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Economy of Greece vs Venezuela compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Greece has a GDP of $256B compared to $120B for Venezuela, ranking 53/197 and 65/197 by economy size, respectively.

Greece has $397B in government debt (154.8% of GDP), compared to $197B (164.3% of GDP) in Venezuela.

Greece vs Venezuela GDP by year

Greece
Venezuela
1x
Year GDP, current $
Greece Venezuela
2024 $256,238,371,778 $119,802,963,258
2023 $242,946,187,738 $102,376,526,556
2022 $217,990,189,601 $89,013,255,585
2021 $218,303,801,895 $56,614,976,855
2020 $191,362,985,555 $42,838,020,721
2019 $207,305,649,887 $73,014,084,091
2018 $213,298,873,494 $102,021,093,965
2017 $200,381,103,984 $115,883,275,163
2016 $193,097,239,006 $112,915,034,262
2015 $194,567,373,678 $125,449,241,571
2014 $233,911,581,521 $214,689,614,733
2013 $236,556,279,641 $258,930,655,486
2012 $238,841,140,018 $372,592,062,768
2011 $283,228,079,776 $316,482,190,800
2010 $296,417,644,404 $393,192,354,511
2009 $326,829,054,686 $329,787,628,928
2008 $351,121,399,546 $315,953,388,511
2007 $314,226,996,944 $230,364,012,576
2006 $269,073,415,334 $183,477,522,124
2005 $242,315,668,619 $145,513,489,652
2004 $234,979,615,898 $112,451,400,425
2003 $196,930,509,813 $83,620,628,582
2002 $150,253,800,086 $92,893,587,734
2001 $132,050,474,720 $122,911,036,747
2000 $125,760,166,225 $117,146,466,003
1999 $137,131,371,955 $97,972,842,462
1998 $139,612,812,176 $91,336,763,255
1997 $138,766,067,640 $85,837,678,560
1996 $142,502,984,145 $70,543,211,119
1995 $134,974,613,914 $77,389,487,770
1994 $114,980,063,202 $58,418,666,667
1993 $107,295,704,518 $60,037,460,783
1992 $114,608,178,405 $60,416,519,620
1991 $103,680,863,713 $53,453,444,787
1990 $96,529,587,274 $48,606,952,195
1989 $78,067,933,277 $43,536,709,104
1988 $75,200,610,137 $60,226,413,793
1987 $64,739,630,096 $48,029,034,483
1986 $55,595,445,472 $60,516,123,711
1985 $47,155,741,426 $61,965,466,667
1984 $47,352,146,312 $59,867,743,468
1983 $48,741,397,059 $67,556,279,070
1982 $53,858,346,939 $67,736,744,186
1981 $51,618,456,335 $66,327,441,860
1980 $56,039,256,595 $59,116,511,628
1979 $53,724,121,435 $48,310,930,233
1978 $43,654,480,519 $39,316,279,070
1977 $35,673,080,481 $36,210,697,674
1976 $30,719,552,239 $31,419,534,884
1975 $28,129,128,587 $27,464,651,163
1974 $24,998,715,909 $26,100,930,233
1973 $22,037,019,563 $17,035,581,395
1972 $16,650,659,091 $13,977,727,273
1971 $14,388,806,818 $12,986,590,909
1970 $12,957,113,636 $11,561,111,111
1969 $11,454,106,327 $10,285,111,111
1968 $9,950,331,206 $10,034,444,444
1967 $9,146,592,856 $9,250,000,000
1966 $8,472,021,467 $8,781,333,333
1965 $7,582,209,670 $8,427,777,778
1964 $6,576,906,345 $8,192,413,793
1963 $5,813,285,627 $9,608,717,288
1962 $5,140,542,929 $8,814,309,884
1961 $4,892,397,431 $8,067,267,031
1960 $4,274,890,307 $7,663,938,303

