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Economy of Germany vs Venezuela compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Germany has a GDP of $4.69T compared to $120B for Venezuela, ranking 3/197 and 65/197 by economy size, respectively.

Germany has $2.97T in government debt (63.5% of GDP), compared to $197B (164.3% of GDP) in Venezuela.

Germany vs Venezuela GDP by year

Germany
Venezuela
1x
Year GDP, current $
Germany Venezuela
2024 $4,685,592,577,805 $119,802,963,258
2023 $4,562,207,532,490 $102,376,526,556
2022 $4,201,021,706,479 $89,013,255,585
2021 $4,355,251,953,411 $56,614,976,855
2020 $3,941,398,957,074 $42,838,020,721
2019 $3,959,894,794,039 $73,014,084,091
2018 $4,055,433,215,302 $102,021,093,965
2017 $3,765,351,626,106 $115,883,275,163
2016 $3,536,787,895,179 $112,915,034,262
2015 $3,425,099,578,746 $125,449,241,571
2014 $3,964,870,735,761 $214,689,614,733
2013 $3,807,023,797,051 $258,930,655,486
2012 $3,596,483,233,406 $372,592,062,768
2011 $3,823,575,803,794 $316,482,190,800
2010 $3,467,093,769,667 $393,192,354,511
2009 $3,478,545,516,684 $329,787,628,928
2008 $3,808,197,720,125 $315,953,388,511
2007 $3,484,056,680,855 $230,364,012,576
2006 $3,046,308,753,671 $183,477,522,124
2005 $2,893,393,187,362 $145,513,489,652
2004 $2,852,317,768,062 $112,451,400,425
2003 $2,534,715,518,349 $83,620,628,582
2002 $2,102,350,798,306 $92,893,587,734
2001 $1,966,381,496,642 $122,911,036,747
2000 $1,966,980,701,145 $117,146,466,003
1999 $2,213,873,468,587 $97,972,842,462
1998 $2,247,760,364,566 $91,336,763,255
1997 $2,218,790,886,533 $85,837,678,560
1996 $2,506,576,553,158 $70,543,211,119
1995 $2,593,053,091,306 $77,389,487,770
1994 $2,215,282,632,277 $58,418,666,667
1993 $2,078,954,217,438 $60,037,460,783
1992 $2,141,377,582,968 $60,416,519,620
1991 $1,875,792,575,133 $53,453,444,787
1990 $1,778,162,195,860 $48,606,952,195
1989 $1,404,092,925,205 $43,536,709,104
1988 $1,406,367,016,372 $60,226,413,793
1987 $1,302,932,318,825 $48,029,034,483
1986 $1,050,092,624,516 $60,516,123,711
1985 $735,218,723,093 $61,965,466,667
1984 $727,767,760,979 $59,867,743,468
1983 $773,507,930,295 $67,556,279,070
1982 $779,421,633,755 $67,736,744,186
1981 $803,404,797,058 $66,327,441,860
1980 $953,772,499,462 $59,116,511,628
1979 $884,574,218,333 $48,310,930,233
1978 $743,182,891,918 $39,316,279,070
1977 $602,698,323,086 $36,210,697,674
1976 $521,658,712,133 $31,419,534,884
1975 $492,434,094,920 $27,464,651,163
1974 $446,934,971,657 $26,100,930,233
1973 $399,833,571,167 $17,035,581,395
1972 $300,899,944,795 $13,977,727,273
1971 $250,900,942,397 $12,986,590,909
1970 $216,629,229,947 $11,561,111,111
1969 $177,733,486,326 $10,285,111,111
1968 $156,527,292,653 $10,034,444,444
1967 $145,100,667,773 $9,250,000,000
1966 $143,304,275,684 $8,781,333,333
1965 $134,774,688,191 $8,427,777,778
1964 $123,330,404,665 $8,192,413,793
1963 $112,232,503,744 $9,608,717,288
1962 $105,895,435,234 $8,814,309,884
1961 $96,558,204,043 $8,067,267,031
1960 $84,619,845,881 $7,663,938,303

