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Economy of United States vs Venezuela compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The United States has a GDP of $28.8T compared to $120B for Venezuela, ranking 1/197 and 65/197 by economy size, respectively.

The United States has $35.2T in government debt (122.3% of GDP), compared to $197B (164.3% of GDP) in Venezuela.

United States vs Venezuela GDP by year

United States
Venezuela
1x
Year GDP, current $
United States Venezuela
2024 $28,750,956,130,731 $119,802,963,258
2023 $27,292,170,793,214 $102,376,526,556
2022 $25,604,848,907,611 $89,013,255,585
2021 $23,315,080,560,000 $56,614,976,855
2020 $21,060,473,613,000 $42,838,020,721
2019 $21,380,976,119,000 $73,014,084,091
2018 $20,533,057,312,000 $102,021,093,965
2017 $19,477,336,549,000 $115,883,275,163
2016 $18,695,110,842,000 $112,915,034,262
2015 $18,206,020,741,000 $125,449,241,571
2014 $17,550,680,174,000 $214,689,614,733
2013 $16,843,190,993,000 $258,930,655,486
2012 $16,253,972,230,000 $372,592,062,768
2011 $15,599,728,123,000 $316,482,190,800
2010 $15,048,964,444,000 $393,192,354,511
2009 $14,478,064,934,000 $329,787,628,928
2008 $14,769,857,911,000 $315,953,388,511
2007 $14,474,226,905,000 $230,364,012,576
2006 $13,815,586,948,000 $183,477,522,124
2005 $13,039,199,193,000 $145,513,489,652
2004 $12,217,193,198,000 $112,451,400,425
2003 $11,456,442,041,000 $83,620,628,582
2002 $10,929,112,955,000 $92,893,587,734
2001 $10,581,929,774,000 $122,911,036,747
2000 $10,250,947,997,000 $117,146,466,003
1999 $9,631,174,489,000 $97,972,842,462
1998 $9,062,818,202,000 $91,336,763,255
1997 $8,577,554,457,000 $85,837,678,560
1996 $8,073,122,000,000 $70,543,211,119
1995 $7,639,749,000,000 $77,389,487,770
1994 $7,287,236,000,000 $58,418,666,667
1993 $6,858,559,000,000 $60,037,460,783
1992 $6,520,327,000,000 $60,416,519,620
1991 $6,158,129,000,000 $53,453,444,787
1990 $5,963,144,000,000 $48,606,952,195
1989 $5,641,580,000,000 $43,536,709,104
1988 $5,236,438,000,000 $60,226,413,793
1987 $4,855,215,000,000 $48,029,034,483
1986 $4,579,631,000,000 $60,516,123,711
1985 $4,338,979,000,000 $61,965,466,667
1984 $4,037,613,000,000 $59,867,743,468
1983 $3,634,038,000,000 $67,556,279,070
1982 $3,343,789,000,000 $67,736,744,186
1981 $3,207,041,000,000 $66,327,441,860
1980 $2,857,307,000,000 $59,116,511,628
1979 $2,627,333,000,000 $48,310,930,233
1978 $2,351,599,000,000 $39,316,279,070
1977 $2,081,826,000,000 $36,210,697,674
1976 $1,873,412,000,000 $31,419,534,884
1975 $1,684,904,000,000 $27,464,651,163
1974 $1,545,243,000,000 $26,100,930,233
1973 $1,425,376,000,000 $17,035,581,395
1972 $1,279,110,000,000 $13,977,727,273
1971 $1,164,850,000,000 $12,986,590,909
1970 $1,073,303,000,000 $11,561,111,111
1969 $1,017,438,172,414 $10,285,111,111
1968 $940,225,000,000 $10,034,444,444
1967 $859,620,034,483 $9,250,000,000
1966 $813,032,758,621 $8,781,333,333
1965 $741,904,862,069 $8,427,777,778
1964 $684,144,620,690 $8,192,413,793
1963 $637,058,551,724 $9,608,717,288
1962 $603,639,413,793 $8,814,309,884
1961 $561,940,310,345 $8,067,267,031
1960 $541,988,586,207 $7,663,938,303

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/united-states/venezuela | CC BY