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/venezuela | CC BY

GDP per capita in Greece vs Venezuela by year

Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Venezuela
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Greece Venezuela
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $24,626 $44,327 $4,218 -
2023 $23,344 $42,711 $3,617 -
2022 $20,887 $39,612 $3,155 -
2021 $20,655 $33,531 $2,005 -
2020 $17,887 $29,533 $1,506 -
2019 $19,335 $31,927 $2,523 -
2018 $19,873 $29,792 $3,423 -
2017 $18,632 $28,682 $3,791 -
2016 $17,919 $27,505 $3,670 -
2015 $17,981 $26,608 $4,103 -
2014 $21,475 $26,450 $7,096 -
2013 $21,573 $25,731 $8,656 -
2012 $21,624 $24,583 $12,607 -
2011 $25,505 $25,693 $10,844 $21,241
2010 $26,653 $27,839 $13,646 $20,236
2009 $29,425 $29,963 $11,597 $20,562
2008 $31,696 $30,441 $11,262 $21,402
2007 $28,441 $28,896 $8,332 $20,236
2006 $24,416 $28,076 $6,739 $18,399
2005 $22,054 $25,004 $5,432 $16,511
2004 $21,449 $24,826 $4,269 $14,757
2003 $18,021 $23,253 $3,230 $12,359
2002 $13,782 $21,985 $3,652 $13,375
2001 $12,157 $20,304 $4,920 $14,714
2000 $11,638 $18,820 $4,776 $14,174
1999 $12,743 $17,758 $4,071 $13,623
1998 $13,023 $17,434 $3,870 $14,568
1997 $13,016 $16,630 $3,711 $14,655
1996 $13,433 $15,778 $3,113 $13,824
1995 $12,779 $15,218 $3,487 $13,890
1994 $10,937 $14,667 $2,689 $13,370
1993 $10,257 $14,150 $2,825 $13,702
1992 $11,021 $14,130 $2,907 $13,652
1991 $10,047 $13,824 $2,633 $12,880
1990 $9,467 $13,126 $2,452 $11,628
1989 $7,738 - $2,250 -
1988 $7,492 - $3,191 -
1987 $6,474 - $2,611 -
1986 $5,578 - $3,376 -
1985 $4,747 - $3,549 -
1984 $4,785 - $3,520 -
1983 $4,950 - $4,079 -
1982 $5,502 - $4,202 -
1981 $5,305 - $4,228 -
1980 $5,812 - $3,874 -
1979 $5,627 - $3,257 -
1978 $4,629 - $2,727 -
1977 $3,832 - $2,585 -
1976 $3,343 - $2,309 -
1975 $3,109 - $2,078 -
1974 $2,789 - $2,034 -
1973 $2,468 - $1,367 -
1972 $1,873 - $1,155 -
1971 $1,629 - $1,106 -
1970 $1,474 - $1,015 -
1969 $1,306 - $932 -
1968 $1,138 - $938 -
1967 $1,053 - $893 -
1966 $984 - $876 -
1965 $887 - $869 -
1964 $773 - $874 -
1963 $686 - $1,060 -
1962 $608 - $1,007 -
1961 $583 - $954 -
1960 $513 - $939 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/venezuela | CC BY

Greece's GDP per capita is $24,626, ranking 49/197, compared to $4,218 in Venezuela, ranking 128/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327, while Venezuela ranks 93rd at $21,241.

Economic indicators

Greece Venezuela
Gross domestic product
$256B
2024
$120B
2024
GDP rank
53/197
2024
65/197
2024
GDP growth
2.09%
2023-2024
5.3%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$24,626
2024
$4,218
2024
GDP per capita rank
49/197
2024
128/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$44,327
2024
$21,241
2011
GDP per capita PPP rank
52/197
2024
93/197
2011
Government debt
$397B
2024
$197B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
154.8%
2024
164.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$38,119
2024
$6,931
2024
Government debt per person rank
16/185
2024
69/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$14,396
2026
$3,792
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$83.2B
2024
$3.98B
2002
Number of billionaires
16
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
26%
2023
33.2%
2006
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2023
1.2%
2006
Government expenditure, % of GDP
48%
2024
17.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.74%
2023-2024
49%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
58.4%
2025
Unemployment rate
10%
2024
7.53%
2020
Population
10181414
28661242

