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Economy of Thailand vs Venezuela compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Thailand has a GDP of $527B compared to $120B for Venezuela, ranking 31/197 and 65/197 by economy size, respectively.

Thailand has $333B in government debt (63.2% of GDP), compared to $197B (164.3% of GDP) in Venezuela.

Thailand vs Venezuela GDP by year

Thailand
Venezuela
1x
Year GDP, current $
Thailand Venezuela
2024 $526,517,658,842 $119,802,963,258
2023 $515,906,283,941 $102,376,526,556
2022 $495,644,697,588 $89,013,255,585
2021 $506,194,668,790 $56,614,976,855
2020 $500,461,898,480 $42,838,020,721
2019 $543,976,691,794 $73,014,084,091
2018 $506,754,208,404 $102,021,093,965
2017 $456,356,813,537 $115,883,275,163
2016 $413,366,349,748 $112,915,034,262
2015 $401,296,238,228 $125,449,241,571
2014 $407,339,040,198 $214,689,614,733
2013 $420,333,654,593 $258,930,655,486
2012 $397,558,325,279 $372,592,062,768
2011 $370,818,739,624 $316,482,190,800
2010 $341,104,766,329 $393,192,354,511
2009 $281,710,630,187 $329,787,628,928
2008 $291,382,982,431 $315,953,388,511
2007 $262,942,621,455 $230,364,012,576
2006 $221,758,296,022 $183,477,522,124
2005 $189,318,408,469 $145,513,489,652
2004 $172,895,685,155 $112,451,400,425
2003 $152,280,615,246 $83,620,628,582
2002 $134,300,904,400 $92,893,587,734
2001 $120,296,476,180 $122,911,036,747
2000 $126,392,224,254 $117,146,466,003
1999 $126,669,211,779 $97,972,842,462
1998 $113,675,596,788 $91,336,763,255
1997 $150,180,456,566 $85,837,678,560
1996 $183,035,237,429 $70,543,211,119
1995 $169,278,916,593 $77,389,487,770
1994 $146,683,778,959 $58,418,666,667
1993 $128,889,262,951 $60,037,460,783
1992 $111,452,746,518 $60,416,519,620
1991 $98,234,714,971 $53,453,444,787
1990 $85,343,190,719 $48,606,952,195
1989 $72,250,748,100 $43,536,709,104
1988 $61,667,253,471 $60,226,413,793
1987 $50,535,446,555 $48,029,034,483
1986 $43,096,773,981 $60,516,123,711
1985 $38,900,711,333 $61,965,466,667
1984 $41,797,647,776 $59,867,743,468
1983 $40,042,798,388 $67,556,279,070
1982 $36,589,772,404 $67,736,744,186
1981 $34,846,039,194 $66,327,441,860
1980 $32,353,514,989 $59,116,511,628
1979 $27,371,650,825 $48,310,930,233
1978 $24,006,566,637 $39,316,279,070
1977 $19,779,312,261 $36,210,697,674
1976 $16,985,208,648 $31,419,534,884
1975 $14,882,770,594 $27,464,651,163
1974 $13,702,998,512 $26,100,930,233
1973 $10,838,587,358 $17,035,581,395
1972 $8,177,873,151 $13,977,727,273
1971 $7,375,000,024 $12,986,590,909
1970 $7,086,538,438 $11,561,111,111
1969 $6,695,336,567 $10,285,111,111
1968 $6,081,009,428 $10,034,444,444
1967 $5,638,461,442 $9,250,000,000
1966 $5,279,230,817 $8,781,333,333
1965 $4,388,937,649 $8,427,777,778
1964 $3,889,129,942 $8,192,413,793
1963 $3,540,403,457 $9,608,717,288
1962 $3,308,912,797 $8,814,309,884
1961 $3,034,037,811 $8,067,267,031
1960 $2,760,750,861 $7,663,938,303

