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Economy of Switzerland vs Venezuela compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Switzerland has a GDP of $937B compared to $482B for Venezuela, ranking 20/197 and 33/197 by economy size, respectively.

Switzerland has $352B in government debt (36.9% of GDP), compared to $410B (192.4% of GDP) in Venezuela.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Switzerland
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Venezuela
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Switzerland Venezuela
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $10,412,232,621 $212,618,998,245 $7,663,938,303 -
1961 $11,713,348,834 $229,859,575,871 $8,067,267,031 -
1962 $12,989,649,694 $240,869,714,665 $8,814,309,884 -
1963 $14,283,872,299 $252,622,227,587 $9,608,717,288 -
1964 $15,833,133,858 $265,900,938,033 $8,192,413,793 -
1965 $16,780,226,225 $271,496,969,295 $8,427,777,778 -
1966 $18,019,402,374 $278,179,751,690 $8,781,333,333 -
1967 $19,397,044,714 $286,680,708,388 $9,250,000,000 -
1968 $20,712,102,794 $296,966,886,752 $10,034,444,444 -
1969 $22,442,043,274 $313,694,770,516 $10,285,111,111 -
1970 $24,998,066,773 $333,700,361,262 $11,561,111,111 -
1971 $30,040,171,751 $347,300,128,063 $12,986,590,909 -
1972 $36,844,318,854 $358,415,499,097 $13,977,727,273 -
1973 $49,550,006,320 $369,346,839,843 $17,035,581,395 -
1974 $57,103,011,446 $374,720,496,122 $26,100,930,233 -
1975 $65,466,081,819 $347,428,948,950 $27,464,651,163 -
1976 $68,476,524,644 $342,552,172,035 $31,419,534,884 -
1977 $73,135,771,167 $350,888,700,310 $36,210,697,674 -
1978 $102,280,472,036 $352,324,128,999 $39,316,279,070 -
1979 $114,970,094,425 $361,102,327,237 $48,310,930,233 -
1980 $122,557,843,886 $377,720,174,386 $59,116,511,628 -
1981 $112,244,805,519 $383,768,743,424 $66,327,441,860 -
1982 $115,043,365,512 $378,743,607,969 $67,736,744,186 -
1983 $114,634,358,535 $381,164,080,265 $67,556,279,070 -
1984 $109,455,312,168 $392,631,236,095 $59,867,743,468 -
1985 $110,980,314,192 $407,054,920,692 $61,965,466,667 -
1986 $159,089,921,063 $414,620,577,536 $60,516,123,711 -
1987 $199,236,370,038 $421,194,295,501 $48,029,034,483 -
1988 $215,540,625,299 $434,999,344,090 $60,226,413,793 -
1989 $208,105,846,934 $453,838,270,541 $43,536,709,104 -
1990 $265,763,573,999 $470,515,127,362 $48,606,952,195 -
1991 $268,901,693,863 $466,206,071,643 $53,453,444,787 -
1992 $279,921,425,828 $466,002,185,701 $60,416,519,620 -
1993 $272,237,527,071 $465,415,100,022 $60,037,460,783 -
1994 $301,375,055,202 $471,324,744,553 $58,418,666,667 -
1995 $352,835,806,342 $473,591,186,765 $77,389,487,770 -
1996 $340,103,959,547 $475,823,127,431 $70,543,211,119 -
1997 $294,788,198,856 $486,583,036,191 $85,837,678,560 -
1998 $303,459,014,347 $501,326,352,837 $91,336,763,255 -
1999 $297,873,643,323 $509,661,911,367 $97,972,842,462 -
2000 $279,216,033,870 $529,837,998,914 $117,146,466,003 -
2001 $286,582,672,434 $538,186,454,855 $122,911,036,747 -
2002 $309,301,422,430 $537,792,409,496 $92,893,587,734 -
2003 $362,075,086,508 $537,618,173,222 $83,620,628,582 -
2004 $403,912,891,033 $552,143,052,490 $112,451,400,425 -
2005 $418,284,865,885 $567,325,325,069 $145,513,489,652 -
2006 $441,634,672,197 $590,436,050,733 $183,477,522,124 -
2007 $490,740,715,595 $613,559,745,175 $230,364,012,576 -
2008 $567,267,767,519 $630,788,402,146 $315,953,388,511 -
2009 $554,212,916,092 $616,296,830,084 $329,787,628,928 -
2010 $598,851,027,948 $636,285,783,947 $393,192,354,511 -
2011 $715,888,126,682 $647,822,334,336 $316,482,190,800 -
2012 $686,420,221,558 $655,461,804,172 $381,286,237,848 -
2013 $706,234,937,371 $667,208,623,614 $371,005,379,787 -
2014 $726,537,809,430 $682,887,235,060 $482,359,318,768 -
2015 $694,118,186,380 $694,118,186,380 - -
2016 $687,895,460,903 $708,477,337,740 - -
2017 $695,200,834,102 $718,132,464,454 - -
2018 $725,568,717,468 $738,674,254,332 - -
2019 $721,369,112,727 $747,109,782,756 - -
2020 $741,999,406,006 $731,108,655,211 - -
2021 $815,309,330,987 $771,755,519,734 - -
2022 $828,508,926,958 $795,248,228,755 - -
2023 $894,424,821,645 $800,682,383,958 - -
2024 $936,564,198,049 $811,109,937,475 - -

