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Economy of Guinea vs Japan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Guinea has a GDP of $25.3B compared to $4.03T for Japan, ranking 117/197 and 4/197 by economy size, respectively.

Guinea has $12.1B in government debt (39.6% of GDP), compared to $9.53T (234.9% of GDP) in Japan.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Guinea
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Japan
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Guinea Japan
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 - - $47,419,238,274 $595,545,661,031
1961 - - $57,266,758,180 $667,270,419,544
1962 - - $64,987,857,542 $726,717,361,028
1963 - - $74,379,284,603 $788,296,791,336
1964 - - $87,490,590,818 $880,343,907,381
1965 - - $97,338,107,606 $931,577,351,069
1966 - - $113,046,784,179 $1,030,683,781,033
1967 - - $132,475,614,227 $1,144,905,624,565
1968 - - $156,897,496,759 $1,292,397,726,863
1969 - - $184,298,841,305 $1,453,661,751,929
1970 $3,220,224,608 $1,942,094,537 $217,223,652,719 $1,459,462,598,522
1971 $3,594,302,908 $2,046,303,804 $245,364,056,622 $1,528,042,629,883
1972 $4,203,069,035 $2,093,679,410 $324,933,841,269 $1,656,605,218,635
1973 $5,152,080,388 $2,126,493,372 $441,460,582,536 $1,789,673,689,006
1974 $5,691,417,541 $2,238,138,977 $490,035,789,970 $1,767,745,894,180
1975 $6,102,769,605 $2,302,528,458 $532,861,438,885 $1,822,397,100,508
1976 $6,762,781,871 $2,484,966,268 $598,883,902,156 $1,894,837,095,325
1977 $6,914,381,291 $2,401,643,613 $737,069,290,928 $1,978,026,847,419
1978 $8,087,305,999 $2,564,865,665 $1,035,611,588,217 $2,082,307,265,730
1979 $8,877,094,497 $2,533,885,660 $1,077,910,077,676 $2,196,501,867,257
1980 $9,746,524,915 $2,599,801,856 $1,129,377,244,854 $2,258,390,310,743
1981 $9,646,440,667 $2,615,653,814 $1,245,221,410,764 $2,354,611,841,484
1982 $11,926,032,493 $2,662,735,707 $1,158,731,426,906 $2,431,837,052,476
1983 $15,129,893,722 $2,697,351,587 $1,270,859,919,743 $2,520,117,566,448
1984 $18,421,497,251 $2,735,114,764 $1,345,824,500,837 $2,631,276,932,032
1985 $22,787,644,566 $2,871,868,604 $1,427,019,759,717 $2,767,045,767,160
1986 $2,909,130,355 $2,961,299,742 $2,120,083,812,110 $2,858,193,572,218
1987 $2,976,714,019 $3,059,020,822 $2,580,748,422,781 $2,991,067,029,861
1988 $3,476,480,303 $3,251,987,426 $3,125,724,434,401 $3,190,321,043,523
1989 $3,546,079,263 $3,382,179,962 $3,109,455,047,824 $3,347,469,412,118
1990 $3,888,320,666 $3,528,427,546 $3,185,904,656,664 $3,509,518,031,563
1991 $4,396,178,694 $3,620,640,283 $3,648,065,760,649 $3,633,170,889,061
1992 $4,789,220,417 $3,739,069,519 $3,980,702,922,118 $3,665,890,719,857
1993 $4,781,166,117 $3,927,673,590 $4,536,940,479,038 $3,649,056,226,896
1994 $4,932,800,407 $4,083,606,124 $4,998,797,547,741 $3,688,589,488,079
1995 $5,385,704,166 $4,271,765,349 $5,545,563,663,890 $3,785,636,263,362
1996 $5,641,243,100 $4,462,353,367 $4,923,391,533,852 $3,904,273,220,110
1997 $5,516,916,163 $4,693,574,824 $4,492,448,605,639 $3,942,583,070,732
1998 $5,232,118,046 $4,864,614,381 $4,098,362,709,531 $3,892,499,235,708
1999 $5,046,806,783 $5,050,053,677 $4,635,982,224,064 $3,879,501,014,657
2000 $4,367,458,867 $5,176,459,579 $4,968,359,075,957 $3,986,755,544,464
2001 $4,125,527,603 $5,365,832,406 $4,374,711,694,091 $4,002,148,544,213
2002 $4,301,608,753 $5,642,956,694 $4,182,846,045,874 $4,003,827,945,767
2003 $5,025,167,975 $5,713,414,722 $4,519,561,645,254 $4,065,291,729,517
2004 $5,300,767,961 $5,847,115,330 $4,893,116,005,657 $4,154,163,710,039
2005 $4,282,468,637 $6,022,369,313 $4,831,467,035,390 $4,229,100,705,436
2006 $4,220,019,845 $6,094,011,546 $4,601,663,122,650 $4,287,138,774,362
2007 $6,281,918,226 $6,509,469,022 $4,579,750,920,355 $4,350,758,602,406
2008 $6,964,179,983 $6,778,506,429 $5,106,679,115,127 $4,297,492,743,393
2009 $6,716,905,340 $6,702,408,066 $5,289,493,117,994 $4,052,826,324,004
2010 $6,853,467,146 $7,025,019,106 $5,759,071,769,013 $4,218,907,820,179
2011 $6,785,137,203 $7,419,271,030 $6,233,147,172,341 $4,219,912,322,040
2012 $7,638,044,557 $7,858,142,150 $6,272,362,996,105 $4,277,925,608,846
2013 $8,376,613,539 $8,168,199,850 $5,212,328,181,166 $4,363,702,302,793
2014 $8,778,473,373 $8,470,141,696 $4,896,994,405,353 $4,376,627,829,635
2015 $8,794,201,743 $8,794,201,743 $4,444,930,651,964 $4,444,930,651,964
2016 $8,595,955,222 $9,745,789,528 $5,003,677,627,544 $4,478,437,728,050
2017 $10,324,668,271 $10,749,606,370 $4,930,837,369,151 $4,553,466,417,290
2018 $11,857,030,367 $11,433,119,224 $5,040,880,939,325 $4,582,763,011,479
2019 $13,442,861,496 $12,075,307,752 $5,117,993,853,017 $4,564,332,550,096
2020 $14,088,693,743 $12,643,401,589 $5,054,068,005,376 $4,374,056,271,824
2021 $17,069,115,738 $13,349,198,344 $5,039,148,168,861 $4,492,005,937,827
2022 $19,910,452,542 $13,879,482,946 $4,262,463,317,797 $4,534,320,578,756
2023 $22,407,615,556 $14,648,645,956 $4,213,167,237,906 $4,601,203,385,714
2024 $25,334,307,879 $15,479,007,958 $4,026,210,821,147 $4,605,054,526,892

