Estonia has a population of 1.37M (ranked 153/197), compared with 1.79M in North Macedonia (ranked 150/197). Estonia's land area is 16,498 sq mi versus 9,737 sq mi for North Macedonia (ranked 129th vs. 145th).
By GDP, Estonia ranks 102/197 ($42.8B) and North Macedonia ranks 138/197 ($16.7B). By GDP per capita, Estonia ranks 40/197 ($31,170), while North Macedonia ranks 88/197 ($9,310).
Main facts and rankings
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Population |
1355535
|
1783115
|
| Population rank | 155/197 | 150/197 |
| GDP |
$42.8B
2024 |
$16.7B
2024 |
| GDP rank | 102/197 | 138/197 |
| GDP per capita |
$31,170
2024 |
$9,310
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank | 40/197 | 88/197 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$49,334
2024 |
$26,587
2024 |
| Government debt |
$10.1B
2024 |
$9.15B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
25.4%
2025 |
52.9%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$7,362
2024 |
$5,105
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank | 66/185 | 78/185 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$21,368
2025 |
$8,472
2025 |
| Land area |
16,498 sq mi
2025 |
9,737 sq mi
2025 |
| Population density |
83.2 ppl/mi²
2024 |
184 ppl/mi²
2024 |
| Fertility rate |
1.31
2023 |
1.5
2023 |
| Median age |
43.3 years
2024 |
41.6 years
2024 |
| Life expectancy |
79.5 years
2025 |
77.7 years
2025 |
Estonia and North Macedonia: Comparison Charts
Estonia and North Macedonia economies compared
| Year | GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 1990 | - | $4,699,646,643 |
| 1991 | - | $4,938,775,510 |
| 1992 | - | $2,436,849,342 |
| 1993 | $4,013,091,682 | $2,682,456,897 |
| 1994 | $4,123,011,420 | $3,559,608,640 |
| 1995 | $4,502,970,889 | $4,707,041,315 |
| 1996 | $4,786,018,988 | $4,642,021,256 |
| 1997 | $5,154,420,649 | $3,912,986,091 |
| 1998 | $5,674,080,543 | $3,765,745,023 |
| 1999 | $5,756,912,266 | $3,863,619,285 |
| 2000 | $5,686,579,748 | $3,772,859,034 |
| 2001 | $6,250,218,423 | $3,709,636,031 |
| 2002 | $7,370,119,619 | $4,018,365,747 |
| 2003 | $9,876,595,528 | $4,946,296,599 |
| 2004 | $12,148,595,031 | $5,682,784,472 |
| 2005 | $14,109,491,357 | $6,258,602,873 |
| 2006 | $17,025,671,810 | $6,861,226,972 |
| 2007 | $22,450,264,166 | $8,336,474,974 |
