Skip to content

Economy of Canada vs Kiribati compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Canada has a GDP of $2.24T compared to $308M for Kiribati, ranking 9/197 and 192/197 by economy size, respectively.

Canada has $2.5T in government debt (111.3% of GDP), compared to $30.5M (9.92% of GDP) in Kiribati.

Canada vs Kiribati GDP by year

Canada
Kiribati
1x
Year GDP, current $
Canada Kiribati
2024 $2,243,636,826,634 $307,862,564
2023 $2,173,339,670,064 $288,610,748
2022 $2,190,411,080,134 $270,040,453
2021 $2,022,378,748,423 $285,259,881
2020 $1,655,684,730,000 $220,898,020
2019 $1,743,725,183,673 $216,985,388
2018 $1,725,329,192,783 $233,514,717
2017 $1,649,265,644,244 $222,875,736
2016 $1,527,994,741,907 $206,467,819
2015 $1,556,508,816,217 $191,559,399
2014 $1,805,749,878,440 $200,287,282
2013 $1,846,597,421,835 $201,730,861
2012 $1,828,366,481,522 $207,001,546
2011 $1,793,326,630,175 $195,970,140
2010 $1,617,343,367,486 $165,458,433
2009 $1,374,625,142,157 $140,177,384
2008 $1,552,989,690,722 $147,017,895
2007 $1,468,820,407,783 $138,054,946
2006 $1,319,264,809,591 $112,338,353
2005 $1,173,108,598,779 $113,895,437
2004 $1,026,690,238,278 $104,085,892
2003 $895,540,646,635 $96,105,619
2002 $760,649,334,098 $74,743,869
2001 $738,981,792,355 $64,935,850
2000 $744,773,415,932 $74,910,527
1999 $678,412,196,271 $77,323,978
1998 $634,000,000,000 $74,905,706
1997 $654,986,999,856 $80,205,807
1996 $630,607,994,133 $81,456,854
1995 $605,961,090,061 $68,596,395
1994 $579,944,346,807 $67,055,334
1993 $579,053,561,739 $58,953,596
1992 $594,387,358,319 $61,491,369
1991 $612,527,712,316 $41,247,792
1990 $596,075,591,361 $36,534,295
1989 $567,211,993,243 $37,645,319
1988 $509,380,027,627 $38,278,810
1987 $433,134,238,311 $29,554,413
1986 $379,006,836,992 $25,993,009
1985 $366,186,012,450 $26,126,615
1984 $356,718,400,124 $34,394,167
1983 $341,866,277,183 $31,000,546
1982 $314,647,807,409 $32,742,713
1981 $307,246,642,756 $35,267,489
1980 $274,776,566,028 $33,157,723
1979 $243,891,124,296 $34,466,197
1978 $219,369,542,386 $36,563,965
1977 $212,325,176,305 $31,335,459
1976 $207,271,612,576 $33,246,817
1975 $174,419,757,177 $44,547,454
1974 $160,949,188,139 $69,256,489
1973 $131,764,343,566 $25,645,040
1972 $113,463,848,874 $15,314,346
1971 $99,606,454,744 $12,356,134
1970 $88,192,257,632 $11,560,877
1969 $79,405,011,125 -
1968 $72,048,833,006 -
1967 $65,856,924,424 -
1966 $61,252,415,405 -
1965 $54,649,410,479 -
1964 $49,503,663,836 -
1963 $45,140,337,827 -
1962 $42,336,211,556 -
1961 $41,038,192,838 -
1960 $40,563,768,947 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/kiribati | CC BY

