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Economy of Kiribati vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Kiribati has a GDP of $349M compared to $1.91T for Spain, ranking 192/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

Kiribati has $27.8M in government debt (7.95% of GDP), compared to $1.91T (100.4% of GDP) in Spain.

Kiribati vs Spain GDP by year

Kiribati
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Kiribati Spain
2025 $349,227,254 $1,906,453,309,986
2024 $343,153,235 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $291,657,338 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $271,214,375 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $285,451,584 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $220,909,307 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $216,891,541 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $233,859,230 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $223,029,865 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $206,467,819 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $191,559,399 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $200,287,282 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $201,730,861 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $207,001,546 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $195,970,140 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $165,458,433 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $140,177,384 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $147,017,895 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $138,054,946 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $112,338,353 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $113,895,437 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $104,085,892 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $96,105,619 $907,963,217,058
2002 $74,743,869 $708,938,227,244
2001 $64,935,850 $627,798,682,379
2000 $74,910,527 $598,102,854,756
1999 $77,323,978 $634,394,904,387
1998 $74,905,706 $618,731,484,575
1997 $80,205,807 $589,739,772,727
1996 $81,456,854 $642,251,412,058
1995 $68,596,395 $614,170,002,669
1994 $67,055,334 $530,183,651,720
1993 $58,953,596 $524,700,572,624
1992 $61,491,369 $630,465,353,486
1991 $41,247,792 $576,753,902,322
1990 $36,534,295 $536,175,326,477
1989 $37,645,319 $414,460,794,097
1988 $38,278,810 $375,891,716,898
1987 $29,554,413 $318,520,253,335
1986 $25,993,009 $251,141,555,186
1985 $26,126,615 $180,664,322,896
1984 $34,394,167 $171,979,977,230
1983 $31,000,546 $170,829,074,246
1982 $32,742,713 $195,856,752,991
1981 $35,267,489 $202,663,023,968
1980 $33,157,723 $232,600,556,974
1979 $34,466,197 $214,448,666,336
1978 $36,563,965 $160,484,969,618
1977 $31,335,459 $132,354,665,936
1976 $33,246,817 $118,422,534,195
1975 $44,547,454 $114,695,060,870
1974 $69,256,489 $97,204,522,642
1973 $25,645,040 $78,583,355,226
1972 $15,314,346 $59,090,176,029
1971 $12,356,134 $46,586,119,760
1970 $11,560,877 $40,963,715,237
1969 - $37,090,689,288
1968 - $32,394,326,464
1967 - $32,570,905,397
1966 - $29,559,436,183
1965 - $25,479,619,607
1964 - $21,966,876,027
1963 - $19,631,714,760
1962 - $16,609,632,791
1961 - $14,238,126,760
1960 - $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kiribati/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Kiribati vs Spain by year

Kiribati
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Kiribati Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,559 - $38,627 -
2024 $2,551 $3,702 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $2,201 $3,486 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $2,079 $3,329 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $2,224 $3,020 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $1,752 $2,711 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $1,750 $2,763 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $1,916 $2,672 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $1,854 $2,562 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $1,743 $2,463 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $1,640 $2,311 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $1,737 $2,084 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $1,772 $2,049 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $1,844 $1,896 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $1,771 $1,786 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $1,522 $1,724 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $1,317 $1,718 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $1,411 $1,735 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $1,353 $1,792 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $1,123 $1,728 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $1,162 $1,617 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $1,083 $1,579 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $1,021 $1,578 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $810 $1,605 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $719 $1,591 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $845 $1,638 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $887 $1,526 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $874 $1,593 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $953 $1,535 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $986 $1,519 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $844 $1,518 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $838 $1,469 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $748 $1,431 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $792 $1,421 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $540 $1,139 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $488 $1,192 $13,795 $13,676
1989 $515 - $10,674 -
1988 $536 - $9,696 -
1987 $424 - $8,234 -
1986 $382 - $6,509 -
1985 $393 - $4,696 -
1984 $527 - $4,487 -
1983 $483 - $4,475 -
1982 $519 - $5,156 -
1981 $568 - $5,367 -
1980 $542 - $6,204 -
1979 $573 - $5,766 -
1978 $611 - $4,353 -
1977 $520 - $3,625 -
1976 $548 - $3,277 -
1975 $730 - $3,208 -
1974 $1,131 - $2,748 -
1973 $422 - $2,246 -
1972 $256.2 - $1,708 -
1971 $210.7 - $1,361 -
1970 $201 - $1,211 -
1969 - - $1,109 -
1968 - - $978 -
1967 - - $997 -
1966 - - $916 -
1965 - - $797 -
1964 - - $695 -
1963 - - $627 -
1962 - - $535 -
1961 - - $463 -
1960 - - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kiribati/spain | CC BY

