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Economy of Kiribati vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Kiribati has a GDP of $349M compared to $4T for the United Kingdom, ranking 192/197 and 5/197 by economy size, respectively.

Kiribati has $27.8M in government debt (7.95% of GDP), compared to $4.1T (102.3% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Kiribati vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Kiribati
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Kiribati United Kingdom
2025 $349,227,254 $4,002,587,541,846
2024 $343,153,235 $3,695,539,513,534
2023 $291,657,338 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $271,214,375 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $285,451,584 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $220,909,307 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $216,891,541 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $233,859,230 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $223,029,865 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $206,467,819 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $191,559,399 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $200,287,282 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $201,730,861 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $207,001,546 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $195,970,140 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $165,458,433 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $140,177,384 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $147,017,895 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $138,054,946 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $112,338,353 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $113,895,437 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $104,085,892 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $96,105,619 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $74,743,869 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $64,935,850 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $74,910,527 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $77,323,978 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $74,905,706 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $80,205,807 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $81,456,854 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $68,596,395 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $67,055,334 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $58,953,596 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $61,491,369 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $41,247,792 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $36,534,295 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 $37,645,319 $926,884,816,754
1988 $38,278,810 $910,122,732,124
1987 $29,554,413 $745,162,608,269
1986 $25,993,009 $601,452,653,181
1985 $26,126,615 $489,285,164,271
1984 $34,394,167 $461,487,097,632
1983 $31,000,546 $489,618,008,186
1982 $32,742,713 $515,048,916,841
1981 $35,267,489 $540,765,675,241
1980 $33,157,723 $564,947,710,899
1979 $34,466,197 $438,994,070,309
1978 $36,563,965 $335,883,029,722
1977 $31,335,459 $263,066,457,352
1976 $33,246,817 $232,614,555,256
1975 $44,547,454 $241,756,637,168
1974 $69,256,489 $206,131,369,799
1973 $25,645,040 $192,537,971,583
1972 $15,314,346 $169,965,034,965
1971 $12,356,134 $148,113,896,325
1970 $11,560,877 $130,671,946,244
1969 - $116,464,702,803
1968 - $107,759,910,068
1967 - $113,116,888,211
1966 - $108,572,752,102
1965 - $101,824,755,079
1964 - $94,407,558,351
1963 - $86,561,961,812
1962 - $81,247,564,157
1961 - $77,741,965,703
1960 - $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kiribati/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Kiribati vs United Kingdom by year

Kiribati
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Kiribati United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,559 - $57,602 -
2024 $2,551 $3,702 $53,341 $62,009
2023 $2,201 $3,486 $49,920 $59,911
2022 $2,079 $3,329 $47,035 $59,022
2021 $2,224 $3,020 $47,696 $51,004
2020 $1,752 $2,711 $40,815 $48,230
2019 $1,750 $2,763 $43,161 $50,065
2018 $1,916 $2,672 $43,704 $47,212
2017 $1,854 $2,562 $40,918 $46,113
2016 $1,743 $2,463 $41,259 $44,085
2015 $1,640 $2,311 $45,256 $42,515
2014 $1,737 $2,084 $47,747 $41,267
2013 $1,772 $2,049 $43,608 $39,948
2012 $1,844 $1,896 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $1,771 $1,786 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $1,522 $1,724 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $1,317 $1,718 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $1,411 $1,735 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $1,353 $1,792 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $1,123 $1,728 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $1,162 $1,617 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $1,083 $1,579 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $1,021 $1,578 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $810 $1,605 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $719 $1,591 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $845 $1,638 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $887 $1,526 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $874 $1,593 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $953 $1,535 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $986 $1,519 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $844 $1,518 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $838 $1,469 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $748 $1,431 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $792 $1,421 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $540 $1,139 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $488 $1,192 $19,095 $16,505
1989 $515 - $16,239 -
1988 $536 - $15,987 -
1987 $424 - $13,119 -
1986 $382 - $10,611 -
1985 $393 - $8,652 -
1984 $527 - $8,179 -
1983 $483 - $8,692 -
1982 $519 - $9,146 -
1981 $568 - $9,599 -
1980 $542 - $10,032 -
1979 $573 - $7,805 -
1978 $611 - $5,977 -
1977 $520 - $4,681 -
1976 $548 - $4,138 -
1975 $730 - $4,300 -
1974 $1,131 - $3,666 -
1973 $422 - $3,426 -
1972 $256.2 - $3,030 -
1971 $210.7 - $2,650 -
1970 $201 - $2,348 -
1969 - - $2,101 -
1968 - - $1,952 -
1967 - - $2,059 -
1966 - - $1,987 -
1965 - - $1,874 -
1964 - - $1,748 -
1963 - - $1,613 -
1962 - - $1,526 -
1961 - - $1,472 -
1960 - - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kiribati/united-kingdom | CC BY

