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Economy of Mexico vs Paraguay compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Mexico has a GDP of $1.86T compared to $44.5B for Paraguay, ranking 13/197 and 98/197 by economy size, respectively.

Mexico has $1.08T in government debt (58.3% of GDP), compared to $19.9B (44.8% of GDP) in Paraguay.

Mexico vs Paraguay GDP by year

Mexico
Paraguay
1x
Year GDP, current $
Mexico Paraguay
2024 $1,856,365,616,166 $44,458,118,397
2023 $1,798,317,581,487 $43,118,053,175
2022 $1,466,934,724,293 $41,952,910,858
2021 $1,316,569,466,686 $39,950,899,939
2020 $1,121,064,767,308 $35,432,178,068
2019 $1,304,106,203,902 $37,925,338,329
2018 $1,256,300,182,880 $40,225,448,341
2017 $1,190,721,475,906 $38,997,129,474
2016 $1,112,233,497,453 $36,089,700,223
2015 $1,213,294,467,717 $36,211,447,840
2014 $1,364,507,717,614 $40,377,929,296
2013 $1,327,436,290,283 $38,501,122,141
2012 $1,255,110,424,818 $33,271,921,136
2011 $1,229,013,703,417 $33,756,238,766
2010 $1,105,424,238,731 $27,260,886,405
2009 $943,437,415,025 $22,355,151,162
2008 $1,161,553,459,715 $24,615,267,664
2007 $1,102,355,554,972 $17,856,393,235
2006 $1,020,265,057,882 $13,429,430,050
2005 $917,571,853,529 $10,737,500,188
2004 $819,459,227,375 $9,624,440,836
2003 $765,549,967,703 $7,691,367,471
2002 $810,666,116,402 $7,196,260,657
2001 $796,064,590,549 $8,495,806,432
2000 $742,061,329,749 $8,855,705,140
1999 $631,249,359,702 $8,837,070,236
1998 $557,461,102,631 $9,260,481,572
1997 $523,449,530,464 $9,965,225,678
1996 $432,157,945,024 $9,788,391,781
1995 $380,157,469,867 $9,062,131,475
1994 $553,618,247,901 $7,870,982,005
1993 $530,160,763,663 $7,249,533,620
1992 $363,157,832,924 $7,157,424,031
1991 $313,139,656,146 $6,984,367,763
1990 $261,253,675,693 $5,812,114,523
1989 $221,403,098,267 $4,757,732,200
1988 $181,611,150,497 $4,255,683,528
1987 $147,542,558,209 $3,971,044,724
1986 $134,556,034,673 $3,723,993,943
1985 $195,241,069,482 $3,282,449,236
1984 $184,230,754,105 $4,502,462,807
1983 $156,167,000,433 $5,673,248,726
1982 $184,602,611,610 $5,419,411,765
1981 $263,797,827,860 $5,624,515,873
1980 $205,577,055,466 $4,448,087,302
1979 $134,531,900,899 $3,416,777,778
1978 $102,648,570,299 $2,559,857,143
1977 $81,912,018,784 $2,092,158,730
1976 $88,875,923,765 $1,698,960,317
1975 $88,000,000,000 $1,511,420,635
1974 $72,000,000,000 $1,333,475,397
1973 $55,280,000,000 $995,531,746
1972 $45,200,000,000 $769,039,683
1971 $39,200,000,000 $664,571,429
1970 $35,520,000,000 $594,611,111
1969 $32,480,000,000 $556,293,651
1968 $29,360,000,000 $517,650,794
1967 $26,560,000,000 $492,674,603
1966 $24,320,000,000 $465,888,889
1965 $21,840,000,000 $443,587,302
1964 $20,080,000,000 $408,349,206
1963 $16,960,000,000 $383,904,762
1962 $15,200,000,000 $360,698,413
1961 $14,160,000,000 $322,053,713
1960 $13,040,000,000 $288,884,368