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/thailand/venezuela | CC BY

GDP per capita in Thailand vs Venezuela by year

Thailand
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Venezuela
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Thailand Venezuela
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $7,347 $24,712 $4,218 -
2023 $7,195 $23,519 $3,617 -
2022 $6,909 $22,243 $3,155 -
2021 $7,057 $20,243 $2,005 -
2020 $6,986 $19,164 $1,506 -
2019 $7,606 $19,963 $2,523 -
2018 $7,100 $18,876 $3,423 -
2017 $6,413 $17,573 $3,791 -
2016 $5,834 $16,671 $3,670 -
2015 $5,689 $15,791 $4,103 -
2014 $5,801 $15,365 $7,096 -
2013 $6,018 $15,216 $8,656 -
2012 $5,726 $14,617 $12,607 -
2011 $5,374 $13,227 $10,844 $21,241
2010 $4,974 $12,932 $13,646 $20,236
2009 $4,135 $11,964 $11,597 $20,562
2008 $4,309 $12,062 $11,262 $21,402
2007 $3,919 $11,723 $8,332 $20,236
2006 $3,331 $10,912 $6,739 $18,399
2005 $2,868 $10,169 $5,432 $16,511
2004 $2,642 $9,545 $4,269 $14,757
2003 $2,348 $8,824 $3,230 $12,359
2002 $2,090 $8,148 $3,652 $13,375
2001 $1,890 $7,632 $4,920 $14,714
2000 $2,006 $7,289 $4,776 $14,174
1999 $2,033 $6,901 $4,071 $13,623
1998 $1,848 $6,590 $3,870 $14,568
1997 $2,473 $7,148 $3,711 $14,655
1996 $3,055 $7,322 $3,113 $13,824
1995 $2,864 $6,901 $3,487 $13,890
1994 $2,518 $6,341 $2,689 $13,370
1993 $2,245 $5,834 $2,825 $13,702
1992 $1,972 $5,347 $2,907 $13,652
1991 $1,766 $4,914 $2,633 $12,880
1990 $1,559 $4,451 $2,452 $11,628
1989 $1,342 - $2,250 -
1988 $1,164 - $3,191 -
1987 $970 - $2,611 -
1986 $842 - $3,376 -
1985 $774 - $3,549 -
1984 $847 - $3,520 -
1983 $827 - $4,079 -
1982 $770 - $4,202 -
1981 $748 - $4,228 -
1980 $709 - $3,874 -
1979 $612 - $3,257 -
1978 $548 - $2,727 -
1977 $462 - $2,585 -
1976 $405 - $2,309 -
1975 $364 - $2,078 -
1974 $343 - $2,034 -
1973 $278.3 - $1,367 -
1972 $215.6 - $1,155 -
1971 $199.7 - $1,106 -
1970 $197.1 - $1,015 -
1969 $191.4 - $932 -
1968 $178.8 - $938 -
1967 $170.7 - $893 -
1966 $164.5 - $876 -
1965 $140.9 - $869 -
1964 $128.6 - $874 -
1963 $120.7 - $1,060 -
1962 $116.2 - $1,007 -
1961 $109.7 - $954 -
1960 $102.8 - $939 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/thailand/venezuela | CC BY

Thailand's GDP per capita is $7,347, ranking 100/197, compared to $4,218 in Venezuela, ranking 128/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Thailand ranks 85th at $24,712, while Venezuela ranks 93rd at $21,241.

Economic indicators

Thailand Venezuela
Gross domestic product
$527B
2024
$120B
2024
GDP rank
31/197
2024
65/197
2024
GDP growth
2.54%
2023-2024
5.3%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$7,347
2024
$4,218
2024
GDP per capita rank
100/197
2024
128/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$24,712
2024
$21,241
2011
GDP per capita PPP rank
85/197
2024
93/197
2011
Government debt
$333B
2024
$197B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
63.2%
2024
164.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,643
2024
$6,931
2024
Government debt per person rank
84/185
2024
69/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,733
2026
$3,792
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$520B
2024
$3.98B
2002
Number of millionaires
100,001
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
25
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
26.1%
2023
33.2%
2006
Income share by poorest 10%
3.4%
2023
1.2%
2006
Government expenditure, % of GDP
22.7%
2024
17.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.37%
2023-2024
49%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.5%
2025
58.4%
2025
Unemployment rate
0.78%
2024
7.53%
2020
Population
71571743
28661242

