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Economy of Italy vs Paraguay compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Italy has a GDP of $2.38T compared to $44.5B for Paraguay, ranking 8/197 and 98/197 by economy size, respectively.

Italy has $3.22T in government debt (135.3% of GDP), compared to $19.9B (44.8% of GDP) in Paraguay.

Italy vs Paraguay GDP by year

Italy
Paraguay
1x
Year GDP, current $
Italy Paraguay
2024 $2,380,825,077,244 $44,458,118,397
2023 $2,316,727,999,333 $43,118,053,175
2022 $2,104,067,630,319 $41,952,910,858
2021 $2,179,207,773,596 $39,950,899,939
2020 $1,907,481,094,079 $35,432,178,068
2019 $2,019,606,796,584 $37,925,338,329
2018 $2,099,435,266,459 $40,225,448,341
2017 $1,970,720,904,585 $38,997,129,474
2016 $1,887,111,188,177 $36,089,700,223
2015 $1,845,428,048,839 $36,211,447,840
2014 $2,173,255,507,986 $40,377,929,296
2013 $2,153,225,581,941 $38,501,122,141
2012 $2,097,929,495,122 $33,271,921,136
2011 $2,306,974,020,278 $33,756,238,766
2010 $2,144,936,254,535 $27,260,886,405
2009 $2,209,484,319,013 $22,355,151,162
2008 $2,417,508,414,187 $24,615,267,664
2007 $2,222,524,108,128 $17,856,393,235
2006 $1,958,563,654,386 $13,429,430,050
2005 $1,864,982,261,287 $10,737,500,188
2004 $1,812,808,753,295 $9,624,440,836
2003 $1,582,930,016,539 $7,691,367,471
2002 $1,281,746,271,196 $7,196,260,657
2001 $1,172,041,488,806 $8,495,806,432
2000 $1,149,661,363,439 $8,855,705,140
1999 $1,255,004,736,464 $8,837,070,236
1998 $1,272,729,786,997 $9,260,481,572
1997 $1,244,988,176,444 $9,965,225,678
1996 $1,314,776,508,972 $9,788,391,781
1995 $1,177,369,428,266 $9,062,131,475
1994 $1,101,750,159,702 $7,870,982,005
1993 $1,067,412,587,671 $7,249,533,620
1992 $1,323,204,350,354 $7,157,424,031
1991 $1,249,092,439,519 $6,984,367,763
1990 $1,183,945,130,899 $5,812,114,523
1989 $930,801,709,004 $4,757,732,200
1988 $893,663,934,841 $4,255,683,528
1987 $807,570,134,449 $3,971,044,724
1986 $641,862,313,287 $3,723,993,943
1985 $453,259,761,687 $3,282,449,236
1984 $438,896,930,791 $4,502,462,807
1983 $444,063,496,940 $5,673,248,726
1982 $428,257,421,618 $5,419,411,765
1981 $431,695,533,981 $5,624,515,873
1980 $478,356,755,596 $4,448,087,302
1979 $394,584,507,108 $3,416,777,778
1978 $315,784,469,541 $2,559,857,143
1977 $258,190,019,750 $2,092,158,730
1976 $225,235,205,862 $1,698,960,317
1975 $228,220,643,535 $1,511,420,635
1974 $200,024,444,775 $1,333,475,397
1973 $175,896,529,392 $995,531,746
1972 $145,594,833,997 $769,039,683
1971 $124,959,712,859 $664,571,429
1970 $113,656,669,765 $594,611,111
1969 $100,996,667,239 $556,293,651
1968 $91,485,448,148 $517,650,794
1967 $84,401,995,573 $492,674,603
1966 $76,622,444,787 $465,888,889
1965 $70,717,012,186 $443,587,302
1964 $65,720,771,779 $408,349,206
1963 $60,035,924,618 $383,904,762
1962 $52,413,872,628 $360,698,413
1961 $46,649,487,320 $322,053,713
1960 $42,012,422,612 $288,884,368

