2016 -0.08% -4.26%
2015 -6.53% -5.26%
2014 -3.01% -6.07%
2013 -3.86% -7.49%
2012 23.7% -11.5%
2011 -0.92% -9.69%
2010 -9.66% -9.49%
2009 -4.87% -11.2%
2008 0.38% -4.56%
2007 1.28% 1.88%
2006 -2.13% 2.12%
2005 -1.06% 1.23%
2004 -3.85% -0.1%
2003 -4.65% -0.37%
2002 -3.37% -0.32%
2001 -3.23% -0.45%
2000 -2.42% -1.16%
1999 -1.3% -1.24%
1998 2.46% -2.63%
1997 0.07% -3.86%
1996 -2.2% -5.87%
1995 -1.07% -6.79%
1994 -2.59% -6.31%
1993 -2.33% -6.89%
1992 -0.89% -4.26%
1991 -3.25% -4.58%
1990 -3.76% -3.9%
1989 - -3.24%
1988 - -2.95%
1987 - -3.52%
1986 - -5.18%
1985 - -6.04%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Guinea's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.98B, equivalent to 7% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $47.6B, or 2.5% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Guinea recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 33 years. On average, Guinea posted an annual deficit equal to 1.8% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.23% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Guinea

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Guinea Spain
2025 3.1% 2.7%
2024 4.5% 2.75%
2023 5.4% 3.53%
2022 10.5% 8.39%
2021 12.6% 3.09%
2020 10.6% -0.32%
2019 9.5% 0.7%
2018 9.8% 1.67%
2017 8.9% 1.96%
2016 8.2% -0.2%
2015 8.2% -0.5%
2014 9.7% -0.15%
2013 11.9% 1.41%
2012 15.2% 2.45%
2011 21.4% 3.2%
2010 15.5% 1.8%
2009 4.7% -0.29%
2008 18.4% 4.08%
2007 22.9% 2.79%
2006 34.7% 3.52%
2005 31.4% 3.37%
2004 17.5% 3.04%
2003 11% 3.04%
2002 3% 3.07%
2001 5.4% 3.59%
2000 6.8% 3.43%
1999 4.6% 2.31%
1998 5.1% 1.83%
1997 1.9% 1.97%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/spain | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Guinea has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 11.5%, compared with 2.35% in Spain. In 2025, inflation was 3.1% in Guinea and 2.7% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Guinea
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $142M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $419K
Wood & paper products $104K
Miscellaneous $95K
Raw agricultural goods $51K
Machinery & equipment $19K
Spain
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $47.9M
Animal & marine products $29.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $27.3M
Machinery & equipment $12.5M
Metals $9M
Chemicals & pharma $7.08M
Textiles & consumer goods $5.08M
Raw agricultural goods $1.5M
Wood & paper products $1.39M
Weapons & explosives $588K

Balance of trade

Guinea Spain
Current account balance
-$392M
2024
$56B
2025
Current account balance ranking
101/190
2024
12/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.57%
2024
+2.94%
2025
Goods imports
$7.08B
2024
$499B
2025
Goods exports
$11.6B
2024
$443B
2025
Service imports
$3.15B
2024
$127B
2025
Service exports
$71.2M
2024
$256B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
62.3%
2025
32.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.4%
2025
36.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Guinea Spain
Economic freedom 53.1 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 141/197 59/197
Property rights 21.3 88
Government integrity 26.7 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 26 74.3
Tax burden 70.1 58.2
Government spending 90.1 37.3
Fiscal health 74.8 57.3
Business freedom 44.8 82.6
Labor freedom 56.4 61.7
Monetary freedom 75.3 78.2
Trade freedom 61.8 79.4
Investment freedom 50 60
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Guinea
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Guinea Spain
2026 53.1 66.8
2025 54.6 66.3
2024 53.3 63.3
2023 53.2 65
2022 54.2 68.2
2021 56.5 69.9
2020 56.5 66.9
2019 55.7 65.7
2018 52.2 65.1
2017 47.6 63.6
2016 53.3 68.5
2015 52.1 67.6
2014 53.5 67.2
2013 51.2 68
2012 50.8 69.1
2011 51.7 70.2
2010 51.8 69.6
2009 51 70.1
2008 52.8 69.1
2007 54.5 69.2
2006 52.8 68.2
2005 57.4 67
2004 56.1 68.9
2003 54.6 68.8
2002 52.9 68.8
2001 58.4 68.1
2000 58.2 65.9
1999 59.4 65.1
1998 61 62.6
1997 52.9 59.6
1996 58.5 59.6
1995 59.4 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Guinea is 53.1, ranking 141/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Guinea Spain
Services, % of GDP
35.7%
2025
68.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
25.4%
2025
19.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
31.3%
2025
2.68%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$26.2B
2025
$1.83T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$4,730
2025
$59,830
2025
Total reserves including gold
$1.35B
2024
$129B
2025
Total reserves ranking
137/177
2024
23/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.4B
2024
$18.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.4B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30K
2024
$71.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.94%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
47%
2020
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
37%
2025
21.4%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2016–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.