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/venezuela | CC BY

GDP per capita in Germany vs Venezuela by year

Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Venezuela
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Germany Venezuela
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $56,104 $73,552 $4,218 -
2023 $54,777 $71,684 $3,617 -
2022 $50,507 $69,049 $3,155 -
2021 $52,349 $62,531 $2,005 -
2020 $47,395 $58,686 $1,506 -
2019 $47,656 $59,271 $2,523 -
2018 $48,916 $56,273 $3,423 -
2017 $45,554 $54,110 $3,791 -
2016 $42,949 $51,570 $3,670 -
2015 $41,930 $48,545 $4,103 -
2014 $48,960 $47,939 $7,096 -
2013 $47,207 $45,889 $8,656 -
2012 $44,718 $44,229 $12,607 -
2011 $47,631 $43,398 $10,844 $21,241
2010 $42,397 $39,726 $13,646 $20,236
2009 $42,472 $37,574 $11,597 $20,562
2008 $46,379 $38,444 $11,262 $21,402
2007 $42,351 $36,914 $8,332 $20,236
2006 $36,980 $34,741 $6,739 $18,399
2005 $35,084 $32,314 $5,432 $16,511
2004 $34,567 $31,753 $4,269 $14,757
2003 $30,711 $30,301 $3,230 $12,359
2002 $25,487 $29,514 $3,652 $13,375
2001 $23,878 $28,674 $4,920 $14,714
2000 $23,926 $27,474 $4,776 $14,174
1999 $26,965 $26,518 $4,071 $13,623
1998 $27,396 $25,446 $3,870 $14,568
1997 $27,047 $24,649 $3,711 $14,655
1996 $30,600 $24,169 $3,113 $13,824
1995 $31,747 $23,631 $3,487 $13,890
1994 $27,202 $22,869 $2,689 $13,370
1993 $25,617 $21,900 $2,825 $13,702
1992 $26,560 $21,746 $2,907 $13,652
1991 $23,443 $21,001 $2,633 $12,880
1990 $22,386 $19,468 $2,452 $11,628
1989 $17,829 - $2,250 -
1988 $17,997 - $3,191 -
1987 $16,739 - $2,611 -
1986 $13,511 - $3,376 -
1985 $9,464 - $3,549 -
1984 $9,347 - $3,520 -
1983 $9,900 - $4,079 -
1982 $9,950 - $4,202 -
1981 $10,246 - $4,228 -
1980 $12,183 - $3,874 -
1979 $11,322 - $3,257 -
1978 $9,517 - $2,727 -
1977 $7,711 - $2,585 -
1976 $6,659 - $2,309 -
1975 $6,259 - $2,078 -
1974 $5,660 - $2,034 -
1973 $5,065 - $1,367 -
1972 $3,824 - $1,155 -
1971 $3,204 - $1,106 -
1970 $2,771 - $1,015 -
1969 $2,281 - $932 -
1968 $2,025 - $938 -
1967 $1,886 - $893 -
1966 $1,871 - $876 -
1965 $1,774 - $869 -
1964 $1,637 - $874 -
1963 $1,502 - $1,060 -
1962 $1,431 - $1,007 -
1961 $1,316 - $954 -
1960 $1,162 - $939 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/venezuela | CC BY

Germany's GDP per capita is $56,104, ranking 19/197, compared to $4,218 in Venezuela, ranking 128/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Germany ranks 20th at $73,552, while Venezuela ranks 93rd at $21,241.

Economic indicators

Germany Venezuela
Gross domestic product
$4.69T
2024
$120B
2024
GDP rank
3/197
2024
65/197
2024
GDP growth
-0.5%
2023-2024
5.3%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$56,104
2024
$4,218
2024
GDP per capita rank
19/197
2024
128/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,552
2024
$21,241
2011
GDP per capita PPP rank
20/197
2024
93/197
2011
Government debt
$2.97T
2024
$197B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
63.5%
2024
164.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$35,606
2024
$6,931
2024
Government debt per person rank
21/185
2024
69/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$41,775
2026
$3,792
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.04T
2024
$3.98B
2002
Number of millionaires
2,675,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
171
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25%
2020
33.2%
2006
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2020
1.2%
2006
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.4%
2024
17.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.26%
2023-2024
49%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
58.4%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.37%
2024
7.53%
2020
Population
82575542
28661242