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Thailand
Spending

Debt
Venezuela
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Thailand Venezuela
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 22.7% 63.2% 17.6% 164.3%
2023 22.8% 62.3% 13.1% 138.5%
2022 24.7% 60.5% 15.1% 164.4%
2021 26.8% 58.3% 13.1% 254.2%
2020 24.9% 49.4% 11.2% 337%
2019 20.6% 41.1% 21% 206%
2018 21.2% 41.9% 37.9% 175.3%
2017 21.5% 41.8% 21.8% 133.6%
2016 21.4% 41.7% 19.7% 138.4%
2015 22.3% 42.6% 22.9% 129.8%
2014 22.2% 43.3% 31.6% 84.9%
2013 21.6% 42.2% 36.5% 85.4%
2012 22.3% 41.9% 38% 58.4%
2011 21.1% 39.1% 39.4% 52.5%
2010 22% 39.8% 31.1% 37.7%
2009 21.7% 42.4% 33.3% 27.6%
2008 19.2% 34.9% 34.9% 20.3%
2007 20% 36% 35.9% 26.4%
2006 18.7% 39.2% 39.3% 25.7%
2005 19.6% 45.5% 33.5% 34.9%
2004 19.3% 46.3% 31.9% 41.8%
2003 18.3% 47.5% 32.2% 56%
2002 25.7% 54.9% 31% 48.2%
2001 20.8% 57.5% 31.9% 30.7%
2000 19.3% 57.8% 28.3% 27.7%
1999 26.5% 56.6% 26.1% 29.6%
1998 23.9% 49.9% 28.8% 30.7%
1997 21.6% 40.5% 31% 34.8%
1996 18% 15.2% 27.7% 45.9%
1995 17.2% 5.12% 32.9% 45.9%
1994 16% 6.69% 42.2% 63.9%
1993 18.8% 9.14% 27.7% 57.7%
1992 17.8% 11.4% 30.6% 54.8%
1991 17% 14.1% 33.9% 62.2%
1990 16.6% 18% 31.9% 63.3%
1989 16.5% 23.7% 32.5% 61.8%
1988 15.1% 30.3% 33.2% 46.3%
1987 17.5% 38.8% 25.1% 58.3%
1986 19.5% 40.1% 21.5% 45.9%
1985 20.5% 36.8% 20.3% 34.1%
1984 19.3% 30.6% 19.7% 36.4%
1983 19.5% 28.9% 25.3% 21.4%
1982 20.2% 27.1% 29% 18.6%
1981 19.1% 24.4% 29.6% 18.9%
1980 18.7% 22.1% 22% 16.6%
1979 16.9% 23.7% 22.3% 19.2%
1978 16.6% 22.8% 29.2% 16.6%
1977 16.1% 22.4% 30.6% 12.7%
1976 15.6% 22% 26.6% 9.64%
1975 14.2% 15.8% 33.8% 8.31%
1974 13.2% 16.3% 35.3% 7.72%
1973 15.9% 21.2% 20% 9.78%
1972 18.5% 26.8% 21.3% 10.6%
1971 18.8% 21.5% 19.6% 9.64%
1970 17.6% 18.5% 19.5% 10.6%
1969 15.9% 17.7% 21% 9.91%
1968 16% 15.5% 19.8% 7.84%
1967 15.5% 15% 19.8% 6.74%
1966 14.7% 14.4% 19.1% 5.84%
1965 14.7% 14.8% 18.7% 5.46%
1964 13.3% 13.3% 17.9% 4.95%
1963 12% 12.6% 18.7% 6.3%
1962 11.9% 13.4% 17.6% 7.24%
1961 9.58% 12.9% 11.8% 8.79%
1960 12.1% 14.3% 23.7% 8.28%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/thailand/venezuela | CC BY

In 2024, Thailand's government spending was $120B, accounting for 22.7% of its GDP, while Venezuela spent $21.1B, or 17.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 63.2% in Thailand and 164.3% in Venezuela, ranking 74/185 and 5/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Thailand

