Estonia has a population of 1.37M (ranked 155/197), compared with 5.41M in Palestine (ranked 123/197). Estonia's land area is 16,498 sq mi versus 2,326 sq mi for Palestine (ranked 129th vs. 164th).
By GDP, Estonia ranks 101/197 ($47B) and Palestine ranks 141/197 ($17.2B). By GDP per capita, Estonia ranks 37/197 ($34,418), while Palestine ranks 141/197 ($3,171).
Main facts and rankings
Estonia
|
Palestine
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Population |
1347027
|
5563879
|
| Population rank | 155/197 | 121/197 |
| GDP |
$47B
2025 |
$17.2B
2025 |
| GDP rank | 101/197 | 141/197 |
| GDP per capita |
$34,418
2025 |
$3,171
2025 |
| GDP per capita rank | 37/197 | 141/197 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$49,969
2024 |
$4,371
2024 |
| Government debt |
$11.4B
2025 |
n/a |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
24.2%
2025 |
n/a |
| Government debt per person |
$8,325
2025 |
n/a |
| Government debt per person rank | 67/185 | n/a |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$23,647
2026 |
$1,385
2026 |
| Land area | 16,498 sq mi | 2,326 sq mi |
| Population density |
81.6 ppl/mi²
2026 |
2,368 ppl/mi²
2026 |
| Fertility rate |
1.18
2024 |
3.25
2024 |
| Median age |
43.8 years
2025 |
21.1 years
2025 |
| Life expectancy |
79.6 years
2026 |
77.4 years
2026 |
Estonia and Palestine: Comparison Charts
Estonia and Palestine economies compared
| Year | GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
Palestine
|
|
| 2025 | $47,030,833,799 | $17,167,100,000 |
| 2024 | $43,130,419,829 | $16,016,900,000 |
| 2023 | $41,470,344,395 | $18,635,100,000 |
| 2022 | $38,226,641,740 | $19,165,500,000 |
| 2021 | $37,201,101,171 | $18,109,000,000 |
| 2020 | $31,820,771,494 | $15,531,700,000 |
| 2019 | $31,873,748,770 | $17,133,500,000 |
| 2018 | $31,222,632,741 | $16,276,600,000 |
| 2017 | $27,469,461,919 | $16,128,000,000 |
| 2016 | $24,561,027,788 | $15,405,400,000 |
| 2015 | $23,311,847,751 | $13,972,400,000 |
| 2014 | $27,055,689,003 | $13,989,700,000 |
| 2013 | $25,451,032,781 | $13,515,500,000 |
| 2012 | $23,237,406,116 | $12,208,400,000 |
| 2011 | $23,303,915,795 | $11,186,100,000 |
| 2010 | $19,524,355,419 | $9,681,500,000 |
| 2009 | $19,633,984,440 | $8,085,700,000 |
| 2008 | $24,342,935,404 | $7,310,400,000 |
| 2007 | $22,450,264,166 | $5,815,700,000 |