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Greece
Spending

Debt
Venezuela
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Greece Venezuela
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 48% 154.8% 17.6% 164.3%
2023 49.5% 165.2% 13.1% 138.5%
2022 52.8% 178.4% 15.1% 164.4%
2021 56.7% 197.8% 13.1% 254.2%
2020 59.3% 209.9% 11.2% 337%
2019 47.6% 183.7% 21% 206%
2018 48.6% 189.6% 37.9% 175.3%
2017 48.5% 182.6% 21.8% 133.6%
2016 50.3% 183.7% 19.7% 138.4%
2015 51.9% 180% 22.9% 129.8%
2014 51.5% 182.8% 31.6% 84.9%
2013 53% 180.5% 36.5% 85.4%
2012 54.9% 164.3% 38% 58.4%
2011 55.1% 175.1% 39.4% 52.5%
2010 53.1% 147.8% 31.1% 37.7%
2009 54.8% 128.5% 33.3% 27.6%
2008 51.5% 110.9% 34.9% 20.3%
2007 47.8% 104.6% 35.9% 26.4%
2006 45.9% 105.3% 39.3% 25.7%
2005 46.6% 109.9% 33.5% 34.9%
2004 48.8% 105.5% 31.9% 41.8%
2003 47.9% 104.3% 32.2% 56%
2002 47.1% 107.9% 31% 48.2%
2001 47.5% 110.5% 31.9% 30.7%
2000 48.2% 108.9% 28.3% 27.7%
1999 48% 102.8% 26.1% 29.6%
1998 46.7% 100.8% 28.8% 30.7%
1997 45.1% 102.6% 31% 34.8%
1996 46.1% 103.7% 27.7% 45.9%
1995 46.6% 100.4% 32.9% 45.9%
1994 36.9% 99.7% 42.2% 63.9%
1993 38.6% 101.7% 27.7% 57.7%
1992 36.9% 81.1% 30.6% 54.8%
1991 35.2% 75.7% 33.9% 62.2%
1990 38.5% 74.2% 31.9% 63.3%
1989 34.8% 60.7% 32.5% 61.8%
1988 33.8% 57.9% 33.2% 46.3%
1987 34% 53.2% 25.1% 58.3%
1986 33.8% 47.8% 21.5% 45.9%
1985 34.2% 47.3% 20.3% 34.1%
1984 32% 40.6% 19.7% 36.4%
1983 30.2% 34.1% 25.3% 21.4%
1982 28.7% 29.7% 29% 18.6%
1981 28.1% 27.1% 29.6% 18.9%
1980 24.5% 22.8% 22% 16.6%
1979 24.1% 22.7% 22.3% 19.2%
1978 30.1% 32.3% 29.2% 16.6%
1977 30.1% 24.5% 30.6% 12.7%
1976 29.1% 23.7% 26.6% 9.64%
1975 28.7% 24.1% 33.8% 8.31%
1974 25.3% 22.5% 35.3% 7.72%
1973 24.3% 22% 20% 9.78%
1972 26.8% 26.5% 21.3% 10.6%
1971 25.8% 25% 19.6% 9.64%
1970 25.2% 24.7% 19.5% 10.6%
1969 29.7% 25.8% 21% 9.91%
1968 26.3% 23% 19.8% 7.84%
1967 24.6% 21.1% 19.8% 6.74%
1966 22.8% 19% 19.1% 5.84%
1965 21.7% 16.5% 18.7% 5.46%
1964 20.4% 21.3% 17.9% 4.95%
1963 19.5% 22.6% 18.7% 6.3%
1962 19.7% 16.6% 17.6% 7.24%
1961 19.3% 14.4% 11.8% 8.79%
1960 20% 13.4% 23.7% 8.28%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/venezuela | CC BY

In 2024, Greece's government spending was $123B, accounting for 48% of its GDP, while Venezuela spent $21.1B, or 17.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 154.8% in Greece and 164.3% in Venezuela, ranking 7/185 and 5/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Greece