Venezuela
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Thailand Venezuela
2024 -1.29% -3.6%
2023 -1.98% -1.25%
2022 -4.61% -5.29%
2021 -6.74% -5.85%
2020 -4.47% -6.63%
2019 0.43% -10.9%
2018 0.2% -31%
2017 -0.42% -13.3%
2016 0.41% -8.46%
2015 0.19% -8.06%
2014 -0.7% -9.81%
2013 0.6% -10.4%
2012 -0.86% -9.86%
2011 0.09% -8.24%
2010 -1.07% -4.74%
2009 -2.21% -8.69%
2008 0.8% -3.46%
2007 0.22% -2.82%
2006 1.87% -1.6%
2005 2.17% 4.09%
2004 1.11% 2.47%
2003 1.98% 0.17%
2002 -6.72% -1.48%
2001 -1.77% -4.59%
2000 -1.79% 4.45%
1999 -9.02% 0.74%
1998 -6.29% -4.49%
1997 -1.68% 2.58%
1996 2.75% 7.94%
1995 3.05% -5.86%
1994 2.78% -11.2%
1993 6.67% -2.92%
1992 -0.18% -6.37%
1991 1.6% -2.28%
1990 1.41% 3.84%
1989 0.16% -0.91%
1988 0.58% -9.24%
1987 -2.38% -7.47%
1986 -4.32% 0.82%
1985 -5.11% 6.97%
1984 -3.85% 5.33%
1983 -4.02% 1.24%
1982 -6.18% -0.17%
1981 -4.07% 4.74%
1980 -4.41% 4.41%
1979 -3.62% -3.07%
1978 -3.31% -5.44%
1977 -2.91% -4.69%
1976 -3.35% 1.65%
1975 -1.73% 0.88%
1974 1.29% 2.76%
1973 -2.7% 1.98%
1972 -4.81% 0.42%
1971 -5.47% 0.78%
1970 -3.73% -1.22%
1969 -2.53% -2.17%
1968 -2.79% -0.32%
1967 -2.1% 0.51%
1966 -1.13% 0.23%
1965 -1.05% 0.39%
1964 -1.01% 1.91%
1963 -0.81% 1.92%
1962 -0.27% 2.14%
1961 0.05% -1.91%
1960 0.48% -4.08%
1959 -1.15% -4.98%
1958 -0.91% -4.86%
1957 -1.31% 6.7%
1956 -1.38% 0.76%
1955 -1.65% 0.38%
1954 -3.46% 1.84%
1953 -3.56% 0.03%
1952 -2.4% -0.5%
1951 -3.54% -0.24%
1950 -0.7% -0.23%
1949 0.7% 0.15%
1948 -0.1% 1.27%
1947 - 0.09%
1946 - -0.9%
1945 - 2.9%
1944 - 1.85%
1943 - -0.27%
1942 - 0.2%
1941 - 0.01%
1940 - -1.07%
1939 - -0.78%
1938 - 0.68%
1937 - 0.73%
1936 - -0.52%
1935 - -2.23%
1934 - 1.34%
1933 - 1.03%
1932 - 0.51%
1931 - 1.02%
1930 - -2.03%
1929 - -0.34%
1928 - -0.68%
1927 - 1.55%
1926 - 0.14%
1925 - 0.54%
1924 - 0.37%
1923 - 1.32%
1922 - 1.57%
1921 - -0.97%
1920 - -1.75%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1920–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/thailand/venezuela | CC BY

In 2024, Thailand's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $6.81B, equivalent to 1.29% of GDP. This compares to Venezuela's deficit of $4.31B, or 3.6% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Thailand recorded a fiscal deficit in 42 of those years, while Venezuela ran a deficit in 39 years. On average, Thailand posted an annual deficit equal to 1.52% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.59% of GDP for Venezuela.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Thailand