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Germany
Spending

Debt
Venezuela
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Germany Venezuela
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 49.4% 63.5% 17.6% 164.3%
2023 48.1% 62.4% 13.1% 138.5%
2022 48.6% 64.4% 15.1% 164.4%
2021 50.7% 68% 13.1% 254.2%
2020 51.1% 68% 11.2% 337%
2019 45.5% 58.7% 21% 206%
2018 44.7% 60.8% 37.9% 175.3%
2017 44.5% 64% 21.8% 133.6%
2016 44.7% 68.3% 19.7% 138.4%
2015 44.5% 71.2% 22.9% 129.8%
2014 44.5% 74.5% 31.6% 84.9%
2013 45.2% 77.5% 36.5% 85.4%
2012 45.1% 79.8% 38% 58.4%
2011 45.3% 78.5% 39.4% 52.5%
2010 48.1% 81% 31.1% 37.7%
2009 48.3% 72.4% 33.3% 27.6%
2008 44.4% 65.2% 34.9% 20.3%
2007 43.5% 63.7% 35.9% 26.4%
2006 45.3% 66.4% 39.3% 25.7%
2005 46.9% 67.1% 33.5% 34.9%
2004 47% 65% 31.9% 41.8%
2003 48.5% 63.3% 32.2% 56%
2002 48.2% 59.8% 31% 48.2%
2001 47.7% 58.1% 31.9% 30.7%
2000 48.1% 59.2% 28.3% 27.7%
1999 48.5% 60.3% 26.1% 29.6%
1998 48.3% 59.4% 28.8% 30.7%
1997 48.8% 58.8% 31% 34.8%
1996 49.6% 57.7% 27.7% 45.9%
1995 55.2% 54.9% 32.9% 45.9%
1994 48.3% 47.5% 42.2% 63.9%
1993 48.3% 45.1% 27.7% 57.7%
1992 47.4% 41.4% 30.6% 54.8%
1991 46.5% 39% 33.9% 62.2%
1990 44.7% 40.7% 31.9% 63.3%
1989 44.3% 39.2% 32.5% 61.8%
1988 45.6% 40.5% 33.2% 46.3%
1987 46% 40.1% 25.1% 58.3%
1986 45.7% 39.1% 21.5% 45.9%
1985 46.6% 39.2% 20.3% 34.1%
1984 47.2% 38.7% 19.7% 36.4%
1983 47.9% 38% 25.3% 21.4%
1982 49.1% 36.4% 29% 18.6%
1981 49% 33.6% 29.6% 18.9%
1980 48.2% 30.1% 22% 16.6%
1979 47.4% 28.2% 22.3% 19.2%
1978 47.7% 27.4% 29.2% 16.6%
1977 49% 26% 30.6% 12.7%
1976 49.4% 25.1% 26.6% 9.64%
1975 50.3% 23.7% 33.8% 8.31%
1974 46% 18.5% 35.3% 7.72%
1973 42.4% 17.3% 20% 9.78%
1972 41.8% 18% 21.3% 10.6%
1971 40.9% 17.7% 19.6% 9.64%
1970 39.5% 17.7% 19.5% 10.6%
1969 29.7% 20.3% 21% 9.91%
1968 28.5% 22.5% 19.8% 7.84%
1967 28.8% 22.5% 19.8% 6.74%
1966 28.3% 19.8% 19.1% 5.84%
1965 28.4% 18.7% 18.7% 5.46%
1964 29% 18.2% 17.9% 4.95%
1963 29.1% 18.1% 18.7% 6.3%
1962 29.2% 17.6% 17.6% 7.24%
1961 28.8% 18.7% 11.8% 8.79%
1960 22.9% 18.4% 23.7% 8.28%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/venezuela | CC BY

In 2024, Germany's government spending was $2.32T, accounting for 49.4% of its GDP, while Venezuela spent $21.1B, or 17.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 63.5% in Germany and 164.3% in Venezuela, ranking 72/185 and 5/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Germany

