North Macedonia has a population of 1.82M (ranked 150/197), compared with 34K in San Marino (ranked 193/197). North Macedonia's land area is 9,737 sq mi versus 23.2 sq mi for San Marino (ranked 145th vs. 193rd).
By GDP, North Macedonia ranks 138/197 ($17B) and San Marino ranks 180/197 ($2.03B). By GDP per capita, North Macedonia ranks 88/197 ($9,292), while San Marino ranks 15/197 ($59,880).
Main facts and rankings
North Macedonia
|
San Marino
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Population |
1805954
|
33967
|
| Population rank | 150/197 | 193/197 |
| GDP |
$17B
2024 |
$2.03B
2023 |
| GDP rank | 138/197 | 180/197 |
| GDP per capita |
$9,292
2024 |
$59,880
2023 |
| GDP per capita rank | 88/197 | 15/197 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$26,995
2024 |
$78,745
2023 |
| Government debt |
$9.3B
2024 |
$1.39B
2023 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
54.8%
2024 |
63.9%
2024 |
| Government debt per person |
$5,095
2024 |
$40,919
2023 |
| Government debt per person rank | 77/185 | 13/185 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$7,534
2026 |
$45,474
2026 |
| Land area | 9,737 sq mi | 23.2 sq mi |
| Population density |
185.5 ppl/mi²
2026 |
1,466 ppl/mi²
2026 |
| Fertility rate |
1.5
2023 |
1.15
2023 |
| Median age |
41.6 years
2024 |
49 years
2024 |
| Life expectancy |
77.8 years
2026 |
86 years
2026 |
North Macedonia and San Marino: Comparison Charts
North Macedonia and San Marino economies compared
| Year | GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
North Macedonia
|
San Marino
|
|
| 2024 | $16,951,682,245 | - |
| 2023 | $15,855,131,189 | $2,027,527,228 |
| 2022 | $13,932,436,550 | $1,829,211,864 |
| 2021 | $14,000,283,827 | $1,855,652,786 |
| 2020 | $12,361,036,914 | $1,541,248,249 |
| 2019 | $12,606,338,449 | $1,616,340,692 |
| 2018 | $12,683,068,114 | $1,655,353,653 |
| 2017 | $11,307,067,070 | $1,528,620,346 |
| 2016 | $10,672,467,073 | $1,468,343,140 |
| 2015 | $10,064,519,963 | $1,419,401,071 |
| 2014 | $11,362,265,253 | $1,673,911,426 |
| 2013 | $10,817,702,346 | $1,678,741,475 |
| 2012 | $9,745,261,301 | $1,604,701,299 |
| 2011 | $10,494,626,768 | $1,813,717,439 |
| 2010 | $9,407,170,321 | $1,881,191,925 |
| 2009 | $9,401,736,825 | $2,064,277,126 |
| 2008 | $9,909,552,435 | $2,403,213,305 |
| 2007 | $8,336,474,974 | $2,188,654,628 |
| 2006 | $6,861,226,972 | $1,909,765,165 |