Kiribati's GDP per capita is $2,559, ranking 152/197, compared to $57,602 in the United Kingdom, ranking 21/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Kiribati ranks 169th at $3,702, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Kiribati United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$349M
2025
$4T
2025
GDP rank
192/197
2025
5/197
2025
GDP growth
4.22%
2024-2025
1.39%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,559
2025
$57,602
2025
GDP per capita rank
152/197
2025
21/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$3,702
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
169/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$27.8M
2025
$4.1T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
7.95%
2025
102.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$203.4
2025
$58,936
2025
Government debt per person rank
181/185
2025
7/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,170
2026
$43,539
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,428,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
56
2026
Income share by richest 10%
20.9%
2023
25%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
4.4%
2023
2.9%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
88.2%
2025
43.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
6.5%
2024-2025
3.88%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.79%
2023
4.9%
2025
Population
139471
70071289

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Kiribati
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Kiribati United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 88.2% 7.95% 43.6% 102.3%
2024 86.1% 8.9% 43.7% 99.9%
2023 94.4% 11.3% 44.2% 98.9%
2022 87.2% 16.2% 43.2% 97.5%
2021 84% 17.3% 44.9% 103.4%
2020 102.2% 21% 49.3% 104.8%
2019 108.3% 18.5% 38.3% 84.9%
2018 108.8% 19% 38.5% 85.6%
2017 92.1% 20.2% 38.8% 86.1%
2016 99% 21.2% 39.3% 87.3%
2015 90.9% 18.8% 40.1% 87.3%
2014 101.2% 8.97% 40.8% 86.5%
2013 78% 8.86% 41.6% 84.9%
2012 83.9% 8.13% 43.3% 84.1%
2011 80.9% 8.8% 43.3% 81.1%
2010 75.7% 9.43% 44.5% 75.5%
2009 74.7% 10.3% 44.2% 64.5%
2008 79.4% 13.9% 40.6% 50.6%
2007 77.3% 11.1% 38.4% 43%
2006 82.1% 12.9% 38.2% 41.9%
2005 95.6% 12.1% 38.3% 40.9%
2004 103.8% 13.6% 37.9% 39.7%
2003 84.4% 12.3% 37% 36.6%
2002 96.9% 13.3% 35.8% 35.3%
2001 101.3% 17% 34.5% 34.8%
2000 66% 12.7% 33.8% 37.5%
1999 77.6% 11.8% 33.7% 40.3%
1998 74.7% 9.81% 34.3% 41.8%
1997 70.9% 10.7% 34.7% 43.9%
1996 68.4% 11% 35.6% 43.5%
1995 69.6% 12.3% 37.5% 43.5%
1994 54.6% 12.3% 37.4% 40.6%
1993 55.3% 10.9% 37.6% 37.8%
1992 65.9% 7.31% 37.7% 33.1%
1991 82.1% 8.43% 35.7% 28.4%
1990 105.5% 7.72% 34.9% 28.4%
1989 - - 39.7% 31.4%
1988 - - 40.3% 36.6%
1987 - - 42.7% 41.8%
1986 - - 44.6% 42.9%
1985 - - 48.7% 42.9%
1984 - - 50.3% 44.1%
1983 - - 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kiribati/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, Kiribati's government spending was $308M, accounting for 88.2% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.75T, or 43.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 7.95% in Kiribati and 102.3% in the United Kingdom, ranking 182/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Kiribati