Venezuela
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Germany Venezuela
2024 -2.66% -3.6%
2023 -2.49% -1.25%
2022 -1.91% -5.29%
2021 -3.17% -5.85%
2020 -4.38% -6.63%
2019 1.33% -10.9%
2018 1.88% -31%
2017 1.34% -13.3%
2016 1.13% -8.46%
2015 0.91% -8.06%
2014 0.73% -9.81%
2013 0.12% -10.4%
2012 -0.05% -9.86%
2011 -0.84% -8.24%
2010 -4.42% -4.74%
2009 -3.18% -8.69%
2008 -0.26% -3.46%
2007 0.15% -2.82%
2006 -1.76% -1.6%
2005 -3.37% 4.09%
2004 -3.42% 2.47%
2003 -3.83% 0.17%
2002 -4.09% -1.48%
2001 -3.12% -4.59%
2000 -1.71% 4.45%
1999 -1.87% 0.74%
1998 -2.65% -4.49%
1997 -3.03% 2.58%
1996 -3.64% 7.94%
1995 -9.44% -5.86%
1994 -2.54% -11.2%
1993 -3.11% -2.92%
1992 -2.63% -6.37%
1991 -3.21% -2.28%
1990 -1.94% 3.84%
1989 0.08% -0.91%
1988 -2.02% -9.24%
1987 -1.85% -7.47%
1986 -1.18% 0.82%
1985 -1.18% 6.97%
1984 -2.04% 5.33%
1983 -2.95% 1.24%
1982 -3.56% -0.17%
1981 -4.03% 4.74%
1980 -3.02% 4.41%
1979 -2.71% -3.07%
1978 -2.62% -5.44%
1977 -2.56% -4.69%
1976 -3.5% 1.65%
1975 -5.78% 0.88%
1974 -1.69% 2.76%
1973 1.14% 1.98%
1972 -0.37% 0.42%
1971 0.16% 0.78%
1970 0.53% -1.22%
1969 -0.43% -2.17%
1968 1.39% -0.32%
1967 2.73% 0.51%
1966 1.76% 0.23%
1965 2.26% 0.39%
1964 1.49% 1.91%
1963 1.43% 1.92%
1962 0.49% 2.14%
1961 -0.12% -1.91%
1960 -0.34% -4.08%
1959 0.77% -4.98%
1958 1.77% -4.86%
1957 1.99% 6.7%
1956 0.59% 0.76%
1955 -1.41% 0.38%
1954 -0.37% 1.84%
1953 -0.13% 0.03%
1952 0% -0.5%
1951 1.15% -0.24%
1950 1.81% -0.23%
1949 - 0.15%
1948 - 1.27%
1947 - 0.09%
1946 - -0.9%
1945 - 2.9%
1944 - 1.85%
1943 - -0.27%
1942 - 0.2%
1941 - 0.01%
1940 - -1.07%
1939 - -0.78%
1938 - 0.68%
1937 - 0.73%
1936 - -0.52%
1935 - -2.23%
1934 -0.64% 1.34%
1933 -0.43% 1.03%
1932 -1.11% 0.51%
1931 -1.03% 1.02%
1930 -1.52% -2.03%
1929 -0.9% -0.34%
1928 -1.47% -0.68%
1927 -0.44% 1.55%
1926 -1.3% 0.14%
1925 0.34% 0.54%
1924 - 0.37%
1923 - 1.32%
1922 - 1.57%
1921 - -0.97%
1920 - -1.75%
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.007% -
1912 -0.26% -
1911 0.06% -
1910 -0.21% -
1909 0.11% -
1908 -0.11% -
1907 -0.14% -
1906 0.76% -
1905 1.21% -
1904 0.41% -
1903 0.88% -
1902 0.08% -
1901 0.91% -
1900 0.27% -
1899 0.6% -
1898 0.47% -
1897 0.39% -
1896 0.63% -
1895 0.47% -
1894 0.44% -
1893 0.42% -
1892 -0.24% -
1891 1.18% -
1890 0.12% -
1889 1.16% -
1888 0.62% -
1887 0.88% -
1886 0.23% -
1885 0.21% -
1884 0.23% -
1883 0.55% -
1882 0.41% -
1881 0.12% -
1880 -0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/venezuela | CC BY

In 2024, Germany's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $125B, equivalent to 2.66% of GDP. This compares to Venezuela's deficit of $4.31B, or 3.6% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Germany recorded a fiscal deficit in 46 of those years, while Venezuela ran a deficit in 39 years. On average, Germany posted an annual deficit equal to 1.53% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.59% of GDP for Venezuela.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Germany