Economic indicators

Guinea Japan
Gross domestic product
$25.3B
2024
$4.03T
2024
GDP rank
117/197
2024
4/197
2024
GDP growth
13.1%
2023-2024
-4.44%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$1,717
2024
$32,476
2024
GDP per capita rank
161/197
2024
37/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$4,579
2024
$51,685
2024
Government debt
$12.1B
2024
$9.53T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
39.6%
2025
234.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$821
2024
$76,857
2024
Government debt per person rank
147/185
2024
3/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,703
2025
$23,719
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$6.31T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
2,827,956
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
42
2025
Income share by richest 10%
23.1%
2018
23.9%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
3.5%
2018
2.4%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
17.3%
2025
39.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.1%
2024-2025
2.74%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
0.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.02%
2019
2.5%
2024
Population
15374667
123324642

GDP per capita in Guinea vs Japan

Guinea's GDP per capita is $1,717, ranking 161/197, compared to $32,476 in Japan, ranking 37/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Guinea ranks 161st at $4,579, while Japan ranks 40th at $51,685.

Guinea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Guinea Japan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 - - $509 -
1961 - - $609 -
1962 - - $685 -
1963 - - $776 -
1964 - - $903 -
1965 - - $994 -
1966 - - $1,144 -
1967 - - $1,326 -
1968 - - $1,553 -
1969 - - $1,803 -
1970 $753 - $2,101 -
1971 $825 - $2,321 -
1972 $948 - $3,031 -
1973 $1,143 - $4,061 -
1974 $1,243 - $4,448 -
1975 $1,311 - $4,776 -
1976 $1,431 - $5,310 -
1977 $1,440 - $6,473 -
1978 $1,658 - $9,012 -
1979 $1,790 - $9,301 -
1980 $1,931 - $9,669 -
1981 $1,876 - $10,583 -
1982 $2,273 - $9,780 -
1983 $2,823 - $10,652 -
1984 $3,362 - $11,207 -
1985 $4,062 - $11,809 -
1986 $506 - $17,452 -
1987 $505 - $21,142 -
1988 $574 - $25,500 -
1989 $570 - $25,266 -
1990 $604 $871 $25,801 $19,913
1991 $656 $887 $29,428 $21,228
1992 $693 $908 $31,993 $21,826
1993 $671 $947 $36,345 $22,169
1994 $672 $976 $39,934 $22,823
1995 $713 $1,014 $44,198 $23,859
1996 $726 $1,048 $39,150 $25,001
1997 $696 $1,099 $35,638 $25,620
1998 $647 $1,130 $32,424 $25,510
1999 $611 $1,163 $36,610 $25,736
2000 $518 $1,196 $39,169 $27,287
2001 $483 $1,251 $34,406 $27,942
2002 $496 $1,315 $32,821 $28,624
2003 $566 $1,328 $35,387 $29,392
2004 $585 $1,366 $38,299 $30,831
2005 $463 $1,422 $37,813 $32,170
2006 $447 $1,453 $35,992 $33,635
2007 $650 $1,558 $35,779 $35,016
2008 $704 $1,614 $39,876 $35,274
2009 $662 $1,567 $41,309 $33,547
2010 $659 $1,622 $44,968 $35,335
2011 $637 $1,705 $48,760 $36,214
2012 $699 $1,790 $49,145 $37,606
2013 $748 $1,842 $40,899 $39,402