GDP per capita in Canada vs Kiribati by year

Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Kiribati
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Canada Kiribati
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $54,340 $64,610 $2,289 $3,702
2023 $54,220 $64,219 $2,178 $3,486
2022 $56,257 $63,944 $2,070 $3,329
2021 $52,887 $56,995 $2,222 $3,020
2020 $43,538 $48,591 $1,752 $2,711
2019 $46,353 $50,499 $1,751 $2,763
2018 $46,539 $49,983 $1,913 $2,672
2017 $45,130 $48,317 $1,853 $2,562
2016 $42,314 $46,471 $1,743 $2,463
2015 $43,594 $44,668 $1,640 $2,311
2014 $50,961 $45,758 $1,737 $2,084
2013 $52,638 $44,301 $1,772 $2,049
2012 $52,670 $42,292 $1,844 $1,896
2011 $52,224 $41,667 $1,771 $1,786
2010 $47,561 $40,103 $1,522 $1,724
2009 $40,875 $38,863 $1,317 $1,718
2008 $46,710 $40,376 $1,411 $1,735
2007 $44,660 $39,573 $1,353 $1,792
2006 $40,504 $38,123 $1,123 $1,728
2005 $36,384 $36,328 $1,162 $1,617
2004 $32,146 $33,929 $1,083 $1,579
2003 $28,302 $32,350 $1,021 $1,578
2002 $24,256 $30,964 $810 $1,605
2001 $23,822 $30,241 $719 $1,591
2000 $24,271 $29,348 $845 $1,638
1999 $22,315 $27,841 $887 $1,526
1998 $21,025 $26,324 $874 $1,593
1997 $21,902 $25,264 $953 $1,535
1996 $21,297 $24,055 $986 $1,519
1995 $20,680 $23,474 $844 $1,518
1994 $19,998 $22,624 $838 $1,469
1993 $20,187 $21,432 $748 $1,431
1992 $20,950 $20,619 $792 $1,421
1991 $21,847 $20,220 $540 $1,139
1990 $21,526 $20,226 $488 $1,192
1989 $20,795 - $515 -
1988 $19,013 - $536 -
1987 $16,378 - $424 -
1986 $14,521 - $382 -
1985 $14,170 - $393 -
1984 $13,930 - $527 -
1983 $13,477 - $483 -
1982 $12,527 - $519 -
1981 $12,379 - $568 -
1980 $11,208 - $542 -
1979 $10,078 - $573 -
1978 $9,154 - $611 -
1977 $8,949 - $520 -
1976 $8,839 - $548 -
1975 $7,537 - $730 -
1974 $7,057 - $1,131 -
1973 $5,858 - $422 -
1972 $5,107 - $256.2 -
1971 $4,535 - $210.7 -
1970 $4,136 - $201 -
1969 $3,776 - - -
1968 $3,473 - - -
1967 $3,226 - - -
1966 $3,055 - - -
1965 $2,777 - - -
1964 $2,562 - - -
1963 $2,380 - - -
1962 $2,274 - - -
1961 $2,246 - - -
1960 $2,265 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/kiribati | CC BY

Canada's GDP per capita is $54,340, ranking 20/197, compared to $2,289 in Kiribati, ranking 152/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Canada ranks 28th at $64,610, while Kiribati ranks 169th at $3,702.

Economic indicators

Canada Kiribati
Gross domestic product
$2.24T
2024
$308M
2024
GDP rank
9/197
2024
192/197
2024
GDP growth
1.55%
2023-2024
5.27%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$54,340
2024
$2,289
2024
GDP per capita rank
20/197
2024
152/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,610
2024
$3,702
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
28/197
2024
169/197
2024
Government debt
$2.5T
2024
$30.5M
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
111.3%
2024
9.92%
2024
Government debt per person
$60,482
2024
$226.9
2024
Government debt per person rank
4/185
2024
181/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$37,320
2026
$1,967
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$3.37T
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
2,098,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
76
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2021
22.8%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
3.3%
2021
4%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.7%
2024
98.1%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.38%
2023-2024
2.5%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.35%
2024
2.79%
2023
Population
42181965
139020

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Canada
Spending

Debt
Kiribati
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Canada Kiribati
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 44.7% 111.3% 98.1% 9.92%
2023 42.1% 107.7% 95.3% 11.4%
2022 40.6% 104.2% 87.5% 16.3%
2021 45.5% 112.6% 84% 17.3%
2020 52.4% 118.1% 102.2% 21%
2019 40.6% 90.2% 108.3% 19%
2018 40.7% 90.8% 108.8% 19%
2017 40.5% 90.9% 92.1% 20.2%
2016 40.8% 92.4% 99% 21.2%
2015 40% 92% 90.9% 18.8%
2014 38.4% 85.5% 101.2% 8.97%
2013 40% 87.6% 78% 8.86%
2012 40.9% 87.2% 83.9% 8.13%
2011 41.6% 84.3% 80.9% 8.8%
2010 43.1% 84% 75.7% 9.43%
2009 43.4% 81.8% 74.7% 10.3%
2008 38.8% 70.4% 79.4% 13.9%
2007 38.5% 67.2% 77.3% 11.1%
2006 38.7% 69.9% 82.1% 12.9%
2005 38.5% 70.6% 95.6% 12.1%
2004 39.1% 71.9% 103.8% 13.6%
2003 40.3% 75.9% 84.4% 12.3%
2002 40.4% 79.6% 96.9% 13.3%
2001 41.1% 81.5% 101.3% 17%
2000 40.6% 80.4% 66% 12.7%
1999 41.8% 89% 77.6% 11.8%
1998 43.4% 93.3% 74.7% 9.81%
1997 43.5% 95.3% 70.9% 10.7%
1996 45.9% 100.2% 68.4% 11%
1995 47.7% 100.1% 69.6% 12.3%
1994 49% 97.5% 54.6% 12.3%
1993 51.5% 94.7% 55.3% 10.9%
1992 52.5% 88.2% 65.9% 7.31%
1991 51.4% 81.7% 82.1% 8.43%
1990 48.1% 73.7% 105.5% 7.72%
1989 45.8% 72.2% - -
1988 45.4% 71.1% - -
1987 46.1% 71.4% - -
1986 47.6% 71% - -
1985 48.3% 66.9% - -
1984 47.5% 61.7% - -
1983 47.9% 58.4% - -
1982 47.3% 52.7% - -
1981 42.5% 46.9% - -
1980 41.6% 45.6% - -
1979 40% 45.3% - -
1978 41.6% 48% - -
1977 41.4% 45.1% - -
1976 40.2% 43.6% - -
1975 41.1% 45.2% - -
1974 37.6% 45.8% - -
1973 36% 48% - -
1972 37.5% 53.5% - -
1971 37.3% 55.3% - -
1970 36% 54.3% - -
1969 33.9% 53% - -
1968 33.8% 55.9% - -
1967 32.9% 56.9% - -
1966 30.8% 56.6% - -
1965 29.8% 60.1% - -
1964 29.7% 63.7% - -
1963 30.3% 67% - -
1962 30.6% 67.2% - -
1961 30.6% 68.2% - -
1960 14.9% 66.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/kiribati | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government spending was $1T, accounting for 44.7% of its GDP, while Kiribati spent $302M, or 98.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 111.3% in Canada and 9.92% in Kiribati, ranking 15/185 and 180/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Canada