Economic indicators

Switzerland Venezuela
Gross domestic product
$937B
2024
$482B
2014
GDP rank
20/197
2024
33/197
2014
GDP growth
4.71%
2023-2024
30%
2013-2014
GDP per capita
$103,670
2024
$15,944
2014
GDP per capita rank
5/197
2024
66/197
2014
GDP per capita, PPP
$93,819
2024
$17,349
2011
Government debt
$352B
2024
$410B
2014
Debt-to-GDP ratio
36.9%
2025
192.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$38,957
2024
$13,536
2014
Government debt per person rank
14/185
2024
44/185
2014
Average annual personal income after taxes
$88,321
2025
$4,514
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.97T
2024
$3.98B
2002
Number of millionaires
1,054,293
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
42
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
26.6%
2022
33.2%
2006
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2022
1.2%
2006
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.1%
2025
15.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.06%
2023-2024
269.9%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
0%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
4.34%
2024
7.53%
2020
Population
9112950
28610737

GDP per capita in Switzerland vs Venezuela

Switzerland's GDP per capita is $103,670, ranking 5/197, compared to $15,944 in Venezuela, ranking 66/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Switzerland ranks 8th at $93,819, while Venezuela ranks 106th at $17,349.

Switzerland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Venezuela
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Switzerland Venezuela
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,954 - $939 -
1961 $2,155 - $954 -
1962 $2,330 - $1,007 -
1963 $2,508 - $1,060 -
1964 $2,735 - $874 -
1965 $2,865 - $869 -
1966 $3,045 - $876 -
1967 $3,237 - $893 -
1968 $3,413 - $938 -
1969 $3,657 - $932 -
1970 $4,044 - $1,015 -
1971 $4,835 - $1,106 -
1972 $5,885 - $1,155 -
1973 $7,856 - $1,367 -
1974 $9,005 - $2,034 -
1975 $10,328 - $2,078 -
1976 $10,865 - $2,309 -
1977 $11,644 - $2,585 -
1978 $16,282 - $2,727 -
1979 $18,266 - $3,257 -
1980 $19,394 - $3,874 -
1981 $17,665 - $4,228 -
1982 $18,000 - $4,202 -
1983 $17,859 - $4,079 -
1984 $16,991 - $3,520 -
1985 $17,152 - $3,549 -
1986 $24,460 - $3,376 -
1987 $30,441 - $2,611 -
1988 $32,690 - $3,191 -
1989 $31,309 - $2,250 -
1990 $39,575 $28,442 $2,452 $9,497
1991 $39,544 $28,773 $2,633 $10,520
1992 $40,714 $29,093 $2,907 $11,151
1993 $39,237 $29,476 $2,825 $11,191
1994 $43,092 $30,245 $2,689 $10,920
1995 $50,114 $30,821 $3,487 $11,345
1996 $48,093 $31,498 $3,113 $11,291
1997 $41,584 $32,728 $3,711 $11,970
1998 $42,681 $33,858 $3,870 $11,898
1999 $41,696 $34,743 $4,071 $11,127
2000 $38,865 $36,695 $4,776 $11,577
2001 $39,639 $37,823 $4,920 $12,018
2002 $42,459 $38,705 $3,652 $10,924
2003 $49,336 $38,737 $3,230 $10,095
2004 $54,659 $40,177 $4,269 $12,053
2005 $56,243 $41,525 $5,432 $13,486
2006 $59,011 $46,276 $6,739 $15,028
2007 $64,989 $50,929 $8,332 $16,528
2008 $74,175 $53,809 $11,262 $17,480
2009 $71,568 $52,971 $11,597 $16,795
2010 $76,531 $54,432 $13,646 $16,528
2011 $90,477 $57,494 $10,844 $17,349
2012 $85,836 $59,441 $12,901 -
2013 $87,304 $61,656 $12,403 -
2014 $88,725 $63,417 $15,944 -
2015 $83,806 $65,283 - -
2016 $82,153 $67,351 - -
2017 $82,254 $68,194 - -
2018 $85,217 $70,689 - -
2019 $84,122 $73,732 - -
2020 $85,898 $72,998 - -
2021 $93,665 $81,001 - -
2022 $94,395 $91,326 - -
2023 $100,632 $90,506 - -
2024 $103,670 $93,819 - -