| 2006 | $17,025,671,810 | $5,348,300,000 |
| 2005 | $14,109,491,357 | $5,125,700,000 |
| 2004 | $12,148,595,031 | $4,603,100,000 |
| 2003 | $9,876,595,528 | $3,968,000,000 |
| 2002 | $7,370,119,619 | $3,555,800,000 |
| 2001 | $6,250,218,423 | $4,003,700,000 |
| 2000 | $5,686,579,748 | $4,313,600,000 |
| 1999 | $5,756,912,266 | $4,271,200,000 |
| 1998 | $5,674,080,543 | $4,067,800,000 |
| 1997 | $5,154,420,649 | $3,759,800,000 |
| 1996 | $4,786,018,988 | $3,409,600,000 |
| 1995 | $4,502,970,889 | $3,282,800,000 |
| 1994 | $4,123,011,420 | $2,843,300,000 |
| 1993 | $4,013,091,682 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1993–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/facts/estonia/palestine | CC BY 
Estonia and Palestine economies compared
| Year | GDP per capita | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
Palestine
|
|
| 2025 | $34,418 | $3,171 |
| 2024 | $31,428 | $3,028 |
| 2023 | $30,264 | $3,607 |
| 2022 | $28,340 | $3,800 |
| 2021 | $27,951 | $3,679 |
| 2020 | $23,934 | $3,234 |
| 2019 | $24,021 | $3,657 |
| 2018 | $23,618 | $3,562 |
| 2017 | $20,852 | $3,620 |
| 2016 | $18,666 | $3,528 |
| 2015 | $17,722 | $3,272 |
| 2014 | $20,582 | $3,352 |
| 2013 | $19,310 | $3,315 |
| 2012 | $17,568 | $3,067 |
| 2011 | $17,556 | $2,881 |
| 2010 | $14,664 | $2,557 |
| 2009 | $14,712 | $2,192 |
| 2008 | $18,206 | $2,035 |
| 2007 | $16,745 | $1,664 |
| 2006 | $12,641 | $1,570 |
| 2005 | $10,415 | $1,544 |
| 2004 | $8,916 | $1,422 |
| 2003 | $7,205 | $1,258 |
| 2002 | $5,343 | $1,156 |
| 2001 | $4,503 | $1,336 |
| 2000 | $4,071 | $1,476 |
| 1999 | $4,141 | $1,499 |
| 1998 | $4,093 | $1,465 |
| 1997 | $3,683 | $1,389 |
| 1996 | $3,381 | $1,317 |
| 1995 | $3,134 | $1,327 |
| 1994 | $2,819 | $1,202 |
| 1993 | $2,686 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1993–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/facts/estonia/palestine | CC BY
Estonia vs. Palestine life expectancy calculator
| Year | Life expectancy, years | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
Palestine
|
|
| 2026 | 79.6 | 77.4 |
| 2025 | 79.5 | 73.1 |
| 2024 | 79.3 | 69.2 |
| 2023 | 79.2 | 65.2 |
| 2022 | 78.2 | 76.7 |
| 2021 | 77.4 | 73.9 |
| 2020 | 78.9 | 75 |
| 2019 | 78.8 | 75.8 |
| 2018 | 78.3 | 75.4 |
| 2017 | 78.2 | 75.2 |
| 2016 | 77.8 | 74.9 |
| 2015 | 77.7 | 74.6 |
| 2014 | 77.1 | 72.8 |
| 2013 | 77.3 | 74.1 |