| 2008 | $24,342,935,404 | $9,909,552,435 |
| 2009 | $19,633,984,440 | $9,401,736,825 |
| 2010 | $19,524,355,419 | $9,407,170,321 |
| 2011 | $23,303,915,795 | $10,494,626,768 |
| 2012 | $23,237,406,116 | $9,745,261,301 |
| 2013 | $25,451,032,781 | $10,817,702,346 |
| 2014 | $27,055,689,003 | $11,362,265,253 |
| 2015 | $23,311,847,751 | $10,064,519,963 |
| 2016 | $24,561,027,788 | $10,672,467,073 |
| 2017 | $27,469,461,919 | $11,307,067,070 |
| 2018 | $31,222,632,741 | $12,683,068,114 |
| 2019 | $31,873,748,770 | $12,606,338,449 |
| 2020 | $31,820,771,494 | $12,361,036,914 |
| 2021 | $37,204,563,051 | $14,000,283,827 |
| 2022 | $38,376,046,175 | $13,932,436,550 |
| 2023 | $41,291,245,222 | $15,763,604,288 |
| 2024 | $42,764,929,169 | $16,685,236,492 |
Estonia and North Macedonia economies compared
| Year | GDP per capita | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 1990 | - | $2,277 |
| 1991 | - | $2,402 |
| 1992 | - | $1,199 |
| 1993 | $2,686 | $1,337 |
| 1994 | $2,819 | $1,786 |
| 1995 | $3,134 | $2,355 |
| 1996 | $3,381 | $2,307 |
| 1997 | $3,683 | $1,960 |
| 1998 | $4,093 | $1,876 |
| 1999 | $4,141 | $1,915 |
| 2000 | $4,071 | $1,862 |
| 2001 | $4,503 | $1,823 |
| 2002 | $5,343 | $1,989 |
| 2003 | $7,205 | $2,445 |
| 2004 | $8,916 | $2,819 |
| 2005 | $10,415 | $3,121 |
| 2006 | $12,641 | $3,440 |
| 2007 | $16,745 | $4,204 |
| 2008 | $18,206 | $5,026 |
| 2009 | $14,712 | $4,800 |
| 2010 | $14,664 | $4,833 |
| 2011 | $17,556 | $5,417 |
| 2012 | $17,568 | $5,050 |
| 2013 | $19,310 | $5,626 |
| 2014 | $20,582 | $5,925 |
| 2015 | $17,722 | $5,263 |
| 2016 | $18,666 | $5,598 |
| 2017 | $20,852 | $5,955 |
| 2018 | $23,618 | $6,714 |
| 2019 | $24,021 | $6,719 |
| 2020 | $23,934 | $6,660 |
| 2021 | $27,954 | $7,621 |
| 2022 | $28,451 | $7,606 |
| 2023 | $30,133 | $8,624 |
| 2024 | $31,170 | $9,310 |
Estonia vs. North Macedonia life expectancy calculator
| Year | Life expectancy, years | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 1950 | 66.4 | 50.6 |
| 1951 | 66.8 | 48.5 |
| 1952 | 67.2 | 52.5 |
| 1953 | 67.5 | 53.2 |
| 1954 | 67.8 | 55.7 |
| 1955 | 68.2 | 55.4 |
| 1956 | 68.5 | 58.5 |
| 1957 | 68.8 | 55.7 |
| 1958 | 68.8 | 60.3 |
| 1959 | 68.7 | 59.5 |
| 1960 | 69.3 | 60.5 |
| 1961 | 69.6 | 61.8 |
| 1962 | 69.8 | 59.3 |
| 1963 | 69.9 | 61.4 |
| 1964 | 70.6 | 61.5 |