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/paraguay | CC BY

GDP per capita in Mexico vs Paraguay by year

Mexico
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Paraguay
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Mexico Paraguay
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $14,186 $26,185 $6,416 $18,524
2023 $13,861 $25,243 $6,300 $17,564
2022 $11,406 $23,135 $6,206 $16,347
2021 $10,314 $20,783 $5,977 $15,406
2020 $8,841 $19,354 $5,365 $14,309
2019 $10,370 $20,964 $5,821 $14,150
2018 $10,085 $20,921 $6,258 $14,139
2017 $9,649 $20,489 $6,152 $13,977
2016 $9,098 $20,105 $5,775 $13,329
2015 $10,021 $19,071 $5,879 $12,679
2014 $11,391 $18,821 $6,652 $12,607
2013 $11,217 $18,170 $6,436 $12,137
2012 $10,744 $18,005 $5,642 $10,954
2011 $10,664 $17,267 $5,805 $11,442
2010 $9,729 $15,909 $4,751 $10,893
2009 $8,424 $15,191 $3,942 $9,802
2008 $10,524 $15,681 $4,385 $9,867
2007 $10,134 $15,032 $3,212 $9,179
2006 $9,513 $14,540 $2,439 $8,561
2005 $8,672 $13,260 $1,971 $8,007
2004 $7,850 $12,658 $1,786 $7,686
2003 $7,434 $12,066 $1,444 $7,276
2002 $7,983 $11,762 $1,368 $6,924
2001 $7,953 $11,739 $1,638 $6,916
2000 $7,524 $11,705 $1,736 $6,937
1999 $6,500 $11,031 $1,766 $7,080
1998 $5,833 $10,756 $1,890 $7,227
1997 $5,567 $10,182 $2,079 $7,299
1996 $4,674 $9,496 $2,088 $7,040
1995 $4,184 $8,933 $1,979 $6,966
1994 $6,202 $9,466 $1,760 $6,542
1993 $6,048 $9,041 $1,662 $6,234
1992 $4,221 $9,470 $1,683 $5,952
1991 $3,709 $9,079 $1,685 $5,873
1990 $3,154 $8,578 $1,440 $5,637
1989 $2,725 - $1,211 -
1988 $2,279 - $1,114 -
1987 $1,888 - $1,069 -
1986 $1,757 - $1,031 -
1985 $2,602 - $935 -
1984 $2,506 - $1,319 -
1983 $2,170 - $1,710 -
1982 $2,621 - $1,680 -
1981 $3,829 - $1,793 -
1980 $3,055 - $1,457 -
1979 $2,049 - $1,149 -
1978 $1,604 - $883 -
1977 $1,315 - $740 -
1976 $1,465 - $616 -
1975 $1,492 - $562 -
1974 $1,256 - $508 -
1973 $993 - $389 -
1972 $837 - $308 -
1971 $748 - $272.1 -
1970 $699 - $249 -
1969 $660 - $238.2 -
1968 $616 - $226.8 -
1967 $576 - $220.9 -
1966 $545 - $213.9 -
1965 $506 - $208.7 -
1964 $481 - $197 -
1963 $420 - $189.9 -
1962 $388 - $182.8 -
1961 $374 - $167.1 -
1960 $355 - $153.4 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/paraguay | CC BY

Mexico's GDP per capita is $14,186, ranking 69/197, compared to $6,416 in Paraguay, ranking 109/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Mexico ranks 80th at $26,185, while Paraguay ranks 102nd at $18,524.