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Switzerland's government spending was $299B, accounting for 32.1% of its GDP, while Venezuela's spent $152B, or 15.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 36.9% in Switzerland and 192.4% in Venezuela, ranking 142/185 and 4/185, respectively.

Switzerland
Government spending

Government debt
Venezuela
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Switzerland Venezuela
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 7.11% 16.2% 23.7% 8.28%
1961 7.97% 14% 11.8% 8.79%
1962 8.1% 12% 17.6% 7.24%
1963 8.2% 10.8% 18.7% 6.3%
1964 8.85% 9.43% 17.9% 4.95%
1965 8.33% 8.28% 18.7% 5.46%
1966 8.95% 7.62% 19.1% 5.84%
1967 8.68% 7.26% 19.8% 6.74%
1968 8.87% 6.99% 19.8% 7.84%
1969 9.45% 7.08% 21% 9.91%
1970 25.8% 38.9% 19.5% 10.6%
1971 25.4% 38.7% 19.6% 9.64%
1972 25.7% 38% 21.3% 10.6%
1973 26.5% 37% 20% 9.78%
1974 27.5% 38.4% 35.3% 7.72%
1975 29.3% 42.3% 33.8% 8.31%
1976 31.6% 46.7% 26.6% 9.64%
1977 31% 46.9% 30.6% 12.7%
1978 30.4% 46.6% 29.2% 16.6%
1979 30.5% 44.6% 22.3% 19.2%
1980 29.9% 43.9% 22% 16.6%
1981 29.4% 40.8% 29.6% 18.9%
1982 30.5% 40% 29% 18.6%
1983 31.2% 40.2% 25.3% 21.4%
1984 30.4% 39.8% 19.7% 36.4%
1985 30.1% 39.1% 20.3% 34.1%
1986 29.8% 37.6% 21.5% 45.9%
1987 29.8% 36.5% 25.1% 58.3%
1988 30.3% 35% 33.2% 46.3%
1989 30% 32.5% 32.5% 61.8%
1990 27.6% 33.3% 31.9% 63.3%
1991 29.5% 35.1% 33.9% 62.2%
1992 31.3% 39.5% 30.6% 54.8%
1993 32.5% 44.4% 27.7% 57.7%
1994 32.5% 47.1% 42.2% 63.9%
1995 32.4% 50% 32.9% 45.9%
1996 33% 51.3% 27.7% 45.9%
1997 32.9% 53.7% 31% 34.8%
1998 32.7% 55.9% 28.8% 30.7%
1999 33.2% 52.7% 26.1% 29.6%
2000 32.2% 52.2% 28.3% 27.7%
2001 31.6% 51.1% 31.9% 30.7%
2002 34.1% 57.7% 31% 48.2%
2003 33.2% 56.9% 32.2% 56%
2004 33.1% 57.8% 31.9% 41.8%
2005 32.4% 54.9% 33.5% 34.9%
2006 30.5% 48.5% 39.3% 25.7%
2007 29.4% 44.8% 35.9% 26.4%
2008 30% 44.8% 34.9% 20.3%
2009 31.8% 43.1% 33.3% 27.6%
2010 31.4% 41.5% 31.1% 37.7%
2011 31.4% 41.9% 39.4% 52.5%
2012 31.6% 42.6% 38% 58.4%
2013 32.5% 41.9% 36.5% 85.4%
2014 32.2% 42.1% 31.6% 84.9%
2015 32.5% 42.2% 22.9% 129.8%
2016 32.4% 40.9% 19.7% 138.4%
2017 32.4% 41.8% 21.8% 133.6%
2018 31.7% 39.8% 37.9% 175.3%
2019 32% 39.6% 21% 206%
2020 37% 43.2% 11.2% 337%
2021 34.4% 41% 13.1% 254.2%
2022 31.6% 37.2% 15.1% 164.4%
2023 32.1% 38.7% 13.2% 138.5%
2024 32% 37.6% 17.6% 164.3%
2025 32.1% 36.9% 15.7% 192.4%

Government deficit by year

In 2014, Switzerland's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$1.8B, equivalent to -0.25% of GDP. This compares to Venezuela's deficit of -$47.3B, or -9.81% of GDP.