GDP per capita in United States vs Venezuela by year

United States
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Venezuela
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
United States Venezuela
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $84,534 $85,810 $4,218 -
2023 $81,490 $82,305 $3,617 -
2022 $76,829 $77,861 $3,155 -
2021 $70,249 $71,307 $2,005 -
2020 $63,526 $64,402 $1,506 -
2019 $65,120 $65,228 $2,523 -
2018 $62,823 $62,876 $3,423 -
2017 $59,908 $60,048 $3,791 -
2016 $57,867 $57,977 $3,670 -
2015 $56,763 $56,849 $4,103 -
2014 $55,124 $55,153 $7,096 -
2013 $53,291 $53,297 $8,656 -
2012 $51,784 $51,708 $12,607 -
2011 $50,066 $50,025 $10,844 $21,241
2010 $48,651 $48,643 $13,646 $20,236
2009 $47,195 $47,195 $11,597 $20,562
2008 $48,570 $48,570 $11,262 $21,402
2007 $48,050 $48,050 $8,332 $20,236
2006 $46,302 $46,302 $6,739 $18,399
2005 $44,123 $44,123 $5,432 $16,511
2004 $41,725 $41,725 $4,269 $14,757
2003 $39,490 $39,490 $3,230 $12,359
2002 $37,998 $37,998 $3,652 $13,375
2001 $37,134 $37,134 $4,920 $14,714
2000 $36,330 $36,330 $4,776 $14,174
1999 $34,484 $34,515 $4,071 $13,623
1998 $32,823 $32,854 $3,870 $14,568
1997 $31,430 $31,459 $3,711 $14,655
1996 $29,937 $29,968 $3,113 $13,824
1995 $28,661 $28,691 $3,487 $13,890
1994 $27,662 $27,695 $2,689 $13,370
1993 $26,353 $26,387 $2,825 $13,702
1992 $25,381 $25,419 $2,907 $13,652
1991 $24,293 $24,342 $2,633 $12,880
1990 $23,840 $23,889 $2,452 $11,628
1989 $22,857 - $2,250 -
1988 $21,417 - $3,191 -
1987 $20,039 - $2,611 -
1986 $19,071 - $3,376 -
1985 $18,237 - $3,549 -
1984 $17,121 - $3,520 -
1983 $15,544 - $4,079 -
1982 $14,434 - $4,202 -
1981 $13,976 - $4,228 -
1980 $12,613 - $3,874 -
1979 $11,674 - $3,257 -
1978 $10,565 - $2,727 -
1977 $9,453 - $2,585 -
1976 $8,592 - $2,309 -
1975 $7,801 - $2,078 -
1974 $7,226 - $2,034 -
1973 $6,726 - $1,367 -
1972 $6,094 - $1,155 -
1971 $5,609 - $1,106 -
1970 $5,234 - $1,015 -
1969 $5,020 - $932 -
1968 $4,685 - $938 -
1967 $4,326 - $893 -
1966 $4,136 - $876 -
1965 $3,818 - $869 -
1964 $3,565 - $874 -
1963 $3,366 - $1,060 -
1962 $3,236 - $1,007 -
1961 $3,059 - $954 -
1960 $3,000 - $939 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/united-states/venezuela | CC BY

The United States' GDP per capita is $84,534, ranking 10/197, compared to $4,218 in Venezuela, ranking 128/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the United States ranks 12th at $85,810, while Venezuela ranks 93rd at $21,241.

Economic indicators

United States Venezuela
Gross domestic product
$28.8T
2024
$120B
2024
GDP rank
1/197
2024
65/197
2024
GDP growth
2.79%
2023-2024
5.3%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$84,534
2024
$4,218
2024
GDP per capita rank
10/197
2024
128/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$85,810
2024
$21,241
2011
GDP per capita PPP rank
12/197
2024
93/197
2011
Government debt
$35.2T
2024
$197B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
122.3%
2024
164.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$103,404
2024
$6,931
2024
Government debt per person rank
2/185
2024
69/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$53,202
2026
$3,792
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$62.2T
2024
$3.98B
2002
Number of millionaires
23,831,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
902
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
30.4%
2023
33.2%
2006
Income share by poorest 10%
1.8%
2023
1.2%
2006
Government expenditure, % of GDP
37.9%
2024
17.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.95%
2023-2024
49%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3.75%
2025
58.4%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.02%
2024
7.53%
2020
Population
344023146
28661242

