Estonia birth & fertility rate decline on charts

Estonia has a birth rate of 8 (annual births per 1,000 people) and a fertility rate of 1.31 (the average number of children a woman is expected to have over her lifetime based on current age-specific birth rates).

In 1960, the fertility rate in Estonia was 1.98 children per woman — 1.51 times higher than in 2023.

Estonia birth rate statistics:

Estonia is ranked 176/196 by birth rate now and was ranked 188/194 in 1960.
The mean age at first birth in Estonia is 28.7 — it was 22.7 in 1990.
The mean age at childbearing (for all the births, not just the first) is 31.3, a change from 25.6 in 1990.
Annual births per 1,000 women ages 15-19 (adolescent birth rate or teenage mother rate) changed from 25.4 in 1960 to 5.03 in 2023.
21.1% of the population in 2024 is composed of women of reproductive age (15-49), a change from 27% in 1960.

Fertility rate in Estonia by year

1x

Year	Fertility rate	Rank
2023	1.31	175
2022	1.41	165
2021	1.61	138
2020	1.58	143
2019	1.66	137
2018	1.67	143
2017	1.59	153
2016	1.6	159
2015	1.58	161
2014	1.54	165
2013	1.52	166
2012	1.56	164
2011	1.61	159
2010	1.72	150
2009	1.7	156
2008	1.72	151
2007	1.69	154
2006	1.58	161
2005	1.52	162
2004	1.47	166
2003	1.37	172
2002	1.36	175
2001	1.32	177
2000	1.36	179
1999	1.3	184
1998	1.28	186
1997	1.32	184
1996	1.37	182
1995	1.38	184
1994	1.42	185
1993	1.49	183
1992	1.71	174
1991	1.8	165
1990	2.05	154
1989	2.22	144
1988	2.27	143
1987	2.27	144
1986	2.18	148
1985	2.13	150
1984	2.17	148
1983	2.16	151
1982	2.07	154
1981	2.07	157
1980	2.02	163
1979	2	166
1978	2.02	167
1977	2.06	169
1976	2.07	171
1975	2.04	176
1974	2.07	175
1973	2.06	175
1972	2.13	175
1971	2.19	176
1970	2.17	178
1969	2.13	182
1968	2.03	190
1967	1.9	194
1966	1.87	193
1965	1.88	193
1964	1.94	193
1963	1.89	193
1962	1.95	193
1961	1.98	192
1960	1.98	194

Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia | CC BY

According to the latest birth rate data available, the fertility rate in Estonia was 1.31 in 2023 and has been below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman since 1990. In 1993, the fertility rate was 1.49 — a 12.1% decline in 30 years.

Check population clock for a dynamic visualization of the changing population.

The chart above shows the historical changes in fertility rate and ranking compared to other countries, where a lower rank number indicates a higher relative fertility rate.

Births, deaths, and natural population change by year

1x

Year	People
Year	Natural change	Births	Deaths
2023	-5,070	10,962	16,032
2022	-5,665	11,600	17,265
2021	-5,324	13,309	18,633
2020	-2,659	13,162	15,821
2019	-1,327	14,065	15,392
2018	-1,322	14,409	15,731
2017	-1,713	13,832	15,545
2016	-1,316	14,078	15,394
2015	-1,315	13,943	15,258
2014	-1,972	13,539	15,511
2013	-1,713	13,575	15,288
2012	-1,455	14,020	15,475
2011	-531	14,734	15,265
2010	0	15,844	15,844
2009	-400	15,747	16,147
2008	-668	16,045	16,713
2007	-1,608	15,820	17,428
2006	-2,559	14,814	17,373
2005	-2,981	14,360	17,341
2004	-3,679	14,034	17,713
2003	-5,072	13,021	18,093
2002	-5,380	12,965	18,345
2001	-5,830	12,631	18,461
2000	-5,309	13,131	18,440
1999	-6,117	12,512	18,629
1998	-7,208	12,198	19,406
1997	-6,018	12,595	18,613
1996	-5,662	13,306	18,968
1995	-7,327	13,504	20,831
1994	-8,044	14,186	22,230
1993	-5,976	15,240	21,216
1992	-1,993	18,090	20,083
1991	-312	19,360	19,672
1990	2,825	22,282	19,457
1989	5,803	24,306	18,503
1988	6,404	24,990	18,586
1987	6,829	25,145	18,316
1986	6,160	24,180	18,020
1985	4,281	23,696	19,415
1984	5,163	24,297	19,134
1983	5,884	24,139	18,255
1982	5,244	23,075	17,831
1981	4,612	22,910	18,298
1980	3,989	22,158	18,169
1979	3,818	21,878	18,060
1978	4,088	21,902	17,814
1977	4,931	22,043	17,112
1976	4,319	21,737	17,418
1975	4,717	21,297	16,580
1974	5,956	21,414	15,458
1973	5,623	21,229	15,606
1972	6,267	21,723	15,456
1971	7,160	22,168	15,008
1970	6,257	21,489	15,232
1969	5,515	20,716	15,201
1968	5,592	19,835	14,243
1967	5,012	18,729	13,717
1966	4,842	18,582	13,740
1965	5,437	18,900	13,463
1964	6,897	19,667	12,770
1963	6,043	19,260	13,217
1962	6,457	19,990	13,533
1961	7,228	20,213	12,985
1960	7,511	20,232	12,721

Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia | CC BY

Over the past 10 years, the natural population change in Estonia (from births and deaths only, excluding migration) has been -0.21% annually. On average, 2,768 more people died each year than were born.

Excluding migration, the natural population change due to births and deaths from 2022 to 2023 was -0.37% — 5,070 more people died than were born.

In 2023, Estonia ranks 167/196 for absolute natural population change and 180/196 for natural change rate, where a lower rank number indicates faster natural growth and a higher number indicates greater decline.

Birth rates in Estonia compared to other countries

	Estonia	Rank
Fertility rate	1.31	175/196
Birth rate	8	176/196
Population change due to births and deaths	-5,070	167/196
Natural population change rate	-0.37%	180/196
Population growth	+0.15%	158/197
Age at first childbirth	28.7 years	35/137
Average age at childbearing	31.3 years	33/197
Annual births per 1,000 women ages 15-19	4.23	170/197
Annual births per 1,000 women ages 20-29	55.1	167/197
Annual births per 1,000 women ages 30+	13.1	165/197
Female of reproductive age (15-49), share of population	21.1%	180/196
Any modern method of contraceptive prevalence among married women ages 15-49	60.9%	38/179
Share of births attended by skilled health staff	99.6%	54/191
Maternal mortality per live birth	0.005%	167/193
Neonatal mortality rate (before reaching 28 days of age)	0.1%	188/193
Infant mortality rate (before reaching 1 year of age)	0.16%	195/196
Mortality rate before reaching 5 years of age	0.21%	190/192
Life expectancy	79.6 years	48/197

Birth rates by women's age

Annual births per 1,000 women

1x

Year	Annual births per 1,000 women
Year	Total	15-19	20-29	30+
2026	14.5	4.23	55.1	13.1
2025	14.9	4.45	56.3	13.5
2024	15.2	4.75	57.3	13.7
2023	15.3	5.12	58.2	13.7
2022	16.2	5.43	60.9	14.7
2021	18.7	6.43	69.8	16.6
2020	18.9	7.33	70.9	16.4
2019	20.1	8.5	76.5	16.7
2018	20.5	9.43	77.3	16.6
2017	19.8	9.89	75.8	15.3
2016	20.1	10.9	77.1	15
2015	19.8	12.8	77.3	14.2
2014	19.4	15.2	75.7	13.4
2013	19.3	15.9	74.6	13
2012	20	15.8	77.1	13.3
2011	20.8	16.9	79.7	13.7
2010	22.2	18.9	87.5	14
2009	22.1	21.8	89.3	13.3
2008	22.4	24.2	91.6	13.1
2007	22	25.3	91.9	12.4
2006	20.7	23.2	88.3	11.3
2005	19.8	22.4	86	10.6
2004	19.1	22.4	85.5	9.79
2003	17.8	22	81.4	8.78
2002	17.6	23.3	81.2	8.47
2001	17.1	24.3	80.1	7.8
2000	17.4	26.1	83.3	7.61
1999	16.6	26.1	82.7	6.61
1998	16.5	27.1	82.7	6.2
1997	16.8	30.6	85.7	6.09
1996	17.6	34.9	90.3	6.04
1995	17.7	37.4	91.7	5.86
1994	18.3	39.9	94.5	5.93
1993	19.4	43.4	99.1	6.31
1992	22.2	49.8	111.3	7.66
1991	23.5	52.9	117.2	8.23
1990	26.6	54.4	132.1	9.9
1989	28.9	51.9	144.9	11
1988	29.8	44.5	151.1	11.6
1987	30	43.1	152.4	11.4
1986	29.1	41.5	146.9	10.9
1985	28.7	42.5	144.6	10.3
1984	29.6	42.7	148.6	10.5
1983	29.5	41.5	148.5	10.6
1982	28.5	41.4	143.4	9.82
1981	28.4	44.5	142.1	9.42
1980	27.8	44.3	138.8	8.98
1979	27.6	42.6	136.4	9.14
1978	27.7	39.8	137.9	9.21
1977	28	38.3	140.5	9.61
1976	27.9	36.5	141.7	9.73
1975	27.5	35.6	143	9.94
1974	27.7	35	145.3	10.9
1973	27.6	32.9	144.1	12
1972	28.4	32.6	146.8	13.1
1971	29.1	32.8	147.3	13.6
1970	28.8	31.9	144.2	13.7
1969	28.2	28.8	138.7	13.8
1968	27	28	130.6	13.5
1967	25.6	24.1	122.4	13.1
1966	25.6	23.3	120.3	13.5
1965	26.2	22	122.4	13.7
1964	27.5	20.1	125.9	14.7
1963	27.4	19.5	121.3	15.1
1962	28.7	20.8	123.5	15.9
1961	29.6	24.8	124.2	16.5
1960	29.8	24.8	121.1	17

Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia | CC BY

Above is a chart displaying birth rates in Estonia by maternal age. In 2026, of all live births, 1.59% will be to women under age 20, 33.7% to women ages 20-29, and 64.7% to women ages 30 and above. The respective shares in 1990 were 13%, 64.6%, and 22.4%.

Children 0-14 years as share of population by year

1x

Year	Children 0-14 as share of population
Year	Estonia	World
2100	11.7%	16.5%
2099	11.7%	16.6%
2098	11.8%	16.6%
2097	11.9%	16.7%
2096	11.9%	16.8%
2095	12%	16.8%
2094	12.1%	16.9%
2093	12.2%	17%
2092	12.3%	17%
2091	12.4%	17.1%
2090	12.4%	17.2%
2089	12.5%	17.2%
2088	12.5%	17.3%
2087	12.6%	17.4%
2086	12.6%	17.4%
2085	12.6%	17.5%
2084	12.5%	17.5%
2083	12.5%	17.6%
2082	12.4%	17.7%
2081	12.3%	17.7%
2080	12.3%	17.8%
2079	12.2%	17.8%
2078	12.1%	17.9%
2077	12%	17.9%
2076	11.9%	18%
2075	11.8%	18%
2074	11.7%	18.1%
2073	11.7%	18.2%
2072	11.6%	18.2%
2071	11.6%	18.3%
2070	11.6%	18.3%
2069	11.6%	18.4%
2068	11.7%	18.5%
2067	11.7%	18.6%
2066	11.8%	18.6%
2065	11.9%	18.7%
2064	12.1%	18.8%
2063	12.2%	18.9%
2062	12.4%	19.1%
2061	12.5%	19.2%
2060	12.7%	19.3%
2059	12.8%	19.4%
2058	12.9%	19.5%
2057	13%	19.6%
2056	13.1%	19.8%
2055	13.2%	19.9%
2054	13.2%	20%
2053	13.2%	20.1%
2052	13.2%	20.2%
2051	13.1%	20.3%
2050	13%	20.4%
2049	12.9%	20.5%
2048	12.8%	20.6%
2047	12.7%	20.7%
2046	12.5%	20.8%
2045	12.4%	20.9%
2044	12.3%	20.9%
2043	12.1%	21%
2042	12%	21.1%
2041	11.9%	21.2%
2040	11.9%	21.2%
2039	11.8%	21.3%
2038	11.8%	21.4%
2037	11.9%	21.5%
2036	12.1%	21.6%
2035	12.3%	21.8%
2034	12.6%	22%
2033	12.9%	22.2%
2032	13.2%	22.4%
2031	13.6%	22.7%
2030	13.9%	23%
2029	14.2%	23.3%
2028	14.4%	23.6%
2027	14.7%	23.9%
2026	15%	24.2%
2025	15.5%	24.6%
2024	15.6%	24.7%
2023	16%	25%
2022	16.2%	25.3%
2021	16.4%	25.6%
2020	16.4%	25.8%
2019	16.4%	26%
2018	16.4%	26.2%
2017	16.3%	26.4%
2016	16.2%	26.5%
2015	16%	26.6%
2014	15.9%	26.8%
2013	15.7%	26.9%
2012	15.6%	27%
2011	15.4%	27.1%
2010	15.2%	27.3%
2009	15%	27.5%
2008	14.9%	27.6%
2007	14.9%	27.9%
2006	15%	28.1%
2005	15.2%	28.5%
2004	15.6%	28.8%
2003	16.1%	29.2%
2002	16.6%	29.6%
2001	17.2%	30%
2000	17.6%	30.4%
1999	18.4%	30.8%
1998	19.2%	31.1%
1997	19.8%	31.5%
1996	20.3%	31.8%
1995	20.7%	32.1%
1994	21.1%	32.3%
1993	21.4%	32.5%
1992	21.8%	32.7%
1991	22.1%	32.9%
1990	22.3%	33%
1989	22.3%	33.2%
1988	22.2%	33.4%
1987	22.2%	33.6%
1986	22.1%	33.8%
1985	22.1%	34%
1984	22.1%	34.3%
1983	22%	34.6%
1982	21.9%	34.9%
1981	21.8%	35.2%
1980	21.7%	35.5%
1979	21.6%	35.9%
1978	21.5%	36.3%
1977	21.5%	36.7%
1976	21.6%	36.9%
1975	21.6%	37.1%
1974	21.8%	37.2%
1973	21.9%	37.3%
1972	22%	37.5%
1971	22%	37.6%
1970	22.1%	37.7%
1969	22.1%	37.8%
1968	22.2%	37.9%
1967	22.3%	38%
1966	22.6%	38%
1965	22.8%	38%
1964	23%	38%
1963	23.2%	37.8%
1962	23.3%	37.6%
1961	23.3%	37.5%
1960	23.1%	37.4%

Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10).

GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia | CC BY

The share of children aged 0-14 in Estonia was 23.1% in 1960, 21.8% in 1992, and 15.6% as of the latest data in 2024.

More about the demographics of Estonia.

Fertility rates around the globe

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia | CC BY

Maternal mortality by year

1x

Year	Maternal mortality per 100K births
2023	5	197
2022	7	203
2021	8	242
2020	6	211
2019	6	207
2018	5	211
2017	5	215
2016	7	220
2015	6	228
2014	7	231
2013	6	235
2012	8	239
2011	9	247
2010	8	253
2009	10	258
2008	11	264
2007	13	269
2006	13	276
2005	15	283
2004	15	291
2003	18	301
2002	22	311
2001	25	321
2000	27	328
1999	28	340
1998	32	360
1997	31	358
1996	36	366
1995	45	371
1994	60	382
1993	46	389
1992	40	395
1991	42	395
1990	44	391
1989	48	401
1988	43	414
1987	42	429
1986	46	438
1985	56	460

Data sources: World Bank | Gender (1985–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia | CC BY

The maternal mortality rate in Estonia was 5 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2023 — a 0.005% chance of dying during childbirth or within 42 days of pregnancy termination. This is a 81.5% decrease compared to the year 2000.

Under-five mortality by year

Probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five

1x

Year	Under 5 mortality rate
Year	Estonia	World
2023	0.21%	2.49%
2022	0.22%	2.59%
2021	0.23%	2.66%
2020	0.24%	2.75%
2019	0.25%	2.86%
2018	0.27%	2.97%
2017	0.28%	3.11%
2016	0.3%	3.22%
2015	0.32%	3.35%
2014	0.34%	3.48%
2013	0.36%	3.61%
2012	0.39%	3.77%
2011	0.42%	3.97%
2010	0.46%	4.11%
2009	0.5%	4.31%
2008	0.54%	4.5%
2007	0.59%	4.7%
2006	0.65%	4.92%
2005	0.71%	5.16%
2004	0.78%	5.43%
2003	0.85%	5.65%
2002	0.93%	5.94%
2001	1.01%	6.21%
2000	1.1%	6.48%
1999	1.2%	6.75%
1998	1.29%	7.05%
1997	1.39%	7.28%
1996	1.48%	7.52%
1995	1.57%	7.76%
1994	1.64%	7.98%
1993	1.69%	8.19%
1992	1.73%	8.46%
1991	1.75%	8.66%
1990	1.77%	8.81%
1989	1.79%	9.02%
1988	1.81%	9.31%
1987	1.83%	9.47%
1986	1.86%	9.81%
1985	1.91%	10.1%
1984	1.96%	10.4%
1983	2.02%	10.6%
1982	2.09%	10.8%
1981	2.16%	11%
1980	2.24%	11.4%
1979	-	11.7%
1978	-	12.2%
1977	-	12.6%
1976	-	13%
1975	-	13.4%
1974	-	13.8%
1973	-	14.1%
1972	-	14.5%
1971	-	15.1%
1970	-	15.2%
1969	-	15.4%
1968	-	15.6%
1967	-	15.9%
1966	-	16.1%
1965	-	16.4%
1964	-	16.6%
1963	-	16.5%
1962	-	16.7%
1961	-	17%
1960	-	17.2%

Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia | CC BY

The under-5 mortality rate in Estonia was 2.1 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2023 — a 0.21% chance that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five. This is down from 11 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2000.