| 2012 | 76.4 | 73.7 |
| 2011 | 76.3 | 73.6 |
| 2010 | 75.9 | 73.3 |
| 2009 | 75.2 | 72.3 |
| 2008 | 74.3 | 72.2 |
| 2007 | 73.2 | 72.1 |
| 2006 | 73.2 | 71.8 |
| 2005 | 73 | 72 |
| 2004 | 72.4 | 71.1 |
| 2003 | 71.9 | 71 |
| 2002 | 71.4 | 70.9 |
| 2001 | 70.8 | 69.8 |
| 2000 | 71 | 70.3 |
| 1999 | 70.7 | 70.8 |
| 1998 | 69.8 | 70.6 |
| 1997 | 70.2 | 70.3 |
| 1996 | 70 | 70 |
| 1995 | 67.8 | 69.6 |
| 1994 | 66.7 | 69.3 |
| 1993 | 68.2 | 68.8 |
| 1992 | 69.2 | 68.5 |
| 1991 | 69.8 | 68.2 |
| 1990 | 69.9 | 67.8 |
| 1989 | 70.5 | 67.1 |
| 1988 | 71 | 66.7 |
| 1987 | 70.9 | 66.3 |
| 1986 | 70.9 | 65.7 |
| 1985 | 69.8 | 65.3 |
| 1984 | 69.6 | 64.7 |
| 1983 | 69.8 | 64.1 |
| 1982 | 69.9 | 63.5 |
| 1981 | 69.3 | 62.8 |
| 1980 | 69.5 | 62.2 |
| 1979 | 69.4 | 61.5 |
| 1978 | 69.7 | 60.8 |
| 1977 | 69.8 | 60.1 |
| 1976 | 69.7 | 59.4 |
| 1975 | 70.1 | 58.7 |
| 1974 | 70.8 | 58 |
| 1973 | 70.7 | 57.6 |
| 1972 | 70.4 | 56.7 |
| 1971 | 70.6 | 56 |
| 1970 | 70.4 | 55.4 |
| 1969 | 70.3 | 54.7 |
| 1968 | 70.6 | 54.1 |
| 1967 | 71 | 50.9 |
| 1966 | 70.7 | 52.8 |
| 1965 | 70.7 | 52.2 |
| 1964 | 70.6 | 51.6 |
| 1963 | 69.9 | 51 |
| 1962 | 69.8 | 50.4 |
| 1961 | 69.6 | 49.8 |
| 1960 | 69.3 | 49.3 |
| 1959 | 68.7 | 48.8 |
| 1958 | 68.8 | 48.4 |
| 1957 | 68.8 | 48 |
| 1956 | 68.5 | 47.6 |
| 1955 | 68.2 | 47.2 |
| 1954 | 67.8 | 46.9 |
| 1953 | 67.5 | 46.6 |
| 1952 | 67.2 | 46.3 |
| 1951 | 66.8 | 46 |
| 1950 | 66.4 | 45.7 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (1950–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/facts/estonia/palestine | CC BY
Estonia and Palestine population clocks and comparison
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
Palestine
|
|
| 2025 | 1,366,475 | 5,413,596 |
| 2024 | 1,372,341 | 5,289,152 |
| 2023 | 1,370,286 | 5,165,775 |
| 2022 | 1,348,840 | 5,043,612 |
| 2021 | 1,330,932 | 4,922,749 |
| 2020 | 1,329,522 | 4,803,269 |
| 2019 | 1,326,898 | 4,685,306 |
| 2018 | 1,321,977 | 4,569,087 |
| 2017 | 1,317,384 | 4,454,805 |
| 2016 | 1,315,790 | 4,367,088 |
| 2015 | 1,315,407 | 4,270,092 |
| 2014 | 1,314,545 | 4,173,398 |
| 2013 | 1,317,997 | 4,076,708 |
| 2012 | 1,322,696 | 3,979,998 |
| 2011 | 1,327,439 | 3,882,986 |
| 2010 | 1,331,475 | 3,786,161 |
| 2009 | 1,334,515 | 3,689,099 |
| 2008 | 1,337,090 | 3,591,977 |
| 2007 | 1,340,680 | 3,494,496 |
| 2006 | 1,346,810 | 3,406,334 |