| 1965 | 70.7 | 62.6 |
| 1966 | 70.7 | 63.5 |
| 1967 | 71 | 63.8 |
| 1968 | 70.6 | 64.6 |
| 1969 | 70.3 | 64 |
| 1970 | 70.4 | 65 |
| 1971 | 70.6 | 65.2 |
| 1972 | 70.4 | 65.6 |
| 1973 | 70.7 | 67.1 |
| 1974 | 70.8 | 67.1 |
| 1975 | 70.1 | 67.3 |
| 1976 | 69.7 | 67.9 |
| 1977 | 69.8 | 68.2 |
| 1978 | 69.7 | 69.1 |
| 1979 | 69.4 | 69.2 |
| 1980 | 69.5 | 69.1 |
| 1981 | 69.3 | 69.4 |
| 1982 | 69.9 | 69.8 |
| 1983 | 69.8 | 69.7 |
| 1984 | 69.6 | 70.2 |
| 1985 | 69.8 | 70.2 |
| 1986 | 70.9 | 70.3 |
| 1987 | 70.9 | 70.4 |
| 1988 | 71 | 70.5 |
| 1989 | 70.5 | 71.1 |
| 1990 | 69.9 | 71.3 |
| 1991 | 69.8 | 71.8 |
| 1992 | 69.2 | 71.3 |
| 1993 | 68.2 | 71.7 |
| 1994 | 66.7 | 71.5 |
| 1995 | 67.8 | 72 |
| 1996 | 70 | 71.9 |
| 1997 | 70.2 | 71.9 |
| 1998 | 69.8 | 71.8 |
| 1999 | 70.7 | 72.3 |
| 2000 | 71 | 72.6 |
| 2001 | 70.8 | 73 |
| 2002 | 71.4 | 72.7 |
| 2003 | 71.9 | 73 |
| 2004 | 72.4 | 73.4 |
| 2005 | 73 | 73.6 |
| 2006 | 73.2 | 73.8 |
| 2007 | 73.2 | 73.7 |
| 2008 | 74.3 | 74.4 |
| 2009 | 75.2 | 74.5 |
| 2010 | 75.9 | 75 |
| 2011 | 76.3 | 75.1 |
| 2012 | 76.4 | 75 |
| 2013 | 77.3 | 75.6 |
| 2014 | 77.1 | 75.6 |
| 2015 | 77.7 | 75.6 |
| 2016 | 77.8 | 75.6 |
| 2017 | 78.2 | 76.2 |
| 2018 | 78.3 | 76.9 |
| 2019 | 78.8 | 76.8 |
| 2020 | 78.9 | 74.5 |
| 2021 | 77.4 | 73.3 |
| 2022 | 78.2 | 76.6 |
| 2023 | 79.2 | 77.4 |
| 2024 | 79.3 | 77.5 |
| 2025 | 79.5 | 77.7 |
Estonia and North Macedonia population clocks and comparison
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 1960 | 1,211,537 | 1,435,059 |
| 1961 | 1,225,077 | 1,455,171 |
| 1962 | 1,241,623 | 1,471,745 |
| 1963 | 1,258,857 | 1,488,737 |
| 1964 | 1,277,086 | 1,510,900 |
| 1965 | 1,294,566 | 1,533,466 |
| 1966 | 1,308,597 | 1,557,349 |
| 1967 | 1,318,946 | 1,582,492 |
| 1968 | 1,331,214 | 1,608,930 |
| 1969 | 1,345,249 | 1,636,345 |
| 1970 | 1,360,076 | 1,664,208 |
| 1971 | 1,376,955 | 1,691,216 |
| 1972 | 1,392,518 | 1,717,395 |
| 1973 | 1,405,951 | 1,743,816 |
| 1974 | 1,418,169 | 1,770,545 |
| 1975 | 1,429,352 | 1,797,972 |
| 1976 | 1,439,576 | 1,825,830 |
| 1977 | 1,450,211 | 1,853,138 |
| 1978 | 1,460,188 | 1,879,847 |
| 1979 | 1,468,333 | 1,906,523 |
| 1980 | 1,477,219 | 1,933,038 |
| 1981 | 1,487,666 | 1,959,065 |
| 1982 | 1,498,414 | 1,978,956 |
| 1983 | 1,508,745 | 1,991,901 |
| 1984 | 1,518,617 | 2,003,399 |