Spending and national debt comparison by year

United States
Spending

Debt
Venezuela
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
United States Venezuela
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 37.9% 122.3% 17.6% 164.3%
2023 37.7% 119.8% 13.1% 138.5%
2022 36.8% 119.1% 15.1% 164.4%
2021 43.2% 125% 13.1% 254.2%
2020 44.7% 132.5% 11.2% 337%
2019 35.8% 108.8% 21% 206%
2018 35.3% 107.6% 37.9% 175.3%
2017 35.2% 106.4% 21.8% 133.6%
2016 35.3% 107.4% 19.7% 138.4%
2015 35% 105.4% 22.9% 129.8%
2014 35.3% 104.9% 31.6% 84.9%
2013 35.8% 105% 36.5% 85.4%
2012 37.2% 103.7% 38% 58.4%
2011 38.8% 100% 39.4% 52.5%
2010 39.8% 95.6% 31.1% 37.7%
2009 41.4% 87.1% 33.3% 27.6%
2008 37.1% 73.8% 34.9% 20.3%
2007 34.6% 64.9% 35.9% 26.4%
2006 33.7% 64.5% 39.3% 25.7%
2005 33.9% 65.8% 33.5% 34.9%
2004 33.7% 66.4% 31.9% 41.8%
2003 34% 59% 32.2% 56%
2002 33.7% 55.9% 31% 48.2%
2001 32.8% 53.5% 31.9% 30.7%
2000 31.7% 54.5% 28.3% 27.7%
1999 32.2% 60.5% 26.1% 29.6%
1998 32.8% 64.2% 28.8% 30.7%
1997 33.7% 67.4% 31% 34.8%
1996 34.7% 69.9% 27.7% 45.9%
1995 35.5% 70.7% 32.9% 45.9%
1994 35.5% 71.1% 42.2% 63.9%
1993 36.4% 71.9% 27.7% 57.7%
1992 36.7% 70.3% 30.6% 54.8%
1991 35.7% 67.9% 33.9% 62.2%
1990 34.5% 63.1% 31.9% 63.3%
1989 33.7% 61.6% 32.5% 61.8%
1988 33.7% 61.3% 33.2% 46.3%
1987 34.3% 60.6% 25.1% 58.3%
1986 34.8% 58.9% 21.5% 45.9%
1985 34.5% 55.4% 20.3% 34.1%
1984 34.3% 50.6% 19.7% 36.4%
1983 35.7% 48.9% 25.3% 21.4%
1982 35.8% 45.9% 29% 18.6%
1981 33.9% 41.1% 29.6% 18.9%
1980 33.7% 41.9% 22% 16.6%
1979 32% 41.2% 22.3% 19.2%
1978 32.6% 42.5% 29.2% 16.6%
1977 33.4% 43.6% 30.6% 12.7%
1976 34.2% 44.8% 26.6% 9.64%
1975 35.2% 44.6% 33.8% 8.31%
1974 32.9% 41.4% 35.3% 7.72%
1973 31.9% 42.6% 20% 9.78%
1972 32.8% 45.4% 21.3% 10.6%
1971 32.3% 47% 19.6% 9.64%
1970 31.5% 46.4% 19.5% 10.6%
1969 29.3% 45.9% 21% 9.91%
1968 29.1% 48.5% 19.8% 7.84%
1967 28.3% 50.4% 19.8% 6.74%
1966 26.3% 50.6% 19.1% 5.84%
1965 25.4% 53.7% 18.7% 5.46%
1964 25.6% 56.7% 17.9% 4.95%
1963 26% 58.8% 18.7% 6.3%
1962 26% 60.2% 17.6% 7.24%
1961 25.9% 62.3% 11.8% 8.79%
1960 24.9% 61.7% 23.7% 8.28%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/united-states/venezuela | CC BY

In 2024, the United States' government spending was $10.9T, accounting for 37.9% of its GDP, while Venezuela spent $21.1B, or 17.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 122.3% in the United States and 164.3% in Venezuela, ranking 12/185 and 5/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
United States