| 2005 | $6,258,602,873 | $1,786,514,058 |
| 2004 | $5,682,784,472 | $1,715,340,543 |
| 2003 | $4,946,296,599 | $1,462,590,267 |
| 2002 | $4,018,365,747 | $1,148,872,072 |
| 2001 | $3,709,636,031 | $1,059,529,812 |
| 2000 | $3,772,859,034 | $1,007,661,367 |
| 1999 | $3,863,619,285 | $1,109,473,368 |
| 1998 | $3,765,745,023 | $1,048,316,226 |
| 1997 | $3,912,986,091 | $976,606,911 |
| 1996 | $4,642,021,256 | - |
| 1995 | $4,707,041,315 | - |
| 1994 | $3,559,608,640 | - |
| 1993 | $2,682,456,897 | - |
| 1992 | $2,436,849,342 | - |
| 1991 | $4,938,775,510 | - |
| 1990 | $4,699,646,643 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/facts/north-macedonia/san-marino | CC BY 
North Macedonia and San Marino economies compared
| Year | GDP per capita | |
|---|---|---|
|
North Macedonia
|
San Marino
|
|
| 2024 | $9,292 | - |
| 2023 | $8,674 | $59,880 |
| 2022 | $7,606 | $54,191 |
| 2021 | $7,621 | $54,176 |
| 2020 | $6,660 | $44,327 |
| 2019 | $6,719 | $46,630 |
| 2018 | $6,714 | $47,951 |
| 2017 | $5,955 | $45,192 |
| 2016 | $5,598 | $44,359 |
| 2015 | $5,263 | $43,147 |
| 2014 | $5,925 | $51,260 |
| 2013 | $5,626 | $50,808 |
| 2012 | $5,050 | $47,946 |
| 2011 | $5,417 | $55,601 |
| 2010 | $4,833 | $56,543 |
| 2009 | $4,800 | $62,429 |
| 2008 | $5,026 | $75,902 |
| 2007 | $4,204 | $70,124 |
| 2006 | $3,440 | $63,271 |
| 2005 | $3,121 | $59,878 |
| 2004 | $2,819 | $58,232 |
| 2003 | $2,445 | $52,530 |
| 2002 | $1,989 | $41,791 |
| 2001 | $1,823 | $39,035 |
| 2000 | $1,862 | $37,601 |
| 1999 | $1,915 | $41,932 |
| 1998 | $1,876 | $40,127 |
| 1997 | $1,960 | $37,853 |
| 1996 | $2,307 | - |
| 1995 | $2,355 | - |
| 1994 | $1,786 | - |
| 1993 | $1,337 | - |
| 1992 | $1,199 | - |
| 1991 | $2,402 | - |
| 1990 | $2,277 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/facts/north-macedonia/san-marino | CC BY
North Macedonia vs. San Marino life expectancy calculator
| Year | Life expectancy, years | |
|---|---|---|
|
North Macedonia
|
San Marino
|
|
| 2026 | 77.8 | 86 |
| 2025 | 77.7 | 85.9 |
| 2024 | 77.5 | 85.8 |
| 2023 | 77.4 | 85.7 |
| 2022 | 76.6 | 85.7 |
| 2021 | 73.3 | 83.5 |
| 2020 | 74.5 | 82.6 |
| 2019 | 76.8 | 85.3 |
| 2018 | 76.9 | 85.1 |
| 2017 | 76.2 | 84.9 |
| 2016 | 75.6 | 84.8 |
| 2015 | 75.6 | 84.6 |
| 2014 | 75.6 | 84.4 |
| 2013 | 75.6 | 84.2 |
| 2012 | 75 | 83.9 |
| 2011 | 75.1 | 83.7 |
| 2010 | 75 | 83.5 |
| 2009 | 74.5 | 83.2 |
| 2008 | 74.4 | 82.9 |