Venezuela
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Greece Venezuela
2024 1.34% -3.6%
2023 -1.35% -1.25%
2022 -2.46% -5.29%
2021 -7.58% -5.85%
2020 -10.3% -6.63%
2019 -0.09% -10.9%
2018 0.78% -31%
2017 1.05% -13.3%
2016 0.28% -8.46%
2015 -3.03% -8.06%
2014 -4.29% -9.81%
2013 -4.06% -10.4%
2012 -6.94% -9.86%
2011 -10.5% -8.24%
2010 -11.4% -4.74%
2009 -15.4% -8.69%
2008 -10.3% -3.46%
2007 -6.81% -2.82%
2006 -6.04% -1.6%
2005 -6.33% 4.09%
2004 -9.05% 2.47%
2003 -8.05% 0.17%
2002 -6.2% -1.48%
2001 -5.64% -4.59%
2000 -4.21% 4.45%
1999 -6.02% 0.74%
1998 -6.48% -4.49%
1997 -6.25% 2.58%
1996 -8.35% 7.94%
1995 -9.87% -5.86%
1994 -8.48% -11.2%
1993 -11.5% -2.92%
1992 -10.6% -6.37%
1991 -9.63% -2.28%
1990 -13.3% 3.84%
1989 -11.9% -0.91%
1988 -9.63% -9.24%
1987 -8.09% -7.47%
1986 -8.62% 0.82%
1985 -9.56% 6.97%
1984 -7.19% 5.33%
1983 -6.17% 1.24%
1982 -5.49% -0.17%
1981 -7.08% 4.74%
1980 -2.5% 4.41%
1979 -2.34% -3.07%
1978 -5.39% -5.44%
1977 -5.21% -4.69%
1976 -5.05% 1.65%
1975 -5.3% 0.88%
1974 -4.39% 2.76%
1973 -3.71% 1.98%
1972 -4.16% 0.42%
1971 -3.32% 0.78%
1970 -3.24% -1.22%
1969 -6.65% -2.17%
1968 -3.39% -0.32%
1967 -2.59% 0.51%
1966 -2.17% 0.23%
1965 -2.55% 0.39%
1964 -2.89% 1.91%
1963 -2.25% 1.92%
1962 -2.4% 2.14%
1961 -2.69% -1.91%
1960 -3.3% -4.08%
1959 -2.77% -4.98%
1958 -2.27% -4.86%
1957 -2.45% 6.7%
1956 -0.39% 0.76%
1955 -3.57% 0.38%
1954 -2.87% 1.84%
1953 -3.01% 0.03%
1952 -7.21% -0.5%
1951 -11.5% -0.24%
1950 -12.7% -0.23%
1949 -10.4% 0.15%
1948 -7.65% 1.27%
1947 - 0.09%
1946 - -0.9%
1945 - 2.9%
1944 - 1.85%
1943 - -0.27%
1942 - 0.2%
1941 - 0.01%
1940 - -1.07%
1939 0.48% -0.78%
1938 1.78% 0.68%
1937 1.06% 0.73%
1936 0.95% -0.52%
1935 0.72% -2.23%
1934 0.88% 1.34%
1933 -2.79% 1.03%
1932 -1.78% 0.51%
1931 -4% 1.02%
1930 -2.23% -2.03%
1929 -18.7% -0.34%
1928 -0.27% -0.68%
1927 2.65% 1.55%
1926 - 0.14%
1925 - 0.54%
1924 - 0.37%
1923 - 1.32%
1922 - 1.57%
1921 - -0.97%
1920 - -1.75%
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -8.96% -
1912 -7.43% -
1911 -4.61% -
1910 -1.53% -
1909 -2.64% -
1908 -1.54% -
1907 -1.23% -
1906 0.66% -
1905 0.91% -
1904 -0.04% -
1903 -0.22% -
1902 -1.67% -
1901 0.1% -
1900 0.41% -
1899 0.86% -
1898 -34.5% -
1897 -8.46% -
1896 0.82% -
1895 0.37% -
1894 2.91% -
1893 0.14% -
1892 -2.28% -
1891 -6.48% -
1890 -11.2% -
1889 -15.7% -
1888 -3.59% -
1887 -4.88% -
1886 -11.5% -
1885 -12.1% -
1884 -7.16% -
1883 -2.42% -
1882 -1.69% -
1881 -14.5% -
1880 -13.5% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/venezuela | CC BY

In 2024, Greece's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.43B, equivalent to 1.34% of GDP. This compares to Venezuela's deficit of $4.31B, or 3.6% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Greece recorded a fiscal deficit in 61 of those years, while Venezuela ran a deficit in 39 years. On average, Greece posted an annual deficit equal to 5.79% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.59% of GDP for Venezuela.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Greece