Kiribati
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Canada Kiribati
2024 -2.01% -22%
2023 0.07% 0.13%
2022 0.56% -18.3%
2021 -3.06% -10.8%
2020 -10.9% 3.57%
2019 -0.02% 10.8%
2018 0.36% 5.18%
2017 -0.11% 34.1%
2016 -0.45% 20.1%
2015 -0.06% 42.5%
2014 0.17% 35%
2013 -1.49% 11.8%
2012 -2.52% -5.43%
2011 -3.31% -17.6%
2010 -4.74% -7.8%
2009 -3.88% -8.56%
2008 0.18% -15.8%
2007 1.82% -12.5%
2006 1.83% -12.3%
2005 1.55% -9.96%
2004 0.77% -19.2%
2003 -0.13% -8.93%
2002 -0.23% 3.13%
2001 0.53% -10.9%
2000 2.64% -0.03%
1999 1.66% -1.81%
1998 0.14% 14.6%
1997 0.04% 5.92%
1996 -3.05% -20.2%
1995 -5.49% -5.14%
1994 -6.94% 0.74%
1993 -8.93% 6.27%
1992 -9.2% 0.79%
1991 -8.36% 3.87%
1990 -5.91% -4.62%
1989 -4.6% -
1988 -4.33% -
1987 -5.42% -
1986 -7.14% -
1985 -8.59% -
1984 -7.78% -
1983 -8.17% -
1982 -7.03% -
1981 -2.83% -
1980 -4.07% -
1979 -3.41% -
1978 -4.77% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -2.78% -
1975 -3.54% -
1974 1.1% -
1973 0.6% -
1972 -0.97% -
1971 -1.02% -
1970 -0.36% -
1969 1.2% -
1968 -0.45% -
1967 -0.82% -
1966 -0.07% -
1965 -0.25% -
1964 -0.68% -
1963 -2.31% -
1962 -2.6% -
1961 -2.75% -
1960 -0.85% -
1959 -1.08% -
1958 -1.69% -
1957 -0.11% -
1956 0.77% -
1955 -0.11% -
1954 -0.57% -
1953 0.3% -
1952 0.09% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 1.09% -
1949 0.78% -
1948 3.84% -
1947 5.02% -
1946 3.14% -
1945 -17.9% -
1944 -21.6% -
1943 -23.1% -
1942 -20.8% -
1941 -4.79% -
1940 -5.62% -
1939 -2.11% -
1938 -0.97% -
1937 -0.34% -
1936 -1.68% -
1935 -3.72% -
1934 -2.93% -
1933 -3.83% -
1932 -5.79% -
1931 -2.43% -
1930 -1.47% -
1929 0.78% -
1928 1.12% -
1927 0.92% -
1926 0.81% -
1925 0.55% -
1924 0.007% -
1923 0.79% -
1922 -0.75% -
1921 -2% -
1920 -1.82% -
1919 -8.94% -
1918 -8.98% -
1917 -7.83% -
1916 -8.14% -
1915 -6.17% -
1914 -4.63% -
1913 -0.82% -
1912 1.03% -
1911 0.004% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 -0.67% -
1908 -2.78% -
1907 -0.83% -
1906 0.22% -
1905 -0.07% -
1904 -0.44% -
1903 0.07% -
1902 0.91% -
1901 -0.34% -
1900 -0.33% -
1899 0.1% -
1898 -0.3% -
1897 -0.35% -
1896 -0.48% -
1895 -0.85% -
1894 -1.06% -
1893 -0.66% -
1892 -0.07% -
1891 3.23% -
1890 -0.04% -
1889 0% -
1888 -0.48% -
1887 -1.18% -
1886 -0.73% -
1885 -4.82% -
1884 -2.43% -
1883 -3.88% -
1882 -0.78% -
1881 0.32% -
1880 -0.62% -
1879 -2.11% -
1878 -0.63% -
1877 -1.63% -
1876 -2.06% -
1875 -1.88% -
1874 -1.57% -
1873 -1.74% -
1872 -3.93% -
1871 -1.09% -
1870 0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/kiribati | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $45.2B, equivalent to 2.01% of GDP. This compares to Kiribati's deficit of $67.7M, or 22% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Canada recorded a fiscal deficit in 21 of those years, while Kiribati ran a deficit in 19 years. On average, Canada posted an annual deficit equal to 1.96% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.38% of GDP for Kiribati.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Canada