Economic indicators

Mexico Paraguay
Gross domestic product
$1.86T
2024
$44.5B
2024
GDP rank
13/197
2024
98/197
2024
GDP growth
1.43%
2023-2024
4.25%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$14,186
2024
$6,416
2024
GDP per capita rank
69/197
2024
109/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$26,185
2024
$18,524
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
80/197
2024
102/197
2024
Government debt
$1.08T
2024
$19.9B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
58.3%
2024
44.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$8,272
2024
$2,872
2024
Government debt per person rank
63/185
2024
103/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$10,231
2026
$6,136
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$418B
2024
$313M
1999
Number of millionaires
399,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
22
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
34.4%
2022
35%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
2.1%
2022
2%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
30.3%
2024
21%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.72%
2023-2024
3.84%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
7%
2025
6%
2024
Unemployment rate
2.62%
2024
5.69%
2024
Population
133323134
7120169

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Mexico
Spending

Debt
Paraguay
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Mexico Paraguay
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 30.3% 58.3% 21% 44.8%
2023 28.5% 52.6% 21.5% 41.1%
2022 28.5% 53.8% 20.2% 40.5%
2021 26.7% 56.7% 20.4% 37.5%
2020 27.8% 58.5% 22.6% 36.9%
2019 25.3% 51.9% 20.1% 25.8%
2018 25% 52.2% 18.5% 22.3%
2017 25% 52.5% 18.1% 19.8%
2016 26.5% 55% 17.7% 19.4%
2015 26.6% 51% 18% 18.6%
2014 26.9% 47.1% 17.1% 15.6%
2013 26.7% 44.1% 17.1% 13.5%
2012 27% 40.8% 17.6% 12.3%
2011 26.6% 41.2% 14.7% 11.1%
2010 26.5% 40.2% 13.3% 13%
2009 26.5% 41.7% 14.3% 14.9%
2008 26.5% 40.6% 11.8% 16%
2007 22.5% 35.5% 13.1% 16.8%
2006 21.6% 35.8% 14.1% 21%
2005 21.2% 36.8% 14% 28.3%
2004 20.5% 38.9% 14% 36%
2003 21.5% 42.1% 14.6% 37.5%
2002 19.8% 39.9% 17.6% 50.5%
2001 19.5% 37.3% 19% 37.1%
2000 19.4% 38.5% 19.6% 33.6%
1999 20.1% 41.7% 19.2% 32%
1998 19.5% 39.7% 18% 22.1%
1997 20.7% 39.1% 18.1% 18%
1996 20.8% 42.5% 16.9% 16.8%
1995 18.9% 30.7% 15.7% 17.6%
1994 18.9% 26.8% 14.5% 18.7%
1993 18.2% 19.2% 12.9% 26.6%
1992 19% 21.5% 13% 34.4%
1991 20.1% 29.2% 11.4% 49.4%
1990 22.9% 35.7% 10.5% 67%
1989 19.2% 36% 11.8% 52.9%
1988 23.6% 36.5% 9.75% 58.9%
1987 26.7% 52.7% 10.1% 68.7%
1986 25.1% 47.8% 9.25% 57.1%
1985 21.4% 30.4% 11.4% 54.7%
1984 19.8% 25.2% 13% 31%
1983 21.6% 25.3% 13% 22.6%
1982 24.7% 29.8% 13.2% 21.3%
1981 20.1% 41.7% 13.3% 17.4%
1980 17.5% 31.4% 11.6% 17.4%
1979 16.5% 35.8% 11.7% 19.7%
1978 15.7% 39% 11.9% 20.9%
1977 15.5% 41.5% 11.2% 18.8%
1976 15.5% 31.3% 9.8% 14.1%
1975 14.7% 24.4% 10.5% 12.6%
1974 13.8% 21.7% 9.44% 12.5%
1973 12.7% 20% 11.2% 15.4%
1972 11.9% 17.9% 12.5% 18.2%
1971 10.6% 17% 12.3% 18.9%
1970 10.9% 17.1% 13.3% 19.2%
1969 11.8% 10.7% 14% -
1968 10.9% 7.85% 13.5% -
1967 10.4% 8.22% 12.2% -
1966 11.6% 5.14% - -
1965 10.7% 9.99% - -
1964 9.21% 6.22% - -
1963 8.51% 4.13% - -
1962 8.26% 4.2% - -
1961 8.01% 4.38% - -
1960 9.5% 4.58% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/paraguay | CC BY