2014 $765 $1,873 $38,475 $39,555
2015 $747 $1,930 $34,961 $40,907
2016 $712 $2,255 $39,375 $40,597
2017 $834 $2,687 $38,834 $41,444
2018 $933 $2,844 $39,751 $42,142
2019 $1,031 $3,106 $40,416 $42,678
2020 $1,054 $3,332 $40,029 $42,426
2021 $1,245 $3,739 $40,095 $44,355
2022 $1,417 $4,062 $34,066 $47,396
2023 $1,555 $4,334 $33,836 $49,897
2024 $1,717 $4,579 $32,476 $51,685

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Guinea's government spending was $4.31B, accounting for 17.3% of its GDP, while Japan's spent $1.59T, or 39.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 39.6% in Guinea and 234.9% in Japan, ranking 137/185 and 3/185, respectively.

Guinea
Government spending

Government debt
Japan
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Guinea Japan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 - - 18.4% 10.4%
1961 - - 18.2% 8.44%
1962 - - 19.4% 9.01%
1963 - - 20% 8.66%
1964 - - 19.8% 8.53%
1965 - - 20.4% 9.78%
1966 - - 20.8% 11.2%
1967 - - 19.9% 11.4%
1968 - - 20.1% 11.8%
1969 - - 19.8% 11.4%
1970 - - 20.2% 11.2%
1971 - - 21.8% 12.6%
1972 - - 23.1% 16.3%
1973 - - 23.3% 15.9%
1974 - - 25.5% 16.7%
1975 - - 28.5% 20.9%
1976 - - 29.1% 26.1%
1977 - - 30.4% 31.1%
1978 - - 32.1% 39%
1979 - - 33.2% 43.8%
1980 - - 33.5% 47.8%
1981 - - 31.5% 52.8%
1982 - - 31.7% 57.7%
1983 - - 31.8% 63.5%
1984 - - 31.2% 65.6%
1985 - - 30.4% 68.3%
1986 - - 30.4% 74.1%
1987 - - 30.6% 75.8%
1988 - - 29.9% 71.9%
1989 - - 29.2% 65.7%
1990 18.7% 71.6% 29.5% 63.2%
1991 16.3% 70.9% 29.3% 62.4%
1992 13.8% 62% 30.3% 66.8%
1993 13.3% 68.9% 32.1% 72.8%
1994 12.6% 71.3% 32.8% 84.4%
1995 12.7% 66.5% 33.4% 92.5%
1996 12% 67.7% 33.8% 98.1%
1997 12.6% 67.9% 33.1% 105%
1998 10.3% 75.9% 38.6% 116%
1999 11.6% 92.3% 35.6% 129.5%
2000 12.6% 91.5% 36% 135.6%
2001 14.9% 90.4% 35.2% 145.1%
2002 14.4% 82.6% 35.4% 154.1%
2003 14.7% 81.6% 35% 160%
2004 13% 86.9% 33.7% 169.5%
2005 11% 97.9% 33.5% 174.6%
2006 13.2% 95.2% 33.1% 174.1%
2007 8.66% 60.8% 33.1% 173%
2008 10.1% 58.5% 34.1% 180.9%
2009 16.2% 61.3% 38.7% 198.8%
2010 20.5% 71.1% 37.7% 205.9%
2011 16% 53.8% 38.6% 219.2%
2012 19.6% 26.9% 38.6% 226.1%
2013 18.6% 34% 38.8% 229.5%
2014 20.1% 35.2% 38.4% 233.3%
2015 21.7% 44.4% 37.3% 228.3%
2016 16.1% 43% 37.2% 232.4%
2017 17.3% 41.9% 36.7% 231.3%
2018 15.9% 39.3% 36.7% 232.4%
2019 14.9% 38.6% 37.3% 236.4%
2020 17.1% 47.9% 44.5% 258.4%
2021 15.1% 42.9% 42.5% 253.7%
2022 14.2% 40.6% 41.8% 248.3%
2023 15.8% 37.3% 39.1% 240%
2024 17% 47.8% 39.4% 236.7%
2025 17.3% 39.6% 39.6% 234.9%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Guinea's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$782M, equivalent to -3.09% of GDP. This compares to Japan's deficit of -$99.8B, or -2.48% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Guinea recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while Japan ran a deficit in 32 years. On average, Guinea posted an annual deficit equal to -1.49% of GDP, compared to deficit of -4.82% of GDP for Japan.