Venezuela
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Greece Venezuela
2024 2.74% 49%
2023 3.46% 338%
2022 9.65% 186.5%
2021 1.22% 1,589%
2020 -1.25% 2,355%
2019 0.25% 19,906%
2018 0.63% 65,374%
2017 1.12% 438%
2016 -0.83% 254.9%
2015 -1.74% 121.7%
2014 -1.31% 62.2%
2013 -0.92% 40.6%
2012 1.5% 21.1%
2011 3.33% 26.1%
2010 4.71% 28.2%
2009 1.21% 26%
2008 4.15% 31.4%
2007 2.9% 18.7%
2006 3.2% 13.7%
2005 3.55% 16%
2004 2.9% 21.7%
2003 3.53% 31.1%
2002 3.63% 22.4%
2001 3.37% 12.5%
2000 3.15% 16.2%
1999 2.64% 23.6%
1998 4.77% 35.8%
1997 5.54% 50%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/venezuela | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Greece has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 3,254% in Venezuela. In 2024, inflation was 2.74% in Greece and 49% in Venezuela.

Top exports between countries

Greece
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $54.1M
Chemicals & pharma $657K
Raw materials & minerals $402K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $271K
Machinery & equipment $270K
Miscellaneous $138K
Government & miscellaneous services $133K
Metals $127K
Textiles & consumer goods $124K
Animal & marine products $67K
Venezuela
Export category Export value
Metals $102K

Balance of trade

Greece Venezuela
Current account balance
-$18.2B
2024
-$3.87B
2016
Current account balance ranking
182/190
2024
161/190
2016
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.11%
2024
-3.43%
2016
Goods imports
$91.2B
2024
$16.3B
2016
Goods exports
$52.6B
2024
$27.4B
2016
Service imports
$31.1B
2024
$9.47B
2016
Service exports
$55.8B
2024
$1.28B
2016
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
47.7%
2024
9.22%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.1%
2024
16.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Greece Venezuela
Economic freedom 63.2 27.3
Economic freedom ranking 82/197 194/197
Property rights 78 0
Government integrity 54.8 6.9
Judicial effectiveness 68 5.1
Tax burden 59.9 73.4
Government spending 24.7 93
Fiscal health 78.9 29.1
Business freedom 77.8 31.1
Labor freedom 59.7 35.5
Monetary freedom 72.6 0
Trade freedom 79.4 43.2
Investment freedom 55 0
Financial freedom 50 10

Economic freedom comparison by year

Greece
Venezuela
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Greece Venezuela
2026 63.2 27.3
2025 60.6 27.6
2024 55.1 28.1
2023 56.9 25.8
2022 61.5 24.8
2021 60.9 24.7
2020 59.9 25.2
2019 57.7 25.9
2018 57.3 25.2
2017 55 27
2016 53.2 33.7
2015 54 34.3
2014 55.7 36.3
2013 55.4 36.1
2012 55.4 38.1
2011 60.3 37.6
2010 62.7 37.1
2009 60.8 39.9
2008 60.6 44.7
2007 58.7 47.9
2006 60.1 44.6
2005 59 45.2
2004 59.1 46.7
2003 58.8 54.8
2002 59.1 54.7
2001 63.4 54.6
2000 61 57.4
1999 61 56.1
1998 60.6 54
1997 59.6 52.8
1996 60.5 54.5
1995 61.2 59.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/venezuela | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Greece is 63.2, ranking 82/197, compared to 27.3 for Venezuela, ranking 194/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Greece Venezuela
Services, % of GDP
68%
2024
51.7%
2014
Industry, % of GDP
15%
2024
37.2%
2014
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.77%
2024
5.03%
2014
GNI, Atlas method
$236B
2024
$109B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$43,340
2024
$20,800
2011
Total reserves including gold
$15.2B
2024
$9.79B
2017
Total reserves ranking
67/177
2024
77/177
2017
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
-$27M
2016
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$6.74B
2024
$1.63B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.22B
2024
$2.6B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
18.8%
2021
33.1%
2015
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
18.3%
2024
4.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2013–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.