Venezuela
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
United States Venezuela
2024 -8.03% -3.6%
2023 -7.8% -1.25%
2022 -3.72% -5.29%
2021 -11.4% -5.85%
2020 -14.1% -6.63%
2019 -5.81% -10.9%
2018 -5.33% -31%
2017 -4.79% -13.3%
2016 -4.36% -8.46%
2015 -3.53% -8.06%
2014 -4.03% -9.81%
2013 -4.56% -10.4%
2012 -8.11% -9.86%
2011 -9.72% -8.24%
2010 -11% -4.74%
2009 -13.2% -8.69%
2008 -6.61% -3.46%
2007 -2.91% -2.82%
2006 -2.04% -1.6%
2005 -3.07% 4.09%
2004 -4.24% 2.47%
2003 -4.77% 0.17%
2002 -3.82% -1.48%
2001 -0.54% -4.59%
2000 3.62% 4.45%
1999 2.71% 0.74%
1998 2.18% -4.49%
1997 0.88% 2.58%
1996 -0.46% 7.94%
1995 -1.7% -5.86%
1994 -2.05% -11.2%
1993 -3.35% -2.92%
1992 -3.98% -6.37%
1991 -2.72% -2.28%
1990 -1.64% 3.84%
1989 -0.8% -0.91%
1988 -1.06% -9.24%
1987 -1.53% -7.47%
1986 -2.81% 0.82%
1985 -2.63% 6.97%
1984 -2.97% 5.33%
1983 -4.26% 1.24%
1982 -3.78% -0.17%
1981 -1.58% 4.74%
1980 -2.17% 4.41%
1979 -0.79% -3.07%
1978 -1.7% -5.44%
1977 -2.57% -4.69%
1976 -3.63% 1.65%
1975 -5.4% 0.88%
1974 -1.27% 2.76%
1973 -0.86% 1.98%
1972 -1.86% 0.42%
1971 -2.63% 0.78%
1970 -1.21% -1.22%
1969 2.11% -2.17%
1968 1.23% -0.32%
1967 0.47% 0.51%
1966 2.07% 0.23%
1965 2.38% 0.39%
1964 2.18% 1.91%
1963 2.87% 1.92%
1962 2.32% 2.14%
1961 2.28% -1.91%
1960 3.2% -4.08%
1959 -9.06% -4.98%
1958 -8.68% -4.86%
1957 -6.72% 6.7%
1956 -6.02% 0.76%
1955 -7.4% 0.38%
1954 -5.55% 1.84%
1953 -5.76% 0.03%
1952 -5.41% -0.5%
1951 -6.93% -0.24%
1950 -8.22% -0.23%
1949 -7.94% 0.15%
1948 -4.16% 1.27%
1947 -3.99% 0.09%
1946 -6.45% -0.9%
1945 -14.1% 2.9%
1944 -13.4% 1.85%
1943 -19.3% -0.27%
1942 -16.3% 0.2%
1941 -10.2% 0.01%
1940 -9.73% -1.07%
1939 -11.9% -0.78%
1938 -10.4% 0.68%
1937 -9.22% 0.73%
1936 -12.1% -0.52%
1935 -13.3% -2.23%
1934 -14.9% 1.34%
1933 -14.3% 1.03%
1932 -12.7% 0.51%
1931 -9.76% 1.02%
1930 -5.46% -2.03%
1929 -4.58% -0.34%
1928 - -0.68%
1927 - 1.55%
1926 - 0.14%
1925 - 0.54%
1924 - 0.37%
1923 - 1.32%
1922 - 1.57%
1921 - -0.97%
1920 - -1.75%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1920–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/united-states/venezuela | CC BY

In 2024, the United States' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $2.31T, equivalent to 8.03% of GDP. This compares to Venezuela's deficit of $4.31B, or 3.6% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, the United States recorded a fiscal deficit in 51 of those years, while Venezuela ran a deficit in 39 years. On average, the United States posted an annual deficit equal to 2.75% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.59% of GDP for Venezuela.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
United States