| 2007 | 73.7 | 82.6 |
| 2006 | 73.8 | 82.3 |
| 2005 | 73.6 | 81.9 |
| 2004 | 73.4 | 81.6 |
| 2003 | 73 | 81.3 |
| 2002 | 72.7 | 81.1 |
| 2001 | 73 | 80.8 |
| 2000 | 72.6 | 80.5 |
| 1999 | 72.3 | 80.2 |
| 1998 | 71.8 | 79.9 |
| 1997 | 71.9 | 79.7 |
| 1996 | 71.9 | 79.3 |
| 1995 | 72 | 79 |
| 1994 | 71.5 | 78.7 |
| 1993 | 71.7 | 78.4 |
| 1992 | 71.3 | 78.1 |
| 1991 | 71.8 | 77.9 |
| 1990 | 71.3 | 77.8 |
| 1989 | 71.1 | 77.6 |
| 1988 | 70.5 | 77.5 |
| 1987 | 70.4 | 77.5 |
| 1986 | 70.3 | 77.4 |
| 1985 | 70.2 | 77.3 |
| 1984 | 70.2 | 77.2 |
| 1983 | 69.7 | 77 |
| 1982 | 69.8 | 76.8 |
| 1981 | 69.4 | 76.6 |
| 1980 | 69.1 | 76.4 |
| 1979 | 69.2 | 76.1 |
| 1978 | 69.1 | 75.9 |
| 1977 | 68.2 | 75.6 |
| 1976 | 67.9 | 75.4 |
| 1975 | 67.3 | 75.3 |
| 1974 | 67.1 | 75.1 |
| 1973 | 67.1 | 74.8 |
| 1972 | 65.6 | 74.6 |
| 1971 | 65.2 | 74.4 |
| 1970 | 65 | 74.3 |
| 1969 | 64 | 74.2 |
| 1968 | 64.6 | 74.1 |
| 1967 | 63.8 | 73.9 |
| 1966 | 63.5 | 73.8 |
| 1965 | 62.6 | 73.7 |
| 1964 | 61.5 | 73.7 |
| 1963 | 61.4 | 73.6 |
| 1962 | 59.3 | 73.5 |
| 1961 | 61.8 | 73.4 |
| 1960 | 60.5 | 73.2 |
| 1959 | 59.5 | 73 |
| 1958 | 60.3 | 72.8 |
| 1957 | 55.7 | 72.7 |
| 1956 | 58.5 | 72.5 |
| 1955 | 55.4 | 72.4 |
| 1954 | 55.7 | 72.2 |
| 1953 | 53.2 | 72 |
| 1952 | 52.5 | 71.9 |
| 1951 | 48.5 | 71.7 |
| 1950 | 50.6 | 71.6 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (1950–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10).
GeoRank.org/facts/north-macedonia/san-marino | CC BY
North Macedonia and San Marino population clocks and comparison
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
|
North Macedonia
|
San Marino
|
|
| 2024 | 1,824,359 | 33,977 |
| 2023 | 1,827,816 | 33,860 |
| 2022 | 1,831,712 | 33,755 |
| 2021 | 1,837,114 | 34,252 |
| 2020 | 1,856,124 | 34,770 |
| 2019 | 1,876,262 | 34,663 |
| 2018 | 1,889,051 | 34,522 |
| 2017 | 1,898,657 | 33,825 |
| 2016 | 1,906,313 | 33,101 |
| 2015 | 1,912,430 | 32,897 |
| 2014 | 1,917,557 | 32,655 |
| 2013 | 1,922,716 | 33,041 |
| 2012 | 1,929,821 | 33,469 |
| 2011 | 1,937,398 | 32,620 |
| 2010 | 1,946,298 | 33,270 |
| 2009 | 1,958,782 | 33,066 |
| 2008 | 1,971,493 | 31,662 |
| 2007 | 1,982,933 | 31,211 |
| 2006 | 1,994,287 | 30,184 |
| 2005 | 2,005,330 | 29,836 |
| 2004 | 2,016,186 | 29,457 |
| 2003 | 2,022,725 | 27,843 |
| 2002 | 2,020,157 | 27,491 |
| 2001 | 2,034,882 | 27,143 |
| 2000 | 2,026,350 | 26,799 |