Venezuela
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Thailand Venezuela
2024 1.37% 49%
2023 8.48% 338%
2022 -1.61% 186.5%
2021 1.23% 1,589%
2020 -0.85% 2,355%
2019 0.71% 19,906%
2018 1.06% 65,374%
2017 0.67% 438%
2016 0.19% 254.9%
2015 -0.9% 121.7%
2014 1.9% 62.2%
2013 2.18% 40.6%
2012 3.01% 21.1%
2011 3.81% 26.1%
2010 3.25% 28.2%
2009 -0.85% 26%
2008 5.47% 31.4%
2007 2.24% 18.7%
2006 4.64% 13.7%
2005 4.54% 16%
2004 2.76% 21.7%
2003 1.8% 31.1%
2002 0.7% 22.4%
2001 1.63% 12.5%
2000 1.59% 16.2%
1999 0.28% 23.6%
1998 7.99% 35.8%
1997 5.63% 50%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/thailand/venezuela | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Thailand has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.25%, compared with 3,254% in Venezuela. In 2024, inflation was 1.37% in Thailand and 49% in Venezuela.

Top exports between countries

Thailand
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $26.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.67M
Raw materials & minerals $1.17M
Raw agricultural goods $534K
Chemicals & pharma $526K
Metals $236K
Wood & paper products $171K
Precious metals & jewellery $140K
Miscellaneous $9K
Venezuela
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $99K
Animal & marine products $43K
Machinery & equipment $8K

Balance of trade

Thailand Venezuela
Current account balance
$11.6B
2024
-$3.87B
2016
Current account balance ranking
23/190
2024
161/190
2016
Current account balance, % of GDP
+2.21%
2024
-3.43%
2016
Goods imports
$276B
2024
$16.3B
2016
Goods exports
$297B
2024
$27.4B
2016
Service imports
$74B
2024
$9.47B
2016
Service exports
$71.9B
2024
$1.28B
2016
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
66.7%
2024
9.22%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
70%
2024
16.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Thailand Venezuela
Economic freedom 62.2 27.3
Economic freedom ranking 88/197 194/197
Property rights 41.8 0
Government integrity 38.9 6.9
Judicial effectiveness 35 5.1
Tax burden 80.8 73.4
Government spending 83.6 93
Fiscal health 81 29.1
Business freedom 69.9 31.1
Labor freedom 56.4 35.5
Monetary freedom 73.3 0
Trade freedom 70.2 43.2
Investment freedom 55 0
Financial freedom 60 10

Economic freedom comparison by year

Thailand
Venezuela
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Thailand Venezuela
2026 62.2 27.3
2025 60.6 27.6
2024 59 28.1
2023 60.6 25.8
2022 63.2 24.8
2021 69.7 24.7
2020 69.4 25.2
2019 68.3 25.9
2018 67.1 25.2
2017 66.2 27
2016 63.9 33.7
2015 62.4 34.3
2014 63.3 36.3
2013 64.1 36.1
2012 64.9 38.1
2011 64.7 37.6
2010 64.1 37.1
2009 63 39.9
2008 62.3 44.7
2007 63.5 47.9
2006 63.3 44.6
2005 62.5 45.2
2004 63.7 46.7
2003 65.8 54.8
2002 69.1 54.7
2001 68.9 54.6
2000 66.6 57.4
1999 66.9 56.1
1998 67.3 54
1997 66.1 52.8
1996 71 54.5
1995 71.3 59.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/thailand/venezuela | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Thailand is 62.2, ranking 88/197, compared to 27.3 for Venezuela, ranking 194/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Thailand Venezuela
Services, % of GDP
59.2%
2024
51.7%
2014
Industry, % of GDP
32.1%
2024
37.2%
2014
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.71%
2024
5.03%
2014
GNI, Atlas method
$509B
2024
$109B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$23,960
2024
$20,800
2011
Total reserves including gold
$237B
2024
$9.79B
2017
Total reserves ranking
15/177
2024
77/177
2017
Net foreign direct investment
-$6.95B
2024
-$27M
2016
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$14.3B
2024
$1.63B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$7.36B
2024
$2.6B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.52%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
5.4%
2022
33.1%
2015
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.6%
2024
4.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/thailand/venezuela | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1920–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2013–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.