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/paraguay | CC BY

GDP per capita in Italy vs Paraguay by year

Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Paraguay
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Italy Paraguay
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $40,385 $62,014 $6,416 $18,524
2023 $39,277 $60,030 $6,300 $17,564
2022 $35,654 $57,261 $6,206 $16,347
2021 $36,853 $49,825 $5,977 $15,406
2020 $32,091 $44,436 $5,365 $14,309
2019 $33,813 $46,662 $5,821 $14,150
2018 $34,904 $43,387 $6,258 $14,139
2017 $32,844 $42,142 $6,152 $13,977
2016 $31,392 $40,483 $5,775 $13,329
2015 $30,640 $37,384 $5,879 $12,679
2014 $36,028 $36,666 $6,652 $12,607
2013 $35,702 $36,459 $6,436 $12,137
2012 $34,854 $36,281 $5,642 $10,954
2011 $38,432 $36,392 $5,805 $11,442
2010 $35,857 $34,974 $4,751 $10,893
2009 $37,100 $34,502 $3,942 $9,802
2008 $40,829 $35,422 $4,385 $9,867
2007 $37,826 $34,108 $3,212 $9,179
2006 $33,537 $32,454 $2,439 $8,561
2005 $32,063 $30,138 $1,971 $8,007
2004 $31,348 $29,581 $1,786 $7,686
2003 $27,578 $29,249 $1,444 $7,276
2002 $22,451 $28,833 $1,368 $6,924
2001 $20,570 $28,134 $1,638 $6,916
2000 $20,190 $27,152 $1,736 $6,937
1999 $22,050 $25,655 $1,766 $7,080
1998 $22,365 $25,075 $1,890 $7,227
1997 $21,884 $23,937 $2,079 $7,299
1996 $23,123 $23,101 $2,088 $7,040
1995 $20,712 $22,446 $1,979 $6,966
1994 $19,382 $21,369 $1,760 $6,542
1993 $18,782 $20,485 $1,662 $6,234
1992 $23,297 $20,196 $1,683 $5,952
1991 $22,007 $19,596 $1,685 $5,873
1990 $20,874 $18,680 $1,440 $5,637
1989 $16,424 - $1,211 -
1988 $15,781 - $1,114 -
1987 $14,268 - $1,069 -
1986 $11,341 - $1,031 -
1985 $8,009 - $935 -
1984 $7,758 - $1,319 -
1983 $7,851 - $1,710 -
1982 $7,574 - $1,680 -
1981 $7,640 - $1,793 -
1980 $8,476 - $1,457 -
1979 $7,006 - $1,149 -
1978 $5,623 - $883 -
1977 $4,614 - $740 -
1976 $4,042 - $616 -
1975 $4,116 - $562 -
1974 $3,629 - $508 -
1973 $3,213 - $389 -
1972 $2,677 - $308 -
1971 $2,311 - $272.1 -
1970 $2,112 - $249 -
1969 $1,886 - $238.2 -
1968 $1,718 - $226.8 -
1967 $1,595 - $220.9 -
1966 $1,459 - $213.9 -
1965 $1,357 - $208.7 -
1964 $1,272 - $197 -
1963 $1,171 - $189.9 -
1962 $1,030 - $182.8 -
1961 $923 - $167.1 -
1960 $837 - $153.4 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/paraguay | CC BY

Italy's GDP per capita is $40,385, ranking 29/197, compared to $6,416 in Paraguay, ranking 109/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Italy ranks 31st at $62,014, while Paraguay ranks 102nd at $18,524.

Economic indicators

Italy Paraguay
Gross domestic product
$2.38T
2024
$44.5B
2024
GDP rank
8/197
2024
98/197
2024
GDP growth
0.69%
2023-2024
4.25%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$40,385
2024
$6,416
2024
GDP per capita rank
29/197
2024
109/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,014
2024
$18,524
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
31/197
2024
102/197
2024
Government debt
$3.22T
2024
$19.9B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
135.3%
2024
44.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$54,652
2024
$2,872
2024
Government debt per person rank
6/185
2024
103/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,800
2026
$6,136
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$587B
2014
$313M
1999
Number of millionaires
1,344,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
74
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.8%
2023
35%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2023
2%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
50.6%
2024
21%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.98%
2023-2024
3.84%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
6%
2024
Unemployment rate
6.5%
2024
5.69%
2024
Population
58562681
7120169