Deficit/surplus
Guinea

Japan
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Guinea Japan
1875 - 0.005%
1876 - -0.42%
1877 - -0.29%
1878 - 0.02%
1879 - 0.02%
1880 - 0.004%
1881 - 0.001%
1882 - 0.001%
1883 - 0.03%
1884 - 0.001%
1885 - 0.01%
1886 - 0.03%
1887 - 0.11%
1888 - 0.13%
1889 - 0.18%
1890 - 0.74%
1891 - 0.61%
1892 - 0.63%
1893 - 0.6%
1894 - -0.24%
1895 - 0.28%
1896 - 0.88%
1897 - 0.33%
1898 - 0.6%
1899 - 0.2%
1900 - 0.53%
1901 - 0.21%
1902 - 0.44%
1903 - 0.19%
1904 - -0.81%
1905 - -0.68%
1906 - 0.46%
1907 - 1.77%
1908 - 1.63%
1909 - 1.51%
1910 - 1.57%
1911 - 1.21%
1912 - 1.27%
1913 - 1.21%
1914 - 1.31%
1915 - 1.41%
1916 - 1.37%
1917 - 1.54%
1918 - 1.58%
1919 - 1.21%
1920 - 1.19%
1921 - 1.43%
1922 - 0.89%
1923 - 0.87%
1924 - 0.84%
1925 - 0.75%
1926 - 0.65%
1927 - 0.58%
1928 - 0.42%
1929 - 0.5%
1930 - 0.19%
1931 - 0.23%
1932 - 0.31%
1933 - 0.28%
1934 - 0.34%
1935 - 0.26%
1936 - 0.34%
1937 - 0.71%
1938 - 0.45%
1939 - 0.11%
1940 - 0.31%
1941 - -0.19%
1942 - -0.13%
1943 - 0.32%
1944 - 0.32%
1945 - 0.32%
1946 - 0.32%
1947 - 6.09%
1948 - 7.53%
1949 - 12.5%
1950 - 6.99%
1951 - 5.06%
1952 - 2.22%
1953 - 1.65%
1954 - 0.7%
1955 - -0.67%
1956 - 1.39%
1957 - 1.27%
1958 - -0.1%
1959 - 0.97%
1960 - 1.85%
1961 - 2.58%
1962 - 1.49%
1963 - 1.08%
1964 - 0.85%
1965 - 0.48%
1966 - -0.34%
1967 - 0.8%
1968 - 0.88%
1969 - 1.26%
1970 - 1.74%
1971 - 1.21%
1972 - -0.13%
1973 - 0.56%
1974 - 0.38%
1975 - -2.92%
1976 - -3.89%
1977 - -4.02%
1978 - -5.79%
1979 - -5%
1980 - -4.66%
1981 - -3.85%
1982 - -3.81%
1983 - -3.95%
1984 - -2.62%
1985 - -1.37%
1986 - -1.36%
1987 - -0.36%
1988 - 0.49%
1989 - 1.23%
1990 -3.76% 1.96%
1991 -3.25% 1.67%
1992 -0.89% 0.57%
1993 -2.33% -2.39%
1994 -2.59% -3.76%
1995 -1.07% -4.3%
1996 -2.2% -4.87%
1997 0.07% -3.53%
1998 2.46% -10%
1999 -1.3% -6.75%
2000 -2.42% -7.28%
2001 -3.23% -6.2%
2002 -3.37% -7.34%
2003 -4.65% -7.43%
2004 -3.85% -5.31%
2005 -1.06% -4.44%
2006 -2.13% -3.03%
2007 1.28% -2.9%
2008 0.38% -4.11%
2009 -4.87% -9.69%
2010 -9.66% -9.08%
2011 -0.92% -8.99%
2012 23.7% -8.2%
2013 -3.86% -7.61%
2014 -3.01% -5.62%
2015 -6.53% -3.68%
2016 -0.08% -3.6%
2017 -1.98% -3.1%
2018 -0.97% -2.47%
2019 -0.17% -3.04%
2020 -3% -9.08%
2021 -1.63% -6.13%
2022 -0.43% -4.24%
2023 -1.76% -2.26%
2024 -3.09% -2.48%
2025 -2.77% -2.85%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Guinea has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 11.5%, compared with 0.43% in Japan. In 2024, inflation was 3.1% in Guinea and 2.74% in Japan.