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Kiribati United Kingdom
2025 -14.5% -5.38%
2024 -14.1% -6.06%
2023 1.81% -6.05%
2022 -18.2% -4.6%
2021 -10.8% -7.54%
2020 3.57% -12.9%
2019 10.8% -2.38%
2018 5.18% -2.23%
2017 34.1% -2.48%
2016 20.1% -3.28%
2015 42.5% -4.53%
2014 35% -5.47%
2013 11.8% -5.29%
2012 -5.43% -7.96%
2011 -17.6% -7.42%
2010 -7.8% -9.25%
2009 -8.56% -9.97%
2008 -15.8% -5.05%
2007 -12.5% -2.63%
2006 -12.3% -2.74%
2005 -9.96% -3.13%
2004 -19.2% -3.14%
2003 -8.93% -3.19%
2002 3.13% -1.95%
2001 -10.9% 0.34%
2000 -0.03% 1.4%
1999 -1.81% 0.76%
1998 14.6% -0.21%
1997 5.92% -2%
1996 -20.2% -3.63%
1995 -5.14% -4.97%
1994 0.74% -5.72%
1993 6.27% -6.6%
1992 0.79% -5.39%
1991 3.87% -2.76%
1990 -4.62% -1.53%
1989 - 0.77%
1988 - 0.46%
1987 - -1.79%
1986 - -2.56%
1985 - -5.57%
1984 - -6.39%
1983 - -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kiribati/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, Kiribati's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $50.6M, equivalent to 14.5% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $215B, or 5.38% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Kiribati recorded a fiscal deficit in 20 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 33 years. On average, Kiribati posted an annual deficit equal to 0.51% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.3% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Kiribati

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Kiribati United Kingdom
2025 6.5% 3.88%
2024 2.5% 3.27%
2023 9.3% 6.79%
2022 5.3% 7.92%
2021 2.1% 2.52%
2020 2.6% 0.99%
2019 -1.8% 1.74%
2018 0.6% 2.29%
2017 0.4% 2.56%
2016 1.9% 1.01%
2015 0.6% 0.37%
2014 2.1% 1.45%
2013 -1.5% 2.29%
2012 -3% 2.57%
2011 1.5% 3.86%
2010 -3.9% 2.49%
2009 9.8% 1.96%
2008 13.7% 3.52%
2007 3.6% 2.39%
2006 -1% 2.46%
2005 -0.4% 2.09%
2004 -0.7% 1.39%
2003 1.6% 1.38%
2002 3.2% 1.52%
2001 6% 1.53%
2000 0.4% 1.18%
1999 1.8% 1.75%
1998 3.7% 1.82%
1997 2.6% 2.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kiribati/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Kiribati has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 2.46% in the United Kingdom. In 2025, inflation was 6.5% in Kiribati and 3.88% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Kiribati
Export category Export value
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $301K
Wood & paper products $105K
Machinery & equipment $47K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $26K
Chemicals & pharma $16K
Miscellaneous $9K
Textiles & consumer goods $7K
Raw agricultural goods $6K
Metals $5K
Raw materials & minerals $2K

Balance of trade

Kiribati United Kingdom
Current account balance
-$61.3M
2025
-$97.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
77/190
2025
189/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-17.6%
2025
-2.43%
2025
Goods imports
$270M
2025
$827B
2025
Goods exports
$17.3M
2025
$506B
2025
Service imports
$110M
2025
$450B
2025
Service exports
$8.63M
2025
$720B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
97.6%
2024
31.9%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
4.52%
2024
30.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Kiribati United Kingdom
Economic freedom 50.8 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 158/197 35/197
Property rights 69.6 93.6
Government integrity 50.5 83
Judicial effectiveness 54.6 83.1
Tax burden 72.6 61.7
Government spending 0 41.1
Fiscal health 19.8 32.4
Business freedom 60.2 83.6
Labor freedom 65.3 61.2
Monetary freedom 76.7 71.9
Trade freedom 80 82.8
Investment freedom 30 70
Financial freedom 30 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Kiribati
United Kingdom
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Kiribati United Kingdom
2026 50.8 70.4
2025 50.9 69.3
2024 51.3 68.6
2023 58.8 69.9
2022 59.2 72.7
2021 44.4 78.4
2020 45.2 79.3
2019 47.3 78.9
2018 50.8 78
2017 50.9 76.4
2016 46.2 76.4
2015 46.4 75.8
2014 46.3 74.9
2013 45.9 74.8
2012 46.9 74.1
2011 44.8 74.5
2010 43.7 76.5
2009 45.7 79
2008 - 79.4
2007 - 79.9
2006 - 80.4
2005 - 79.2
2004 - 77.7
2003 - 77.5
2002 - 78.5
2001 - 77.6
2000 - 77.3
1999 - 76.2
1998 - 76.5
1997 - 76.4
1996 - 76.4
1995 - 77.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/kiribati/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Kiribati is 50.8, ranking 158/197, compared to 70.4 for the United Kingdom, ranking 35/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Kiribati United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
70.3%
2024
73.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
11.8%
2024
16.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
0.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$537M
2025
$3.79T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$6,080
2025
$64,210
2025
Total reserves including gold n/a
$214B
2025
Total reserves ranking n/a
19/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.14M
2025
$10.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$8.07M
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$16.4K
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
5.5%
2023
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
29.9%
2024
19.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.