Kiribati's GDP per capita is $2,559, ranking 152/197, compared to $38,627 in Spain, ranking 31/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Kiribati ranks 169th at $3,702, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Kiribati Spain
Gross domestic product
$349M
2025
$1.91T
2025
GDP rank
192/197
2025
12/197
2025
GDP growth
4.22%
2024-2025
2.82%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,559
2025
$38,627
2025
GDP per capita rank
152/197
2025
31/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$3,702
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
169/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$27.8M
2025
$1.91T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
7.95%
2025
100.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$203.4
2025
$38,794
2025
Government debt per person rank
181/185
2025
20/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,170
2026
$24,910
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.3T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
1,077,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
34
2026
Income share by richest 10%
20.9%
2023
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
4.4%
2023
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
88.2%
2025
44.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
6.5%
2024-2025
2.7%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
2.79%
2023
10.5%
2025
Population
139471
49323658

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Kiribati
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Kiribati Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 88.2% 7.95% 44.7% 100.4%
2024 86.1% 8.9% 45.5% 101.6%
2023 94.4% 11.3% 45.4% 105.1%
2022 87.2% 16.2% 46.3% 109.2%
2021 84% 17.3% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 102.2% 21% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 108.3% 18.5% 42% 97.6%
2018 108.8% 19% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 92.1% 20.2% 41% 101.1%
2016 99% 21.2% 42.1% 102%
2015 90.9% 18.8% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 101.2% 8.97% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 78% 8.86% 46.2% 100%
2012 83.9% 8.13% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 80.9% 8.8% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 75.7% 9.43% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 74.7% 10.3% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 79.4% 13.9% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 77.3% 11.1% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 82.1% 12.9% 38.4% 39%
2005 95.6% 12.1% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 103.8% 13.6% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 84.4% 12.3% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 96.9% 13.3% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 101.3% 17% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 66% 12.7% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 77.6% 11.8% 40% 60.9%
1998 74.7% 9.81% 41% 62.4%
1997 70.9% 10.7% 41.5% 64.3%
1996 68.4% 11% 42.9% 65.4%
1995 69.6% 12.3% 44.1% 61.6%
1994 54.6% 12.3% 44.8% 57%
1993 55.3% 10.9% 46.3% 54.6%
1992 65.9% 7.31% 43.9% 44.1%
1991 82.1% 8.43% 42.6% 41.9%
1990 105.5% 7.72% 41.1% 41.3%
1989 - - 32.1% 39.2%
1988 - - 28.6% 38.2%
1987 - - 31.1% 42.1%
1986 - - 28.4% 36.5%
1985 - - 27.6% 31.5%
1984 - - 27% 18.3%
1983 - - 26% 13.4%
1982 - - 21.5% 12%
1981 - - 18.1% 10.9%
1980 - - 16.3% 10.2%
1979 - - 14.3% 9.88%
1978 - - 14.3% 9.93%
1977 - - 12.8% 8.75%
1976 - - 11.5% 8.21%
1975 - - 11.4% 11.9%
1974 - - 11.4% 13.6%
1973 - - 9.88% 16.3%
1972 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1971 - - 14% 17.9%
1970 - - 12.3% 19.2%
1969 - - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 - - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 - - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 - - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 - - 14% 18.1%
1964 - - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 - - 12.4% 21%
1962 - - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 - - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 - - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kiribati/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Kiribati's government spending was $308M, accounting for 88.2% of its GDP, while Spain spent $852B, or 44.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 7.95% in Kiribati and 100.4% in Spain, ranking 182/185 and 25/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Kiribati

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Kiribati Spain
2025 -14.5% -2.5%
2024 -14.1% -3.22%
2023 1.81% -3.34%
2022 -18.2% -4.59%
2021 -10.8% -6.66%
2020 3.57% -10%
2019 10.8% -3.04%
2018 5.18% -2.58%
2017 34.1% -3.1%
2016 20.1% -4.26%
2015 42.5% -5.26%
2014 35% -6.07%
2013 11.8% -7.49%
2012 -5.43% -11.5%
2011 -17.6% -9.69%
2010 -7.8% -9.49%
2009 -8.56% -11.2%
2008 -15.8% -4.56%
2007 -12.5% 1.88%
2006 -12.3% 2.12%
2005 -9.96% 1.23%
2004 -19.2% -0.1%
2003 -8.93% -0.37%
2002 3.13% -0.32%
2001 -10.9% -0.45%
2000 -0.03% -1.16%
1999 -1.81% -1.24%
1998 14.6% -2.63%
1997 5.92% -3.86%
1996 -20.2% -5.87%
1995 -5.14% -6.79%
1994 0.74% -6.31%
1993 6.27% -6.89%
1992 0.79% -4.26%
1991 3.87% -4.58%
1990 -4.62% -3.9%
1989 - -3.24%
1988 - -2.95%
1987 - -3.52%
1986 - -5.18%
1985 - -6.04%
1984 - -5.25%
1983 - -4.77%
1982 - -5.76%
1981 - -2.88%
1980 - -2.55%
1979 - -1.51%
1978 - -1.63%
1977 - -0.24%
1976 - 0.43%
1975 - 0.26%
1974 - 0.11%
1973 - 1.09%
1972 - 0.24%
1971 - -0.96%
1970 - 0.09%
1969 - -0.06%
1968 - -0.55%
1967 - -0.32%
1966 - 0.07%
1965 - -0.04%
1964 - 0.18%
1963 - -0.54%
1962 - 1.27%
1961 - 1.9%
1960 - 0.69%
1959 - 0.54%
1958 - 0.23%
1957 - 1.13%
1956 - -0.05%
1955 - 0.6%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.02%
1952 - 0.81%
1951 - -0.24%
1950 - -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kiribati/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Kiribati's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $50.6M, equivalent to 14.5% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $47.6B, or 2.5% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Kiribati recorded a fiscal deficit in 20 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 33 years. On average, Kiribati posted an annual deficit equal to 0.51% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.23% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Kiribati