| 1999 | 2,017,142 | 26,459 |
| 1998 | 2,007,523 | 26,125 |
| 1997 | 1,996,869 | 25,800 |
| 1996 | 2,012,553 | 25,482 |
| 1995 | 1,998,534 | 25,158 |
| 1994 | 1,992,666 | 24,823 |
| 1993 | 2,006,854 | 24,472 |
| 1992 | 2,032,523 | 24,125 |
| 1991 | 2,055,994 | 23,797 |
| 1990 | 2,063,689 | 23,475 |
| 1989 | 2,055,649 | 23,154 |
| 1988 | 2,045,737 | 22,843 |
| 1987 | 2,035,157 | 22,686 |
| 1986 | 2,024,732 | 22,636 |
| 1985 | 2,014,331 | 22,485 |
| 1984 | 2,003,399 | 22,346 |
| 1983 | 1,991,901 | 22,229 |
| 1982 | 1,978,956 | 22,055 |
| 1981 | 1,959,065 | 21,840 |
| 1980 | 1,933,038 | 21,585 |
| 1979 | 1,906,523 | 21,320 |
| 1978 | 1,879,847 | 21,026 |
| 1977 | 1,853,138 | 20,017 |
| 1976 | 1,825,830 | 19,110 |
| 1975 | 1,797,972 | 19,046 |
| 1974 | 1,770,545 | 19,030 |
| 1973 | 1,743,816 | 18,992 |
| 1972 | 1,717,395 | 18,787 |
| 1971 | 1,691,216 | 18,419 |
| 1970 | 1,664,208 | 18,168 |
| 1969 | 1,636,345 | 18,026 |
| 1968 | 1,608,930 | 17,861 |
| 1967 | 1,582,492 | 17,688 |
| 1966 | 1,557,349 | 17,523 |
| 1965 | 1,533,466 | 17,305 |
| 1964 | 1,510,900 | 16,977 |
| 1963 | 1,488,737 | 16,580 |
| 1962 | 1,471,745 | 16,183 |
| 1961 | 1,455,171 | 15,799 |
| 1960 | 1,435,059 | 15,428 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/facts/north-macedonia/san-marino | CC BY
Fertility rates in North Macedonia and San Marino
| Year | Fertility rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
North Macedonia
|
San Marino
|
|
| 2023 | 1.5 | 1.15 |
| 2022 | 1.6 | 1.14 |
| 2021 | 1.6 | 1.13 |
| 2020 | 1.31 | 1.11 |
| 2019 | 1.34 | 1.1 |
| 2018 | 1.42 | 1.08 |
| 2017 | 1.43 | 1.05 |
| 2016 | 1.5 | 1.13 |
| 2015 | 1.49 | 1.2 |
| 2014 | 1.5 | 1.26 |
| 2013 | 1.5 | 1.48 |
| 2012 | 1.5 | 1.29 |
| 2011 | 1.46 | 1.46 |
| 2010 | 1.6 | 1.46 |
| 2009 | 1.5 | 1.36 |
| 2008 | 1.47 | 1.52 |
| 2007 | 1.46 | 1.26 |
| 2006 | 1.46 | 1.24 |
| 2005 | 1.5 | 1.2 |
| 2004 | 1.52 | 1.3 |
| 2003 | 1.75 | 1.3 |
| 2002 | 1.79 | 1.43 |
| 2001 | 1.73 | 1.52 |
| 2000 | 1.86 | 1.4 |
| 1999 | 1.77 | 1.29 |
| 1998 | 1.89 | 1.26 |
| 1997 | 1.92 | 1.24 |
| 1996 | 2.06 | 1.21 |
| 1995 | 2.13 | 1.17 |
| 1994 | 2.23 | 1.14 |
| 1993 | 2.26 | 1.12 |
| 1992 | 2.28 | 1.15 |
| 1991 | 2.31 | 1.17 |
| 1990 | 2.27 | 1.16 |
| 1989 | 2.25 | 1.15 |
| 1988 | 2.32 | 1.14 |
| 1987 | 2.32 | 1.14 |
| 1986 | 2.25 | 1.15 |
| 1985 | 2.25 | 1.17 |
| 1984 | 2.24 | 1.2 |
| 1983 | 2.25 | 1.25 |
| 1982 | 2.29 | 1.3 |
| 1981 | 2.29 | 1.41 |