| 1985 | 1,528,781 | 2,014,331 |
| 1986 | 1,540,190 | 2,024,732 |
| 1987 | 1,552,221 | 2,035,157 |
| 1988 | 1,561,900 | 2,045,737 |
| 1989 | 1,568,131 | 2,055,649 |
| 1990 | 1,569,174 | 2,063,689 |
| 1991 | 1,561,314 | 2,055,994 |
| 1992 | 1,533,091 | 2,032,523 |
| 1993 | 1,494,128 | 2,006,854 |
| 1994 | 1,462,514 | 1,992,666 |
| 1995 | 1,436,634 | 1,998,534 |
| 1996 | 1,415,594 | 2,012,553 |
| 1997 | 1,399,535 | 1,996,869 |
| 1998 | 1,386,156 | 2,007,523 |
| 1999 | 1,390,244 | 2,017,142 |
| 2000 | 1,396,985 | 2,026,350 |
| 2001 | 1,388,115 | 2,034,882 |
| 2002 | 1,379,350 | 2,020,157 |
| 2003 | 1,370,720 | 2,022,725 |
| 2004 | 1,362,550 | 2,016,186 |
| 2005 | 1,354,775 | 2,005,330 |
| 2006 | 1,346,810 | 1,994,287 |
| 2007 | 1,340,680 | 1,982,933 |
| 2008 | 1,337,090 | 1,971,493 |
| 2009 | 1,334,515 | 1,958,782 |
| 2010 | 1,331,475 | 1,946,298 |
| 2011 | 1,327,439 | 1,937,398 |
| 2012 | 1,322,696 | 1,929,821 |
| 2013 | 1,317,997 | 1,922,716 |
| 2014 | 1,314,545 | 1,917,557 |
| 2015 | 1,315,407 | 1,912,430 |
| 2016 | 1,315,790 | 1,906,313 |
| 2017 | 1,317,384 | 1,898,657 |
| 2018 | 1,321,977 | 1,889,051 |
| 2019 | 1,326,898 | 1,876,262 |
| 2020 | 1,329,522 | 1,856,124 |
| 2021 | 1,330,932 | 1,837,114 |
| 2022 | 1,348,840 | 1,831,712 |
| 2023 | 1,370,286 | 1,827,816 |
| 2024 | 1,371,986 | 1,792,179 |
Fertility rates in Estonia and North Macedonia
| Year | Fertility rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 1960 | 1.98 | 3.83 |
| 1961 | 1.98 | 3.62 |
| 1962 | 1.95 | 3.5 |
| 1963 | 1.89 | 3.62 |
| 1964 | 1.94 | 3.56 |
| 1965 | 1.88 | 3.52 |
| 1966 | 1.87 | 3.43 |
| 1967 | 1.9 | 3.33 |
| 1968 | 2.03 | 3.22 |
| 1969 | 2.13 | 3.1 |
| 1970 | 2.17 | 3.01 |
| 1971 | 2.19 | 2.93 |
| 1972 | 2.13 | 2.87 |
| 1973 | 2.06 | 2.72 |
| 1974 | 2.07 | 2.7 |
| 1975 | 2.04 | 2.69 |
| 1976 | 2.07 | 2.62 |
| 1977 | 2.06 | 2.49 |
| 1978 | 2.02 | 2.42 |
| 1979 | 2 | 2.4 |
| 1980 | 2.02 | 2.36 |
| 1981 | 2.07 | 2.29 |
| 1982 | 2.07 | 2.29 |
| 1983 | 2.16 | 2.25 |
| 1984 | 2.17 | 2.24 |
| 1985 | 2.13 | 2.25 |
| 1986 | 2.18 | 2.25 |
| 1987 | 2.27 | 2.32 |
| 1988 | 2.27 | 2.32 |
| 1989 | 2.22 | 2.25 |
| 1990 | 2.05 | 2.27 |
| 1991 | 1.8 | 2.31 |
| 1992 | 1.71 | 2.28 |
| 1993 | 1.49 | 2.26 |
| 1994 | 1.42 | 2.23 |
| 1995 | 1.38 | 2.13 |
| 1996 | 1.37 | 2.06 |
| 1997 | 1.32 | 1.92 |