Inflation
Guinea

Japan
Year Inflation
Guinea Japan Guinea Japan
1996 3% 0.14%
1997 1.9% 1.75%
1998 5.1% 0.66%
1999 4.6% -0.34%
2000 6.8% -0.68%
2001 5.4% -0.74%
2002 3% -0.92%
2003 11% -0.26%
2004 17.5% -0.009%
2005 31.4% -0.28%
2006 34.7% 0.25%
2007 22.9% 0.06%
2008 18.4% 1.38%
2009 4.7% -1.35%
2010 15.5% -0.73%
2011 21.4% -0.27%
2012 15.2% -0.04%
2013 11.9% 0.34%
2014 9.7% 2.76%
2015 8.2% 0.8%
2016 8.2% -0.13%
2017 8.9% 0.48%
2018 9.8% 0.99%
2019 9.5% 0.47%
2020 10.6% -0.02%
2021 12.6% -0.23%
2022 10.5% 2.5%
2023 5.4% 3.27%
2024 4.7% 2.74%
2025 3.1% -

Top exports between countries

Guinea
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $487K
Machinery & equipment $458K
Metals $98K
Chemicals & pharma $30K
Wood & paper products $14K
Textiles & consumer goods $6K
Animal & marine products $3K
Japan
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $5.68M
Machinery & equipment $2.58M
Animal & marine products $749K
Chemicals & pharma $673K
Textiles & consumer goods $279K
Miscellaneous $165K
Metals $123K
Wood & paper products $50K
Precious metals & jewellery $3K

Balance of trade

Guinea Japan
Current account balance
-$392M
2024
$194B
2024
Current account balance ranking
102/189
2024
3/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.55%
2024
+4.82%
2024
Goods imports
$7.08B
2024
$719B
2024
Goods exports
$11.6B
2024
$694B
2024
Service imports
$3.15B
2024
$246B
2024
Service exports
$71.2M
2024
$228B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
56.1%
2024
23.3%
2023
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
44%
2024
21.9%
2023

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Guinea Japan
Economic freedom 54.6 70.2
Economic freedom ranking 135/197 32/197
Property rights 22.3 95.1
Government integrity 25.1 82.8
Judicial effectiveness 26.5 96
Tax burden 70.4 62.5
Government spending 93 47.5
Fiscal health 93.4 41.6
Business freedom 44.9 78
Labor freedom 56.4 67.8
Monetary freedom 71.1 74.4
Trade freedom 61.8 76.2
Investment freedom 50 60
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Guinea is 54.6, ranking 135/197, compared to 70.2 for Japan, ranking 32/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Guinea
Japan
Year Economic freedom index
Guinea Japan
1995 59.4 75
1996 58.5 72.6
1997 52.9 70.3
1998 61 70.2
1999 59.4 69.1
2000 58.2 70.7
2001 58.4 70.9
2002 52.9 66.7
2003 54.6 67.6
2004 56.1 64.3
2005 57.4 67.3
2006 52.8 73.3
2007 54.5 72.7
2008 52.8 73
2009 51 72.8
2010 51.8 72.9
2011 51.7 72.8
2012 50.8 71.6
2013 51.2 71.8
2014 53.5 72.4
2015 52.1 73.3
2016 53.3 73.1
2017 47.6 69.6
2018 52.2 72.3
2019 55.7 72.1
2020 56.5 73.3
2021 56.5 74.1
2022 54.2 69.9
2023 53.2 69.3
2024 53.3 67.5
2025 54.6 70.2

More economic indicators

Guinea Japan
Services, % of GDP
37.5%
2024
69.8%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
25.3%
2024
28.6%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
29.6%
2024
0.94%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$21.7B
2024
$4.47T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$4,200
2024
$55,120
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.89B
2023
$1.23T
2024
Total reserves ranking
128/177
2023
2/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.4B
2024
$191B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.4B
2024
$17.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30K
2024
$208B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.49%
2023
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
47%
2020
16.1%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
31.2%
2024
26.2%
2023

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.