Kiribati
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Canada Kiribati
2024 2.38% 2.5%
2023 3.88% 9.3%
2022 6.8% 5.3%
2021 3.4% 2.1%
2020 0.72% 2.6%
2019 1.95% -1.8%
2018 2.27% 0.6%
2017 1.6% 0.4%
2016 1.43% 1.9%
2015 1.13% 0.6%
2014 1.91% 2.1%
2013 0.94% -1.5%
2012 1.52% -3%
2011 2.91% 1.5%
2010 1.78% -3.9%
2009 0.3% 9.8%
2008 2.37% 13.7%
2007 2.14% 3.6%
2006 2% -1%
2005 2.21% -0.4%
2004 1.86% -0.7%
2003 2.76% 1.6%
2002 2.26% 3.2%
2001 2.53% 6%
2000 2.72% 0.4%
1999 1.73% 1.8%
1998 1% 3.7%
1997 1.62% 2.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/kiribati | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Canada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.15%, compared with 2.25% in Kiribati. In 2024, inflation was 2.38% in Canada and 2.5% in Kiribati.

Top exports between countries

Canada
Export category Export value
Wood & paper products $211K
Textiles & consumer goods $98K
Machinery & equipment $84K
Raw materials & minerals $10K
Kiribati
Export category Export value

Balance of trade

Canada Kiribati
Current account balance
-$10.3B
2024
-$59.5M
2024
Current account balance ranking
177/190
2024
85/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.46%
2024
-19.3%
2024
Goods imports
$574B
2024
$227M
2024
Goods exports
$569B
2024
$8.49M
2024
Service imports
$160B
2024
$108M
2024
Service exports
$159B
2024
$7M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.7%
2024
94.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.4%
2024
6.27%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Canada Kiribati
Economic freedom 75.6 50.8
Economic freedom ranking 17/197 158/197
Property rights 85.9 69.6
Government integrity 85.5 50.5
Judicial effectiveness 96 54.6
Tax burden 74.7 72.6
Government spending 45.9 0
Fiscal health 79.7 19.8
Business freedom 84.2 60.2
Labor freedom 68.3 65.3
Monetary freedom 73.8 76.7
Trade freedom 83.2 80
Investment freedom 60 30
Financial freedom 70 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Canada
Kiribati
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Canada Kiribati
2026 75.6 50.8
2025 75.5 50.9
2024 72.4 51.3
2023 73.7 58.8
2022 76.6 59.2
2021 77.9 44.4
2020 78.2 45.2
2019 77.7 47.3
2018 77.7 50.8
2017 78.5 50.9
2016 78 46.2
2015 79.1 46.4
2014 80.2 46.3
2013 79.4 45.9
2012 79.9 46.9
2011 80.8 44.8
2010 80.4 43.7
2009 80.5 45.7
2008 80.2 -
2007 78 -
2006 77.4 -
2005 75.8 -
2004 75.3 -
2003 74.8 -
2002 74.6 -
2001 71.2 -
2000 70.5 -
1999 69.3 -
1998 68.5 -
1997 67.9 -
1996 70.3 -
1995 69.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/kiribati | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Canada is 75.6, ranking 17/197, compared to 50.8 for Kiribati, ranking 158/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Canada Kiribati
Services, % of GDP
66.4%
2021
67.1%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
25.3%
2021
11.5%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.6%
2021
27.2%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$2.2T
2024
$493M
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$63,630
2024
$6,060
2024
Total reserves including gold
$120B
2024
n/a
Total reserves ranking
23/177
2024
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
$27.8B
2024
-$8.06M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$63.1B
2024
$8.07M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$89.4B
2024
$16.4K
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2020
5.5%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
25.8%
2023

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/kiribati | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.