| 2005 | 1,354,775 | 3,320,396 |
| 2004 | 1,362,550 | 3,236,626 |
| 2003 | 1,370,720 | 3,154,969 |
| 2002 | 1,379,350 | 3,075,373 |
| 2001 | 1,388,115 | 2,997,784 |
| 2000 | 1,396,985 | 2,922,153 |
| 1999 | 1,390,244 | 2,848,431 |
| 1998 | 1,386,156 | 2,776,568 |
| 1997 | 1,399,535 | 2,706,518 |
| 1996 | 1,415,594 | 2,587,997 |
| 1995 | 1,436,634 | 2,474,666 |
| 1994 | 1,462,514 | 2,366,298 |
| 1993 | 1,494,128 | 2,262,676 |
| 1992 | 1,533,091 | 2,163,591 |
| 1991 | 1,561,314 | 2,068,845 |
| 1990 | 1,569,174 | 1,978,248 |
| 1989 | 1,568,131 | - |
| 1988 | 1,561,900 | - |
| 1987 | 1,552,221 | - |
| 1986 | 1,540,190 | - |
| 1985 | 1,528,781 | - |
| 1984 | 1,518,617 | - |
| 1983 | 1,508,745 | - |
| 1982 | 1,498,414 | - |
| 1981 | 1,487,666 | - |
| 1980 | 1,477,219 | - |
| 1979 | 1,468,333 | - |
| 1978 | 1,460,188 | - |
| 1977 | 1,450,211 | - |
| 1976 | 1,439,576 | - |
| 1975 | 1,429,352 | - |
| 1974 | 1,418,169 | - |
| 1973 | 1,405,951 | - |
| 1972 | 1,392,518 | - |
| 1971 | 1,376,955 | - |
| 1970 | 1,360,076 | - |
| 1969 | 1,345,249 | - |
| 1968 | 1,331,214 | - |
| 1967 | 1,318,946 | - |
| 1966 | 1,308,597 | - |
| 1965 | 1,294,566 | - |
| 1964 | 1,277,086 | - |
| 1963 | 1,258,857 | - |
| 1962 | 1,241,623 | - |
| 1961 | 1,225,077 | - |
| 1960 | 1,211,537 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/facts/estonia/palestine | CC BY
Fertility rates in Estonia and Palestine
| Year | Fertility rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
Palestine
|
|
| 2024 | 1.18 | 3.25 |
| 2023 | 1.31 | 3.31 |
| 2022 | 1.41 | 3.38 |
| 2021 | 1.61 | 3.44 |
| 2020 | 1.58 | 3.51 |
| 2019 | 1.66 | 3.59 |
| 2018 | 1.67 | 3.67 |
| 2017 | 1.59 | 3.77 |
| 2016 | 1.6 | 3.89 |
| 2015 | 1.58 | 3.98 |
| 2014 | 1.54 | 4 |
| 2013 | 1.52 | 4.05 |
| 2012 | 1.56 | 4.15 |
| 2011 | 1.61 | 4.31 |
| 2010 | 1.72 | 4.43 |
| 2009 | 1.7 | 4.44 |
| 2008 | 1.72 | 4.51 |
| 2007 | 1.69 | 4.63 |
| 2006 | 1.58 | 4.74 |
| 2005 | 1.52 | 4.87 |
| 2004 | 1.47 | 4.97 |
| 2003 | 1.37 | 5.06 |
| 2002 | 1.36 | 5.22 |
| 2001 | 1.32 | 5.34 |
| 2000 | 1.36 | 5.46 |
| 1999 | 1.3 | 5.58 |
| 1998 | 1.28 | 5.69 |
| 1997 | 1.32 | 5.82 |
| 1996 | 1.37 | 5.99 |
| 1995 | 1.38 | 6.16 |
| 1994 | 1.42 | 6.33 |
| 1993 | 1.49 | 6.5 |
| 1992 | 1.71 | 6.65 |
| 1991 | 1.8 | 6.75 |
| 1990 | 2.05 | 6.81 |
| 1989 | 2.22 | - |
| 1988 | 2.27 | - |
| 1987 | 2.27 | - |