| 1998 | 1.28 | 1.89 |
| 1999 | 1.3 | 1.77 |
| 2000 | 1.36 | 1.86 |
| 2001 | 1.32 | 1.73 |
| 2002 | 1.36 | 1.79 |
| 2003 | 1.37 | 1.75 |
| 2004 | 1.47 | 1.52 |
| 2005 | 1.52 | 1.5 |
| 2006 | 1.58 | 1.46 |
| 2007 | 1.69 | 1.46 |
| 2008 | 1.72 | 1.47 |
| 2009 | 1.7 | 1.5 |
| 2010 | 1.72 | 1.6 |
| 2011 | 1.61 | 1.46 |
| 2012 | 1.56 | 1.5 |
| 2013 | 1.52 | 1.5 |
| 2014 | 1.54 | 1.5 |
| 2015 | 1.58 | 1.49 |
| 2016 | 1.6 | 1.5 |
| 2017 | 1.59 | 1.43 |
| 2018 | 1.67 | 1.42 |
| 2019 | 1.66 | 1.34 |
| 2020 | 1.58 | 1.31 |
| 2021 | 1.61 | 1.6 |
| 2022 | 1.41 | 1.6 |
| 2023 | 1.31 | 1.5 |
Estonia and North Macedonia demographics compared
| Year | Median age, years | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| 1960 | 32.2 | 21.8 |
| 1961 | 32.4 | 21.8 |
| 1962 | 32.5 | 21.9 |
| 1963 | 32.7 | 21.9 |
| 1964 | 32.8 | 21.9 |
| 1965 | 33 | 21.9 |
| 1966 | 33.2 | 22 |
| 1967 | 33.4 | 22.2 |
| 1968 | 33.6 | 22.4 |
| 1969 | 33.7 | 22.6 |
| 1970 | 33.7 | 22.8 |
| 1971 | 33.8 | 23.1 |
| 1972 | 33.9 | 23.3 |
| 1973 | 34.1 | 23.6 |
| 1974 | 34.2 | 23.9 |
| 1975 | 34.2 | 24.2 |
| 1976 | 34.3 | 24.5 |
| 1977 | 34.3 | 24.8 |
| 1978 | 34.2 | 25.2 |
| 1979 | 34 | 25.5 |
| 1980 | 33.9 | 25.9 |
| 1981 | 33.8 | 26.2 |
| 1982 | 33.8 | 26.5 |
| 1983 | 33.9 | 26.8 |
| 1984 | 33.9 | 27.2 |
| 1985 | 33.9 | 27.5 |
| 1986 | 34 | 27.8 |
| 1987 | 34 | 28 |
| 1988 | 34.1 | 28.3 |
| 1989 | 34.2 | 28.6 |
| 1990 | 34.3 | 28.9 |
| 1991 | 34.6 | 29.2 |
| 1992 | 35 | 29.6 |
| 1993 | 35.6 | 29.9 |
| 1994 | 36 | 30.3 |
| 1995 | 36.3 | 30.5 |
| 1996 | 36.7 | 30.8 |
| 1997 | 37 | 31 |
| 1998 | 37.3 | 31.2 |
| 1999 | 37.6 | 31.5 |
| 2000 | 38 | 31.9 |
| 2001 | 38.3 | 32.2 |
| 2002 | 38.5 | 32.6 |
| 2003 | 38.8 | 32.8 |
| 2004 | 39.1 | 33.2 |
| 2005 | 39.3 | 33.5 |
| 2006 | 39.6 | 33.9 |
| 2007 | 39.7 | 34.3 |
| 2008 | 39.8 | 34.7 |
| 2009 | 40 | 35.1 |
| 2010 | 40.3 | 35.5 |
| 2011 | 40.6 | 36 |
| 2012 | 40.9 | 36.4 |
| 2013 | 41.1 | 36.9 |
| 2014 | 41.4 | 37.3 |
| 2015 | 41.5 | 37.8 |
| 2016 | 41.7 | 38.3 |
| 2017 | 41.9 | 38.8 |
| 2018 | 42 | 39.4 |
| 2019 | 42.2 | 39.9 |
| 2020 | 42.4 | 40.3 |
| 2021 | 42.5 | 40.7 |
| 2022 | 42.7 | 40.9 |
| 2023 | 42.9 | 41.3 |
| 2024 | 43.3 | 41.6 |
Interactive Maps
Use the buttons below to switch between world maps comparing statistics for Estonia and North Macedonia.