| 1980 | 2.36 | 1.53 |
| 1979 | 2.4 | 1.63 |
| 1978 | 2.42 | 1.77 |
| 1977 | 2.49 | 1.87 |
| 1976 | 2.62 | 1.95 |
| 1975 | 2.69 | 2.05 |
| 1974 | 2.7 | 2.13 |
| 1973 | 2.72 | 2.23 |
| 1972 | 2.87 | 2.29 |
| 1971 | 2.93 | 2.33 |
| 1970 | 3.01 | 2.32 |
| 1969 | 3.1 | 2.31 |
| 1968 | 3.22 | 2.3 |
| 1967 | 3.33 | 2.31 |
| 1966 | 3.43 | 2.33 |
| 1965 | 3.52 | 2.33 |
| 1964 | 3.56 | 2.37 |
| 1963 | 3.62 | 2.4 |
| 1962 | 3.5 | 2.43 |
| 1961 | 3.62 | 2.68 |
| 1960 | 3.83 | 2.43 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/facts/north-macedonia/san-marino | CC BY
North Macedonia and San Marino demographics compared
| Year | Median age, years | |
|---|---|---|
|
North Macedonia
|
San Marino
|
|
| 2024 | 41.6 | 49 |
| 2023 | 41.3 | 48.3 |
| 2022 | 40.9 | 47.7 |
| 2021 | 40.7 | 47.2 |
| 2020 | 40.3 | 46.8 |
| 2019 | 39.9 | 46.3 |
| 2018 | 39.4 | 45.8 |
| 2017 | 38.8 | 45.3 |
| 2016 | 38.3 | 44.9 |
| 2015 | 37.8 | 44.5 |
| 2014 | 37.3 | 44 |
| 2013 | 36.9 | 43.7 |
| 2012 | 36.4 | 43.3 |
| 2011 | 36 | 42.8 |
| 2010 | 35.5 | 42.4 |
| 2009 | 35.1 | 42 |
| 2008 | 34.7 | 41.6 |
| 2007 | 34.3 | 41.2 |
| 2006 | 33.9 | 40.8 |
| 2005 | 33.5 | 40.4 |
| 2004 | 33.2 | 40.1 |
| 2003 | 32.8 | 39.7 |
| 2002 | 32.6 | 39.3 |
| 2001 | 32.2 | 39 |
| 2000 | 31.9 | 38.7 |
| 1999 | 31.5 | 38.4 |
| 1998 | 31.2 | 38.1 |
| 1997 | 31 | 37.9 |
| 1996 | 30.8 | 37.7 |
| 1995 | 30.5 | 37.4 |
| 1994 | 30.3 | 37.2 |
| 1993 | 29.9 | 36.8 |
| 1992 | 29.6 | 36.5 |
| 1991 | 29.2 | 36.1 |
| 1990 | 28.9 | 35.8 |
| 1989 | 28.6 | 35.5 |
| 1988 | 28.3 | 35.1 |
| 1987 | 28 | 34.8 |
| 1986 | 27.8 | 34.5 |
| 1985 | 27.5 | 34.2 |
| 1984 | 27.2 | 33.9 |
| 1983 | 26.8 | 33.6 |
| 1982 | 26.5 | 33.3 |
| 1981 | 26.2 | 33 |
| 1980 | 25.9 | 32.7 |
| 1979 | 25.5 | 32.5 |
| 1978 | 25.2 | 32.3 |
| 1977 | 24.8 | 32 |
| 1976 | 24.5 | 31.7 |
| 1975 | 24.2 | 31.5 |
| 1974 | 23.9 | 31.3 |
| 1973 | 23.6 | 31.2 |
| 1972 | 23.3 | 31 |
| 1971 | 23.1 | 30.8 |
| 1970 | 22.8 | 30.8 |
| 1969 | 22.6 | 30.9 |
| 1968 | 22.4 | 30.9 |
| 1967 | 22.2 | 30.9 |
| 1966 | 22 | 30.9 |
| 1965 | 21.9 | 30.9 |
| 1964 | 21.9 | 30.9 |
| 1963 | 21.9 | 30.8 |
| 1962 | 21.9 | 30.8 |
| 1961 | 21.8 | 30.9 |
| 1960 | 21.8 | 31 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/facts/north-macedonia/san-marino | CC BY
Interactive Maps
Use the buttons below to switch between world maps comparing statistics for North Macedonia and San Marino.