| 1986 | 2.18 | - |
| 1985 | 2.13 | - |
| 1984 | 2.17 | - |
| 1983 | 2.16 | - |
| 1982 | 2.07 | - |
| 1981 | 2.07 | - |
| 1980 | 2.02 | - |
| 1979 | 2 | - |
| 1978 | 2.02 | - |
| 1977 | 2.06 | - |
| 1976 | 2.07 | - |
| 1975 | 2.04 | - |
| 1974 | 2.07 | - |
| 1973 | 2.06 | - |
| 1972 | 2.13 | - |
| 1971 | 2.19 | - |
| 1970 | 2.17 | - |
| 1969 | 2.13 | - |
| 1968 | 2.03 | - |
| 1967 | 1.9 | - |
| 1966 | 1.87 | - |
| 1965 | 1.88 | - |
| 1964 | 1.94 | - |
| 1963 | 1.89 | - |
| 1962 | 1.95 | - |
| 1961 | 1.98 | - |
| 1960 | 1.98 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/facts/estonia/palestine | CC BY
Estonia and Palestine demographics compared
| Year | Median age, years | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
Palestine
|
|
| 2025 | 43.8 | 21.1 |
| 2024 | 43.3 | 20.9 |
| 2023 | 42.9 | 20.8 |
| 2022 | 42.7 | 20.6 |
| 2021 | 42.5 | 20.4 |
| 2020 | 42.4 | 20.3 |
| 2019 | 42.2 | 20.2 |
| 2018 | 42 | 20 |
| 2017 | 41.9 | 19.9 |
| 2016 | 41.7 | 19.8 |
| 2015 | 41.5 | 19.6 |
| 2014 | 41.4 | 19.4 |
| 2013 | 41.1 | 19.1 |
| 2012 | 40.9 | 18.9 |
| 2011 | 40.6 | 18.6 |
| 2010 | 40.3 | 18.4 |
| 2009 | 40 | 18.1 |
| 2008 | 39.8 | 17.9 |
| 2007 | 39.7 | 17.6 |
| 2006 | 39.6 | 17.4 |
| 2005 | 39.3 | 17.1 |
| 2004 | 39.1 | 16.9 |
| 2003 | 38.8 | 16.7 |
| 2002 | 38.5 | 16.5 |
| 2001 | 38.3 | 16.3 |
| 2000 | 38 | 16.2 |
| 1999 | 37.6 | 16 |
| 1998 | 37.3 | 15.9 |
| 1997 | 37 | 15.8 |
| 1996 | 36.7 | 15.7 |
| 1995 | 36.3 | 15.6 |
| 1994 | 36 | 15.5 |
| 1993 | 35.6 | 15.5 |
| 1992 | 35 | 15.4 |
| 1991 | 34.6 | 15.4 |
| 1990 | 34.3 | 15.4 |
| 1989 | 34.2 | - |
| 1988 | 34.1 | - |
| 1987 | 34 | - |
| 1986 | 34 | - |
| 1985 | 33.9 | - |
| 1984 | 33.9 | - |
| 1983 | 33.9 | - |
| 1982 | 33.8 | - |
| 1981 | 33.8 | - |
| 1980 | 33.9 | - |
| 1979 | 34 | - |
| 1978 | 34.2 | - |
| 1977 | 34.3 | - |
| 1976 | 34.3 | - |
| 1975 | 34.2 | - |
| 1974 | 34.2 | - |
| 1973 | 34.1 | - |
| 1972 | 33.9 | - |
| 1971 | 33.8 | - |
| 1970 | 33.7 | - |
| 1969 | 33.7 | - |
| 1968 | 33.6 | - |
| 1967 | 33.4 | - |
| 1966 | 33.2 | - |
| 1965 | 33 | - |
| 1964 | 32.8 | - |
| 1963 | 32.7 | - |
| 1962 | 32.5 | - |
| 1961 | 32.4 | - |
| 1960 | 32.2 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/facts/estonia/palestine | CC BY
Interactive Maps
Use the buttons below to switch between world maps comparing statistics for Estonia and Palestine.