Over the past 55 years, Switzerland recorded a fiscal deficit in 36 of those years, while Venezuela ran a deficit in 29 years. On average, Switzerland posted an annual deficit equal to -0.63% of GDP, compared to deficit of -1.35% of GDP for Venezuela.

Deficit/surplus
Switzerland

Venezuela
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Switzerland Venezuela
1899 0.1% -
1900 -0.07% -
1901 -0.14% -
1902 0.02% -
1903 0.09% -
1904 0.002% -
1905 0.41% -
1906 0.15% -
1907 -0.02% -
1908 -0.1% -
1909 -0.78% -
1910 -0.14% -
1911 -0.006% -
1912 0.03% -
1913 -0.12% -
1914 -0.12% -
1915 -0.12% -
1916 -0.12% -
1917 -0.12% -
1918 -0.12% -
1919 -0.12% -
1920 -0.12% -1.75%
1921 -0.12% -0.97%
1922 -0.12% 1.57%
1923 -0.12% 1.32%
1924 -0.12% 0.37%
1925 -0.12% 0.54%
1926 -0.12% 0.14%
1927 -0.12% 1.55%
1928 -0.12% -0.68%
1929 0.22% -0.34%
1930 0.07% -2.03%
1931 0.03% 1.02%
1932 -0.3% 0.51%
1933 -0.88% 1.03%
1934 -0.33% 1.34%
1935 -0.23% -2.23%
1936 -0.33% -0.52%
1937 -0.17% 0.73%
1938 -1.53% 0.68%
1939 -5.05% -0.78%
1940 -10% -1.07%
1941 -8.78% 0.01%
1942 -7.28% 0.2%
1943 -8.55% -0.27%
1944 -9.37% 1.85%
1945 -7.57% 2.9%
1946 0.52% -0.9%
1947 1.27% 0.09%
1948 1.37% 1.27%
1949 0.04% 0.15%
1950 1.49% -0.23%
1951 -0.36% -0.24%
1952 -1.17% -0.5%
1953 0.38% 0.03%
1954 1.44% 1.84%
1955 1.1% 0.38%
1956 2.24% 0.76%
1957 0.66% 6.7%
1958 0.59% -4.86%
1959 0.72% -4.98%
1960 1.95% -4.08%
1961 0.34% -1.91%
1962 0.95% 2.14%
1963 0.25% 1.92%
1964 0.77% 1.91%
1965 0.05% 0.39%
1966 -0.87% 0.23%
1967 -1.07% 0.51%
1968 -0.73% -0.32%
1969 -0.98% -2.17%
1970 -1.44% -1.22%
1971 -1.41% 0.78%
1972 -1.39% 0.42%
1973 -0.93% 1.98%
1974 -1.01% 2.76%
1975 -0.93% 0.88%
1976 -1.89% 1.65%
1977 -1.64% -4.69%
1978 -1.12% -5.44%
1979 -1.79% -3.07%
1980 -1.34% 4.41%
1981 -0.54% 4.74%
1982 -1.21% -0.17%
1983 -1.23% 1.24%
1984 -0.52% 5.33%
1985 -0.25% 6.97%
1986 0.93% 0.82%
1987 0.78% -7.47%
1988 0.42% -9.24%
1989 0.2% -0.91%
1990 -0.05% 3.84%
1991 -1.85% -2.28%
1992 -2.96% -6.37%
1993 -3.15% -2.92%
1994 -2.59% -11.2%
1995 -1.86% -5.86%
1996 -2.01% 7.94%
1997 -2.33% 2.58%
1998 -1.31% -4.49%
1999 -1.57% 0.74%
2000 0.28% 4.45%
2001 0.21% -4.59%
2002 -1.75% -1.48%
2003 -1.36% 0.17%
2004 -1.39% 2.47%
2005 -0.65% 4.09%
2006 0.85% -1.6%
2007 1.57% -2.82%
2008 1.93% -3.46%
2009 0.5% -8.69%
2010 0.35% -4.74%
2011 0.68% -8.24%
2012 0.24% -9.86%
2013 -0.43% -10.4%
2014 -0.25% -9.81%
2015 0.55% -8.06%
2016 0.24% -8.46%
2017 1.13% -13.3%
2018 1.29% -31%
2019 1.34% -10.9%
2020 -3.01% -6.63%
2021 -0.29% -5.85%
2022 1.19% -5.29%
2023 0.12% -1.21%
2024 0.58% -3.58%
2025 0.26% -5.51%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Switzerland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.62%, compared with 3,145% in Venezuela. In 2024, inflation was 1.06% in Switzerland and 269.9% in Venezuela.