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Kiribati Spain
2025 6.5% 2.7%
2024 2.5% 2.75%
2023 9.3% 3.53%
2022 5.3% 8.39%
2021 2.1% 3.09%
2020 2.6% -0.32%
2019 -1.8% 0.7%
2018 0.6% 1.67%
2017 0.4% 1.96%
2016 1.9% -0.2%
2015 0.6% -0.5%
2014 2.1% -0.15%
2013 -1.5% 1.41%
2012 -3% 2.45%
2011 1.5% 3.2%
2010 -3.9% 1.8%
2009 9.8% -0.29%
2008 13.7% 4.08%
2007 3.6% 2.79%
2006 -1% 3.52%
2005 -0.4% 3.37%
2004 -0.7% 3.04%
2003 1.6% 3.04%
2002 3.2% 3.07%
2001 6% 3.59%
2000 0.4% 3.43%
1999 1.8% 2.31%
1998 3.7% 1.83%
1997 2.6% 1.97%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kiribati/spain | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Kiribati has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 2.35% in Spain. In 2025, inflation was 6.5% in Kiribati and 2.7% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Kiribati
Export category Export value
Spain
Export category Export value
Metals $517K
Machinery & equipment $212K
Chemicals & pharma $19K
Miscellaneous $1K
Textiles & consumer goods $1K

Balance of trade

Kiribati Spain
Current account balance
-$61.3M
2025
$56B
2025
Current account balance ranking
77/190
2025
12/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-17.6%
2025
+2.94%
2025
Goods imports
$270M
2025
$499B
2025
Goods exports
$17.3M
2025
$443B
2025
Service imports
$110M
2025
$127B
2025
Service exports
$8.63M
2025
$256B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
97.6%
2024
32.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
4.52%
2024
36.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Kiribati Spain
Economic freedom 50.8 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 158/197 59/197
Property rights 69.6 88
Government integrity 50.5 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 54.6 74.3
Tax burden 72.6 58.2
Government spending 0 37.3
Fiscal health 19.8 57.3
Business freedom 60.2 82.6
Labor freedom 65.3 61.7
Monetary freedom 76.7 78.2
Trade freedom 80 79.4
Investment freedom 30 60
Financial freedom 30 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Kiribati
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Kiribati Spain
2026 50.8 66.8
2025 50.9 66.3
2024 51.3 63.3
2023 58.8 65
2022 59.2 68.2
2021 44.4 69.9
2020 45.2 66.9
2019 47.3 65.7
2018 50.8 65.1
2017 50.9 63.6
2016 46.2 68.5
2015 46.4 67.6
2014 46.3 67.2
2013 45.9 68
2012 46.9 69.1
2011 44.8 70.2
2010 43.7 69.6
2009 45.7 70.1
2008 - 69.1
2007 - 69.2
2006 - 68.2
2005 - 67
2004 - 68.9
2003 - 68.8
2002 - 68.8
2001 - 68.1
2000 - 65.9
1999 - 65.1
1998 - 62.6
1997 - 59.6
1996 - 59.6
1995 - 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kiribati/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Kiribati is 50.8, ranking 158/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Kiribati Spain
Services, % of GDP
70.3%
2024
68.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
11.8%
2024
19.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
2.68%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$537M
2025
$1.83T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$6,080
2025
$59,830
2025
Total reserves including gold n/a
$129B
2025
Total reserves ranking n/a
23/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.14M
2025
$18.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$8.07M
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$16.4K
2024
$71.5B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
5.5%
2023
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
29.9%
2024
21.4%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kiribati/spain | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.