National statistics comparison
Finance
|
Estonia
|
Palestine
|
|
|---|---|---|
| GNI, Atlas method |
$44.2B
2025 |
$17.6B
2025 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
45.2%
2025 |
20%
2026 |
| Education expenditure, % of GDP |
5.21%
2022 |
5.43%
2021 |
| Military expenditure, % of GDP |
3.37%
2024 |
n/a |
| Armed forces personnel |
7,000
2020 |
0
2020 |
| Deficit/surplus, % of GDP |
-1.33%
2025 |
n/a |
| Unemployment rate |
7.5%
2025 |
28.7%
2025 |
| Services, % of GDP |
65.8%
2025 |
60.2%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
19.7%
2025 |
16.3%
2024 |
| Economic freedom index |
78.7
2026 |
30
2026 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
23.7%
2023 |
27.1%
2023 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3.1%
2023 |
2.5%
2023 |
| Number of billionaires |
2
2026 |
n/a |
| Percentage of billionaires |
0.0002%
2026 |
n/a |
| Listed domestic companies |
14
2003 |
48
2025 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies | n/a |
$4.94B
2025 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$2.44B
2025 |
$1.83B
2025 |
| Personal remittances received |
$496M
2024 |
$736M
2024 |
| International tourist arrivals |
1,695,000
2020 |
93,000
2020 |
| International tourism as share of exports |
3.98%
2020 |
9.43%
2018 |
| Banked people share |
98.9%
2024 |
39.6%
2024 |
Energy
|
Estonia
|
Palestine
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Energy use, kg of oil equivalent per capita |
2,709 kg
2024 |
n/a |
| GDP PPP per kg equivalent of energy use |
$18.4
2024 |
n/a |
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions |
10.6 megatons
2024 |
n/a |
| CO2 emissions per capita |
7.76 tons
2024 |
n/a |
| Fossil fuel energy use share |
60.9%
2023 |
n/a |
| Renewable energy use share |
38%
2021 |
15.4%
2022 |
| Alternative and nuclear energy use share |
5.09%
2024 |
n/a |
| Net energy imports use share |
3.77%
2023 |
n/a |
| Electric power consumption per capita |
5,298 kWh
2024 |
n/a |
| Renewable electricity output share |
40%
2021 |
24.5%
2021 |
| Hydroelectric share |
0.53%
2024 |
0%
2021 |
| Nuclear share |
0%
2021 |
0%
2021 |
| Electricity access |
100%
2023 |
100%
2023 |
Society
|
Estonia
|
Palestine
|
|
|---|---|---|
| % of world population |
0.02%
2025 |
0.07%
2025 |
| Annual migration change |
-13,350
2025 |
-23,156
2025 |
| Urban population |
70.7%
2025 |
87.4%
2025 |
| Male:Female ratio |
47.6:52.4
2025 |
49.6:50.4
2025 |
| Average male height |
5.86 ft
2026 |
5.74 ft
2026 |
| Average female height |
5.41 ft
2026 |
5.29 ft
2026 |
| Quality of life index |
83.9
2026 |
25.4
2026 |
| Corruption Perceptions Index |
76
2025 |
18
2026 |
| Higher education index |
81
2026 |
49
2026 |
| Homicides per 100K people |
1.54
2023 |
0.62
2022 |
| Road traffic mortality per 100K people |
4.5
2019 |
5.3
2016 |
| Visa free countries |
172
2026 |
47
2026 |
| Adult literacy rate |
99.9%
2021 |
97.9%
2024 |
| English speaking |
47%
2026 |
20%
2026 |
| People using the Internet |
92.2%
2024 |
86.6%
2023 |
Health
|
Estonia
|
Palestine
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Government health expenditure per capita |
$2,438
2024 |
$346
2023 |
| Out-of-pocket health expenditure per capita |
$521
2024 |
$145.4
2023 |
| Life expectancy |
79.6 years
2026 |
77.4 years
2026 |
| Foreign aid share of health expenditure |
0.009%
2023 |
8.65%
2023 |
| Physicians per 1,000 people |
3.47
2022 |
2.17
2018 |
| Age at first childbirth |
28.9 years
2024 |
n/a |
| Maternal mortality per 100K births |
5
2023 |
16
2023 |
| Mortality rate before reaching 5 years of age |
2
2024 |
37.9
2024 |
| Obesity rate |
22.8%
2022 |
38.5%
2022 |
| Diabetes prevalence |
6.9%
2024 |
15.5%
2024 |
| Air quality index |
95
2026 |
45
2026 |
| Tobacco use prevalence |
26.1%
2024 |
35.5%
2024 |
| Pure alcohol consumption per capita |
10.7 liters
2020 |
n/a |
Territory
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1950–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- World Obesity Federation (2022, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Passport Index (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- EduRank (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) (2024, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Transparency International (2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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