National statistics comparison
Finance
|
North Macedonia
|
San Marino
|
|
|---|---|---|
| GNI, Atlas method |
$15.1B
2024 |
$1.82B
2023 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
36.7%
2024 |
21%
2024 |
| Education expenditure, % of GDP |
3.3%
2002 |
2.9%
2022 |
| Military expenditure, % of GDP |
2.1%
2024 |
n/a |
| Armed forces personnel |
16,000
2020 |
n/a |
| Deficit/surplus, % of GDP |
-4.45%
2024 |
-0.53%
2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
12.3%
2024 |
4.91%
2022 |
| Services, % of GDP |
56.2%
2024 |
56.9%
2023 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
24.1%
2024 |
35.8%
2023 |
| Economic freedom index |
63.3
2026 |
76
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
22.9%
2019 |
n/a |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
1.9%
2019 |
n/a |
| Total reserves including gold |
$5.25B
2024 |
$759M
2024 |
| Personal remittances received |
$458M
2024 |
$21M
2024 |
| International tourist arrivals |
118,000
2020 |
1,904,000
2019 |
| International tourism as share of exports |
3.52%
2020 |
n/a |
| Banked people share |
84.3%
2024 |
n/a |
Energy
|
North Macedonia
|
San Marino
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Energy use, kg of oil equivalent per capita |
1,450 kg
2023 |
n/a |
| GDP PPP per kg equivalent of energy use |
$17.5
2023 |
n/a |
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions |
7.3 megatons
2024 |
n/a |
| CO2 emissions per capita |
4 tons
2024 |
n/a |
| Fossil fuel energy use share |
82.2%
2022 |
n/a |
| Renewable energy use share |
19.5%
2021 |
n/a |
| Alternative and nuclear energy use share |
7.2%
2023 |
n/a |
| Net energy imports use share |
63.8%
2023 |
n/a |
| Electric power consumption per capita |
3,320 kWh
2023 |
n/a |
| Renewable electricity output share |
31%
2021 |
n/a |
| Hydroelectric share |
23.6%
2023 |
n/a |
| Nuclear share |
0%
2021 |
n/a |
| Electricity access |
100%
2023 |
100%
2023 |
Society
|
North Macedonia
|
San Marino
|
|
|---|---|---|
| % of world population |
0.02%
2024 |
0.0004%
2024 |
| Annual migration change |
-5,645
2025 |
+122
2025 |
| Urban population |
62.6%
2024 |
97.2%
2024 |
| Male:Female ratio |
48.6:51.4
2024 |
49.2:50.8
2024 |
| Average male height |
5.79 ft
2025 |
n/a |
| Average female height |
5.28 ft
2025 |
n/a |
| Quality of life index |
57.6
2026 |
89.3
2026 |
| Corruption Perceptions Index |
40
2025 |
80
2025 |
| Higher education index |
63
2026 |
9
2026 |
| Homicides per 100K people |
1.53
2023 |
0
2011 |
| Road traffic mortality per 100K people |
5.1
2019 |
0
2016 |
| Visa free countries |
131
2025 |
159
2025 |
| Adult literacy rate |
97.6%
2012 |
99.9%
2022 |
| English speaking |
5%
2025 |
7%
2025 |
| People using the Internet |
87.2%
2023 |
87%
2023 |
Health
|
North Macedonia
|
San Marino
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Government health expenditure per capita |
$639
2023 |
$3,924
2023 |
| Out-of-pocket health expenditure per capita |
$253
2023 |
$514
2023 |
| Life expectancy |
77.8 years
2026 |
86 years
2026 |
| Foreign aid share of health expenditure |
0.002%
2018 |
n/a |
| Physicians per 1,000 people |
2.94
2022 |
4.63
2023 |
| Age at first childbirth |
27.4 years
2022 |
31.5 years
2022 |
| Maternal mortality per 100K births |
3
2023 |
8
2023 |
| Mortality rate before reaching 5 years of age |
3.3
2023 |
1.4
2023 |
| Obesity rate |
28.4%
2022 |
n/a |
| Diabetes prevalence |
7.4%
2024 |
8.6%
2024 |
| Air quality index |
32
2026 |
61
2026 |
| Pure alcohol consumption per capita |
4.36 liters
2020 |
n/a |
Territory
|
North Macedonia
|
San Marino
|
|
|---|---|---|
| % of world land |
0.02%
2026 |
0.00004%
2026 |
| Land area per capita |
5,337 sq mi
2024 |
682 sq mi
2024 |
| Agricultural land area |
4,830 sq mi
2026 |
8.88 sq mi
2026 |
| Forest area |
3,867 sq mi
2026 |
3.86 sq mi
2026 |
| Roads length |
8,812 mi
2017 |
181.4 mi
2006 |
In-depth comparisons
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1950–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
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