GDP per capita
GDP
Life expectancy
Population
Population density
Fertility rate
Median age
Land area
National statistics comparison
Finance
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| GNI, Atlas method |
$39.4B
2024 |
$15B
2024 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
44.4%
2025 |
39.1%
2025 |
| Education expenditure, % of GDP |
5.21%
2022 |
3.3%
2002 |
| Military expenditure, % of GDP |
2.87%
2023 |
1.7%
2023 |
| Armed forces personnel |
7,000
2020 |
16,000
2020 |
| Deficit/surplus, % of GDP |
-2.69%
2025 |
-5.04%
2025 |
| Unemployment rate |
7.5%
2024 |
12.3%
2024 |
| Services, % of GDP |
65.1%
2024 |
59.2%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
20.5%
2024 |
22.7%
2024 |
| Economic freedom index |
78.9
2025 |
63.2
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
23.7%
2023 |
22.9%
2019 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3.1%
2023 |
1.9%
2019 |
| Number of billionaires |
2
2025 |
n/a |
| Percentage of billionaires |
0.0002%
2025 |
n/a |
| Listed domestic companies |
14
2003 |
n/a |
| Total reserves including gold |
$2.07B
2024 |
$5.25B
2024 |
| Personal remittances received |
$496M
2024 |
$458M
2024 |
| International tourist arrivals |
1,695,000
2020 |
118,000
2020 |
| International tourism as share of exports |
3.98%
2020 |
3.52%
2020 |
| Banked people share |
98.9%
2024 |
84.3%
2024 |
Energy
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Energy use, kg of oil equivalent per capita |
3,089 kg
2023 |
1,450 kg
2023 |
| GDP PPP per kg equivalent of energy use |
$15.1
2023 |
$16.8
2023 |
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions |
11.4 megatons
2023 |
8.76 megatons
2023 |
| CO2 emissions per capita |
8.35 tons
2023 |
4.79 tons
2023 |
| Fossil fuel energy use share |
60.9%
2023 |
82.2%
2022 |
| Renewable energy use share |
38%
2021 |
19.5%
2021 |
| Alternative and nuclear energy use share |
2.9%
2023 |
7.2%
2023 |
| Net energy imports use share |
3.77%
2023 |
63.8%
2023 |
| Electric power consumption per capita |
5,722 kWh
2023 |
3,320 kWh
2023 |
| Renewable electricity output share |
40%
2021 |
31%
2021 |
| Hydroelectric share |
0.42%
2023 |
23.6%
2023 |
| Nuclear share |
0%
2021 |
0%
2021 |
| Electricity access |
100%
2023 |
100%
2023 |
Society
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| % of world population |
0.02%
2024 |
0.02%
2024 |
| Annual migration change |
-7,742
2024 |
-5,728
2024 |
| Urban population |
70%
2024 |
59.9%
2024 |
| Male:Female ratio |
50:50
2024 |
50:50
2024 |
| Average male height |
6 ft
2025 |
5.79 ft
2025 |
| Average female height |
5.53 ft
2025 |
5.28 ft
2025 |
| Quality of life index |
82
2025 |
57.5
2025 |
| Corruption Perceptions Index |
76
2024 |
40
2024 |
| Higher education index |
81
2025 |
63
2025 |
| Homicides per 100K people |
1.54
2023 |
1.53
2023 |
| Road traffic mortality per 100K people |
4.5
2019 |
5.1
2019 |
| Visa free countries |
173
2025 |
132
2025 |
| Adult literacy rate |
99.9%
2021 |
97.6%
2012 |
| English speaking |
50.2%
2023 |
5%
2025 |
| People using the Internet |
92.2%
2024 |
87.2%
2023 |
Health
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Government health expenditure per capita |
$1,999
2022 |
$562
2022 |
| Out-of-pocket health expenditure per capita |
$463
2022 |
$225.9
2022 |
| Life expectancy |
79.5 years
2025 |
77.7 years
2025 |
| Foreign aid share of health expenditure |
0.01%
2022 |
0.002%
2018 |
| Physicians per 1,000 people |
3.44
2021 |
2.96
2020 |
| Age at first childbirth |
28.7 years
2023 |
27.4 years
2022 |
| Maternal mortality per 100K births |
5
2023 |
3
2023 |
| Mortality rate before reaching 5 years of age, per 1,000 live births |
2.1
2023 |
3.3
2023 |
| Obesity rate |
22.8%
2022 |
28.4%
2022 |
| Diabetes prevalence |
6.9%
2024 |
7.4%
2024 |
| Air quality index |
95
2025 |
32
2025 |
| Tobacco use prevalence |
28.3%
2022 |
n/a |
| Pure alcohol consumption per capita |
10.7 liters
2020 |
4.36 liters
2020 |
Territory
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| % of world land |
0.03%
2025 |
0.02%
2025 |
| Land area per capita |
12,025 sq mi
2024 |
5,433 sq mi
2024 |
| Agricultural land area |
3,815 sq mi
2025 |
4,830 sq mi
2025 |
| Forest area |
9,415 sq mi
2025 |
3,867 sq mi
2025 |
| Roads length | n/a |
8,812 mi
2017 |
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