Venezuela
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Germany Venezuela
2024 2.26% 49%
2023 5.95% 338%
2022 6.87% 186.5%
2021 3.07% 1,589%
2020 0.14% 2,355%
2019 1.45% 19,906%
2018 1.73% 65,374%
2017 1.51% 438%
2016 0.49% 254.9%
2015 0.51% 121.7%
2014 0.91% 62.2%
2013 1.5% 40.6%
2012 2.01% 21.1%
2011 2.08% 26.1%
2010 1.1% 28.2%
2009 0.31% 26%
2008 2.63% 31.4%
2007 2.3% 18.7%
2006 1.58% 13.7%
2005 1.55% 16%
2004 1.67% 21.7%
2003 1.03% 31.1%
2002 1.42% 22.4%
2001 1.98% 12.5%
2000 1.44% 16.2%
1999 0.59% 23.6%
1998 0.91% 35.8%
1997 1.94% 50%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/venezuela | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Germany has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.82%, compared with 3,254% in Venezuela. In 2024, inflation was 2.26% in Germany and 49% in Venezuela.

Top exports between countries

Germany
Export category Export value
Business & finance services $607M
Transport & tourism services $223M
Machinery & equipment $70.6M
Chemicals & pharma $26M
IT & IP services $26M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8.33M
Metals $5.12M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.61M
Raw materials & minerals $3.89M
Miscellaneous $2.78M
Venezuela
Export category Export value
Metals $10.1M
Raw materials & minerals $8.57M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.22M
Machinery & equipment $75K
Textiles & consumer goods $5K
Chemicals & pharma $2K

Balance of trade

Germany Venezuela
Current account balance
$270B
2024
-$3.87B
2016
Current account balance ranking
2/190
2024
161/190
2016
Current account balance, % of GDP
+5.77%
2024
-3.43%
2016
Goods imports
$1.21T
2024
$16.3B
2016
Goods exports
$1.47T
2024
$27.4B
2016
Service imports
$548B
2024
$9.47B
2016
Service exports
$470B
2024
$1.28B
2016
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.7%
2024
9.22%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.4%
2024
16.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Germany Venezuela
Economic freedom 71.7 27.3
Economic freedom ranking 30/197 194/197
Property rights 95.5 0
Government integrity 84.5 6.9
Judicial effectiveness 94.6 5.1
Tax burden 60.5 73.4
Government spending 28.8 93
Fiscal health 83.1 29.1
Business freedom 79.8 31.1
Labor freedom 52.2 35.5
Monetary freedom 72.5 0
Trade freedom 79.4 43.2
Investment freedom 60 0
Financial freedom 70 10

Economic freedom comparison by year

Germany
Venezuela
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Germany Venezuela
2026 71.7 27.3
2025 71.6 27.6
2024 72.1 28.1
2023 73.7 25.8
2022 76.1 24.8
2021 72.5 24.7
2020 73.5 25.2
2019 73.5 25.9
2018 74.2 25.2
2017 73.8 27
2016 74.4 33.7
2015 73.8 34.3
2014 73.4 36.3
2013 72.8 36.1
2012 71 38.1
2011 71.8 37.6
2010 71.1 37.1
2009 70.5 39.9
2008 70.6 44.7
2007 70.8 47.9
2006 70.8 44.6
2005 68.1 45.2
2004 69.5 46.7
2003 69.7 54.8
2002 70.4 54.7
2001 69.5 54.6
2000 65.7 57.4
1999 65.6 56.1
1998 64.3 54
1997 67.5 52.8
1996 69.1 54.5
1995 69.8 59.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/venezuela | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Germany is 71.7, ranking 30/197, compared to 27.3 for Venezuela, ranking 194/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Germany Venezuela
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
51.7%
2014
Industry, % of GDP
25.6%
2024
37.2%
2014
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.91%
2024
5.03%
2014
GNI, Atlas method
$4.6T
2024
$109B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$76,180
2024
$20,800
2011
Total reserves including gold
$378B
2024
$9.79B
2017
Total reserves ranking
10/177
2024
77/177
2017
Net foreign direct investment
$32.6B
2024
-$27M
2016
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$47.6B
2024
$1.63B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$80.2B
2024
$2.6B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
33.1%
2015
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.5%
2024
4.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2013–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.