Venezuela
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
United States Venezuela
2024 2.95% 49%
2023 4.12% 338%
2022 8% 186.5%
2021 4.7% 1,589%
2020 1.23% 2,355%
2019 1.81% 19,906%
2018 2.44% 65,374%
2017 2.13% 438%
2016 1.26% 254.9%
2015 0.12% 121.7%
2014 1.62% 62.2%
2013 1.46% 40.6%
2012 2.07% 21.1%
2011 3.16% 26.1%
2010 1.64% 28.2%
2009 -0.36% 26%
2008 3.84% 31.4%
2007 2.85% 18.7%
2006 3.23% 13.7%
2005 3.39% 16%
2004 2.68% 21.7%
2003 2.27% 31.1%
2002 1.59% 22.4%
2001 2.83% 12.5%
2000 3.38% 16.2%
1999 2.19% 23.6%
1998 1.55% 35.8%
1997 2.34% 50%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/united-states/venezuela | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the United States has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.52%, compared with 3,254% in Venezuela. In 2024, inflation was 2.95% in the United States and 49% in Venezuela.

Top exports between countries

United States
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $2.11B
Transport & tourism services $1.26B
Machinery & equipment $884M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $422M
Raw agricultural goods $346M
Business & finance services $241M
Chemicals & pharma $236M
Miscellaneous $94.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $84.4M
IT & IP services $82M
Venezuela
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $342M
Raw materials & minerals $92.7M
Metals $73.7M
Machinery & equipment $31.9M
Animal & marine products $6.42M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.06M
Textiles & consumer goods $809K
Precious metals & jewellery $70K
Wood & paper products $17K
Miscellaneous $1K

Balance of trade

United States Venezuela
Current account balance
-$1.19T
2024
-$3.87B
2016
Current account balance ranking
190/190
2024
161/190
2016
Current account balance, % of GDP
-4.12%
2024
-3.43%
2016
Goods imports
$3.3T
2024
$16.3B
2016
Goods exports
$2.08T
2024
$27.4B
2016
Service imports
$841B
2024
$9.47B
2016
Service exports
$1.15T
2024
$1.28B
2016
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
14.3%
2024
9.22%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
11.1%
2024
16.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

United States Venezuela
Economic freedom 72.8 27.3
Economic freedom ranking 27/197 194/197
Property rights 91.6 0
Government integrity 77.1 6.9
Judicial effectiveness 76.4 5.1
Tax burden 75.3 73.4
Government spending 57.9 93
Fiscal health 18.5 29.1
Business freedom 88.6 31.1
Labor freedom 76.3 35.5
Monetary freedom 84.2 0
Trade freedom 67.6 43.2
Investment freedom 80 0
Financial freedom 80 10

Economic freedom comparison by year

United States
Venezuela
1x
Year Economic freedom index
United States Venezuela
2026 72.8 27.3
2025 70.2 27.6
2024 70.1 28.1
2023 70.6 25.8
2022 72.1 24.8
2021 74.8 24.7
2020 76.6 25.2
2019 76.8 25.9
2018 75.7 25.2
2017 75.1 27
2016 75.4 33.7
2015 76.2 34.3
2014 75.5 36.3
2013 76 36.1
2012 76.3 38.1
2011 77.8 37.6
2010 78 37.1
2009 80.7 39.9
2008 81 44.7
2007 81.2 47.9
2006 81.2 44.6
2005 79.9 45.2
2004 78.7 46.7
2003 78.2 54.8
2002 78.4 54.7
2001 79.1 54.6
2000 76.4 57.4
1999 75.5 56.1
1998 75.4 54
1997 75.6 52.8
1996 76.7 54.5
1995 76.7 59.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/united-states/venezuela | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the United States is 72.8, ranking 27/197, compared to 27.3 for Venezuela, ranking 194/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

United States Venezuela
Services, % of GDP
79.7%
2024
51.7%
2014
Industry, % of GDP
17.3%
2024
37.2%
2014
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.85%
2024
5.03%
2014
GNI, Atlas method
$28.4T
2024
$109B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$85,980
2024
$20,800
2011
Total reserves including gold
$910B
2024
$9.79B
2017
Total reserves ranking
3/177
2024
77/177
2017
Net foreign direct investment
$25.1B
2024
-$27M
2016
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$297B
2024
$1.63B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$322B
2024
$2.6B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
15.1%
2020
33.1%
2015
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.8%
2024
4.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1920–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2013–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.