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Italy
Spending

Debt
Paraguay
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Italy Paraguay
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 50.6% 135.3% 21% 44.8%
2023 54% 134.6% 21.5% 41.1%
2022 54.9% 138.3% 20.2% 40.5%
2021 56% 145.8% 20.4% 37.5%
2020 56.8% 154.4% 22.6% 36.9%
2019 48.4% 133.9% 20.1% 25.8%
2018 48.3% 134.2% 18.5% 22.3%
2017 48.8% 133.7% 18.1% 19.8%
2016 49% 134.2% 17.7% 19.4%
2015 50.2% 134.8% 18% 18.6%
2014 50.7% 134.8% 17.1% 15.6%
2013 50.9% 131.9% 17.1% 13.5%
2012 50.5% 125.9% 17.6% 12.3%
2011 49% 119.1% 14.7% 11.1%
2010 49.8% 118.8% 13.3% 13%
2009 51.1% 116.1% 14.3% 14.9%
2008 47.8% 105.8% 11.8% 16%
2007 46.6% 103.5% 13.1% 16.8%
2006 47.6% 106.3% 14.1% 21%
2005 47.1% 106.2% 14% 28.3%
2004 46.7% 104.7% 14% 36%
2003 47% 105.1% 14.6% 37.5%
2002 46.5% 105.9% 17.6% 50.5%
2001 47.1% 108.5% 19% 37.1%
2000 46.4% 108.7% 19.6% 33.6%
1999 47.1% 113.1% 19.2% 32%
1998 48% 113.9% 18% 22.1%
1997 49.3% 116.5% 18.1% 18%
1996 51.3% 118.9% 16.9% 16.8%
1995 51.4% 119.1% 15.7% 17.6%
1994 55.1% 130.8% 14.5% 18.7%
1993 57.8% 124.1% 12.9% 26.6%
1992 56.8% 113% 13% 34.4%
1991 55.3% 105.3% 11.4% 49.4%
1990 54.2% 101.7% 10.5% 67%
1989 51.6% 91.8% 11.8% 52.9%
1988 50.4% 89.2% 9.75% 58.9%
1987 49.8% 87.4% 10.1% 68.7%
1986 50.5% 83.4% 9.25% 57.1%
1985 49.8% 79.1% 11.4% 54.7%
1984 49.1% 73.1% 13% 31%
1983 48.9% 67.8% 13% 22.6%
1982 46.7% 61.8% 13.2% 21.3%
1981 44.6% 57.3% 13.3% 17.4%
1980 40.8% 55.1% 11.6% 17.4%
1979 40.1% 58.9% 11.7% 19.7%
1978 40.9% 59.9% 11.9% 20.9%
1977 38.5% 56% 11.2% 18.8%
1976 38.1% 57.3% 9.8% 14.1%
1975 39.1% 57.9% 10.5% 12.6%
1974 34.8% 50.8% 9.44% 12.5%
1973 35.3% 51.1% 11.2% 15.4%
1972 36.4% 48.2% 12.5% 18.2%
1971 34.4% 42.4% 12.3% 18.9%
1970 32.3% 37.8% 13.3% 19.2%
1969 32.1% 37% 14% -
1968 32.6% 36.4% 13.5% -
1967 17.9% 33.3% 12.2% -
1966 19.1% 33.4% - -
1965 18.6% 28.4% - -
1964 18.2% 27.2% - -
1963 16.7% 27.2% - -
1962 17.5% 29% - -
1961 17.3% 30% - -
1960 16.5% 31.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/paraguay | CC BY

In 2024, Italy's government spending was $1.2T, accounting for 50.6% of its GDP, while Paraguay spent $9.33B, or 21% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 135.3% in Italy and 44.8% in Paraguay, ranking 8/185 and 120/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Italy