Inflation
Switzerland

Venezuela
Year Inflation
Switzerland Venezuela Switzerland Venezuela
1996 0.81% 99.9%
1997 0.52% 50%
1998 0.02% 35.8%
1999 0.81% 23.6%
2000 1.56% 16.2%
2001 0.99% 12.5%
2002 0.64% 22.4%
2003 0.64% 31.1%
2004 0.8% 21.7%
2005 1.17% 16%
2006 1.06% 13.7%
2007 0.73% 18.7%
2008 2.43% 31.4%
2009 -0.48% 26%
2010 0.69% 28.2%
2011 0.23% 26.1%
2012 -0.69% 21.1%
2013 -0.22% 40.6%
2014 -0.01% 62.2%
2015 -1.14% 121.7%
2016 -0.43% 254.9%
2017 0.53% 438%
2018 0.94% 65,374%
2019 0.36% 19,906%
2020 -0.73% 2,355%
2021 0.58% 1,589%
2022 2.84% 186.5%
2023 2.14% 338%
2024 1.06% 49%
2025 - 269.9%

Top exports between countries

Switzerland
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $29.8M
Machinery & equipment $4.52M
Chemicals & pharma $3.65M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.84M
Raw materials & minerals $491K
Transport & tourism services $448K
Metals $203K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $135K
Wood & paper products $76K
Animal & marine products $41K
Venezuela
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $5.08M
Machinery & equipment $11K
Animal & marine products $4K

Balance of trade

Switzerland Venezuela
Current account balance
$47.2B
2024
-$3.87B
2016
Current account balance ranking
12/189
2024
158/189
2016
Current account balance, % of GDP
+5.04%
2024
+1.02%
2014
Goods imports
$368B
2024
$16.3B
2016
Goods exports
$495B
2024
$27.4B
2016
Service imports
$215B
2024
$9.47B
2016
Service exports
$180B
2024
$1.28B
2016
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
61.9%
2024
31.4%
2014
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
72.2%
2024
16.7%
2014

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Switzerland Venezuela
Economic freedom 83.7 27.6
Economic freedom ranking 2/197 194/197
Property rights 94.5 0.7
Government integrity 92.3 6.7
Judicial effectiveness 99.3 4.1
Tax burden 70.9 75.9
Government spending 68 93.8
Fiscal health 97.6 29.1
Business freedom 88.8 32.5
Labor freedom 60.5 35.9
Monetary freedom 80.7 0
Trade freedom 86.6 42.2
Investment freedom 85 0
Financial freedom 80 10

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Switzerland is 83.7, ranking 2/197, compared to 27.6 for Venezuela, ranking 194/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Switzerland
Venezuela
Year Economic freedom index
Switzerland Venezuela
1995 - 59.8
1996 76.8 54.5
1997 78.6 52.8
1998 79 54
1999 79.1 56.1
2000 76.8 57.4
2001 76 54.6
2002 79.3 54.7
2003 79 54.8
2004 79.5 46.7
2005 79.3 45.2
2006 78.9 44.6
2007 78 47.9
2008 79.5 44.7
2009 79.4 39.9
2010 81.1 37.1
2011 81.9 37.6
2012 81.1 38.1
2013 81 36.1
2014 81.6 36.3
2015 80.5 34.3
2016 81 33.7
2017 81.5 27
2018 81.7 25.2
2019 81.9 25.9
2020 82 25.2
2021 81.9 24.7
2022 84.2 24.8
2023 83.8 25.8
2024 83 28.1
2025 83.7 27.6

More economic indicators

Switzerland Venezuela
Services, % of GDP
72%
2024
51.7%
2014
Industry, % of GDP
24.7%
2024
37.2%
2014
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.63%
2024
5.03%
2014
GNI, Atlas method
$866B
2024
$393B
2014
GNI per capita, PPP
$90,820
2024
$16,910
2011
Total reserves including gold
$909B
2024
$9.79B
2017
Total reserves ranking
4/177
2024
77/177
2017
Net foreign direct investment
$77.3B
2024
-$27M
2016
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$112B
2024
$1.63B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$34.7B
2024
$2.6B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
15.8%
2021
33.1%
2015
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27%
2024
24.8%
2014

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.