Paraguay
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Italy Paraguay
2024 -3.45% -2.12%
2023 -7.24% -3.81%
2022 -8.11% -2.64%
2021 -8.88% -3.39%
2020 -9.38% -5.72%
2019 -1.45% -2.44%
2018 -2.19% -1.01%
2017 -2.51% -0.44%
2016 -2.4% -0.37%
2015 -2.46% -0.44%
2014 -2.82% -0.27%
2013 -2.87% -1.16%
2012 -2.99% -0.58%
2011 -3.52% 1.29%
2010 -4.16% 1.54%
2009 -5.06% 0.59%
2008 -2.58% 2.29%
2007 -1.33% 1.27%
2006 -3.61% 0.91%
2005 -4.1% 0.74%
2004 -3.46% 1.33%
2003 -3.23% -0.07%
2002 -2.88% -1.89%
2001 -3.18% 0.07%
2000 -2.42% -0.55%
1999 -1.77% 2.67%
1998 -2.99% 4.28%
1997 -2.98% 3%
1996 -6.61% 2.43%
1995 -7.2% 2.78%
1994 -8.84% 4.59%
1993 -9.76% 4.27%
1992 -10.1% 3.1%
1991 -11.1% 3.41%
1990 -11.1% 7.56%
1989 -11.4% 5.48%
1988 -11% 3.01%
1987 -11.5% 2.68%
1986 -12% 3.08%
1985 -12.4% 0.85%
1984 -11.5% -0.42%
1983 -10.1% 0.27%
1982 -10% 1.52%
1981 -10.9% 0.15%
1980 -6.97% 3.4%
1979 -8.23% 4.13%
1978 -8.47% -3.42%
1977 -6.96% -0.19%
1976 -7.88% -0.06%
1975 -10.3% -1.24%
1974 -6.24% 1.67%
1973 -6.36% -0.91%
1972 -6.84% -2.51%
1971 -4.71% -1.25%
1970 -3.22% -1.26%
1969 -2.85% -1.62%
1968 -2.55% -2.34%
1967 -0.97% -1.7%
1966 -1.59% -
1965 -2.67% -
1964 -2.35% -
1963 -0.3% -
1962 -0.95% -
1961 -0.57% -
1960 -0.28% -
1959 -1% -
1958 -0.98% -
1957 -1.09% -
1956 -1.46% -
1955 -2.03% -
1954 -1.84% -
1953 -2.33% -
1952 -4.08% -
1951 -3.86% -
1950 -2.42% -
1949 -2.82% -
1948 -4.58% -
1947 -6.62% -
1946 -9.82% -
1945 -16.9% -
1944 -35.1% -
1943 -16.1% -
1942 -26.9% -
1941 -25.1% -
1940 -24.3% -
1939 -9.49% -
1938 -5.97% -
1937 -5.78% -
1936 -7.93% -
1935 -9.83% -
1934 -2.5% -
1933 -4.85% -
1932 -3.06% -
1931 -2.14% -
1930 -0.55% -
1929 -0.59% -
1928 -2.09% -
1927 -1.71% -
1926 -0.09% -
1925 1.7% -
1924 1.19% -
1923 -3.21% -
1922 -11% -
1921 -7.77% -
1920 -5.89% -
1919 -11.2% -
1918 -22.7% -
1917 -27.6% -
1916 -28.2% -
1915 -25.8% -
1914 -12.4% -
1913 -0.86% -
1912 -1.86% -
1911 -0.63% -
1910 -0.32% -
1909 -0.69% -
1908 -1.31% -
1907 -0.51% -
1906 -0.69% -
1905 -1.57% -
1904 0.58% -
1903 0.32% -
1902 0.48% -
1901 0.36% -
1900 0.28% -
1899 -0.11% -
1898 -0.21% -
1897 0.009% -
1896 -0.43% -
1895 -0.69% -
1894 -0.23% -
1893 -0.49% -
1892 -0.25% -
1891 -1.41% -
1890 -0.32% -
1889 -1.32% -
1888 -2.11% -
1887 -1.94% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 0.2% -
1884 -1.46% -
1883 -0.51% -
1882 -0.5% -
1881 -0.04% -
1880 0.38% -
1879 0.73% -
1878 0.09% -
1877 -0.009% -
1876 -0.05% -
1875 0.58% -
1874 -0.08% -
1873 0.21% -
1872 0% -
1871 -0.13% -
1870 -0.82% -
1869 0.33% -
1868 -0.79% -
1867 -1.45% -
1866 -3.1% -
1865 -2.72% -
1864 -3.06% -
1863 -4.16% -
1862 -3.96% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/paraguay | CC BY

In 2024, Italy's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $82B, equivalent to 3.45% of GDP. This compares to Paraguay's deficit of $942M, or 2.12% of GDP.

Over the past 58 years, Italy recorded a fiscal deficit in 58 of those years, while Paraguay ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, Italy posted an annual deficit equal to 6.07% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.53% of GDP for Paraguay.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Italy

Paraguay
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Italy Paraguay
2024 0.98% 3.84%
2023 5.62% 4.63%
2022 8.2% 9.77%
2021 1.87% 4.79%
2020 -0.14% 1.77%
2019 0.61% 2.76%
2018 1.14% 3.98%
2017 1.23% 3.6%
2016 -0.09% 4.09%
2015 0.04% 3.13%
2014 0.24% 5.03%
2013 1.22% 2.68%
2012 3.04% 3.68%
2011 2.78% 8.25%
2010 1.53% 4.65%
2009 0.77% 2.59%
2008 3.35% 10.2%
2007 1.83% 8.13%
2006 2.09% 9.59%
2005 1.99% 6.81%
2004 2.21% 4.32%
2003 2.67% 14.2%
2002 2.47% 10.5%
2001 2.79% 7.27%
2000 2.54% 8.98%
1999 1.66% 6.75%
1998 1.96% 11.6%
1997 2.04% 6.95%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/paraguay | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Italy has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.02%, compared with 6.23% in Paraguay. In 2024, inflation was 0.98% in Italy and 3.84% in Paraguay.

Top exports between countries

Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $65.2M
Chemicals & pharma $20.8M
Textiles & consumer goods $12.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $10.7M
Metals $3.44M
Raw materials & minerals $2.25M
Wood & paper products $1.09M
Raw agricultural goods $1.05M
Precious metals & jewellery $850K
Animal & marine products $724K
Paraguay
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $38.1M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7.08M
Wood & paper products $3.56M
Raw agricultural goods $3.02M
Chemicals & pharma $871K
Textiles & consumer goods $422K
Raw materials & minerals $232K
Machinery & equipment $179K
Metals $128K

Balance of trade

Italy Paraguay
Current account balance
$25.8B
2024
-$1.53B
2024
Current account balance ranking
19/190
2024
133/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.08%
2024
-3.44%
2024
Goods imports
$562B
2024
$15.8B
2024
Goods exports
$621B
2024
$14.9B
2024
Service imports
$160B
2024
$2.54B
2024
Service exports
$155B
2024
$2.65B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.3%
2024
39.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.5%
2024
37.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Italy Paraguay
Economic freedom 63.3 66.4
Economic freedom ranking 80/197 61/197
Property rights 84.8 44.2
Government integrity 60.8 27.3
Judicial effectiveness 80.9 38.4
Tax burden 57.5 95.9
Government spending 15.3 86.9
Fiscal health 17.2 83
Business freedom 74.5 72
Labor freedom 70.6 44.1
Monetary freedom 79.1 76.5
Trade freedom 79.4 78.4
Investment freedom 80 80
Financial freedom 60 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Italy
Paraguay
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Italy Paraguay
2026 63.3 66.4
2025 60.9 65.2
2024 60.1 60.1
2023 62.3 61
2022 65.4 62.9
2021 64.9 62.6
2020 63.8 63
2019 62.2 61.8
2018 62.5 62.1
2017 62.5 62.4
2016 61.2 61.5
2015 61.7 61.1
2014 60.9 62
2013 60.6 61.1
2012 58.8 61.8
2011 60.3 62.3
2010 62.7 61.3
2009 61.4 61
2008 62.6 60
2007 62.8 58.3
2006 62 55.6
2005 64.9 53.4
2004 64.2 56.7
2003 64.3 58.2
2002 63.6 59.6
2001 63 60.3
2000 61.9 64
1999 61.6 63.7
1998 59.1 65.2
1997 58.1 67.3
1996 60.8 67.1
1995 61.2 65.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/paraguay | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Italy is 63.3, ranking 80/197, compared to 66.4 for Paraguay, ranking 61/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Italy Paraguay
Services, % of GDP
65%
2024
48.7%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
22.3%
2024
32.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2%
2024
10.7%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.28T
2024
$43.7B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$61,620
2024
$17,930
2024
Total reserves including gold
$291B
2024
$9.89B
2023
Total reserves ranking
12/177
2024
76/177
2023
Net foreign direct investment
$19B
2024
-$335M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$26.9B
2024
$1.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$45.9B
2024
$166M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
4.58%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.1%
2021
20.1%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.6%
2024
22.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/italy/paraguay | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.