In 2024, Mexico's government spending was $563B, accounting for 30.3% of its GDP, while Paraguay spent $9.33B, or 21% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 58.3% in Mexico and 44.8% in Paraguay, ranking 84/185 and 120/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Mexico

Paraguay
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Mexico Paraguay
2024 -5.73% -2.12%
2023 -4.29% -3.81%
2022 -4.32% -2.64%
2021 -3.75% -3.39%
2020 -4.29% -5.72%
2019 -2.27% -2.44%
2018 -2.14% -1.01%
2017 -1.03% -0.44%
2016 -2.68% -0.37%
2015 -3.86% -0.44%
2014 -4.37% -0.27%
2013 -3.56% -1.16%
2012 -3.57% -0.58%
2011 -3.2% 1.29%
2010 -3.8% 1.54%
2009 -3.94% 0.59%
2008 -0.68% 2.29%
2007 -1.46% 1.27%
2006 -1.23% 0.91%
2005 -1.43% 0.74%
2004 -1.35% 1.33%
2003 -2.24% -0.07%
2002 -2.18% -1.89%
2001 -2.57% 0.07%
2000 -2.69% -0.55%
1999 -4.49% 2.67%
1998 -4.49% 4.28%
1997 -3.48% 3%
1996 -3.66% 2.43%
1995 -2.28% 2.78%
1994 -2.25% 4.59%
1993 -1.51% 4.27%
1992 2.26% 3.1%
1991 1.49% 3.41%
1990 -3.11% 7.56%
1989 -4.75% 5.48%
1988 -8.76% 3.01%
1987 -11.6% 2.68%
1986 -11.2% 3.08%
1985 -7.2% 0.85%
1984 -5.79% -0.42%
1983 -6.03% 0.27%
1982 -11.4% 1.52%
1981 -4.9% 0.15%
1980 -1.75% 3.4%
1979 -2.15% 4.13%
1978 -1.88% -3.42%
1977 -2.43% -0.19%
1976 -3.14% -0.06%
1975 -2.64% -1.24%
1974 -3.33% 1.67%
1973 -2.75% -0.91%
1972 -2.3% -2.51%
1971 -1.43% -1.25%
1970 -1.71% -1.26%
1969 -2.74% -1.62%
1968 -2.06% -2.34%
1967 -2.12% -1.7%
1966 -3.2% -
1965 -2.51% -
1964 -1.44% -
1963 -0.92% -
1962 -0.79% -
1961 -0.88% -
1960 -1.36% -
1959 -0.73% -
1958 0.24% -
1957 -0.03% -
1956 0.52% -
1955 0.6% -
1954 -0.94% -
1953 -0.58% -
1952 0.42% -
1951 -0.26% -
1950 -0.2% -
1949 0.44% -
1948 -1.55% -
1947 -0.93% -
1946 0.66% -
1945 -1.11% -
1944 -1.12% -
1943 0.05% -
1942 -0.93% -
1941 -0.26% -
1940 -0.4% -
1939 -0.06% -
1938 -0.91% -
1937 -0.41% -
1936 -0.39% -
1935 0.26% -
1934 0.72% -
1933 -0.58% -
1932 0% -
1931 0.71% -
1930 0.21% -
1929 0.95% -
1928 0.24% -
1927 -0.3% -
1926 -0.29% -
1925 0.46% -
1924 1.34% -
1923 1.02% -
1922 1.13% -
1921 0.64% -
1920 0.91% -
1919 0.41% -
1918 -0.19% -
1917 0.63% -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.28% -
1912 -0.79% -
1911 -0.31% -
1910 0.1% -
1909 0.15% -
1908 -0.08% -
1907 0.43% -
1906 0.72% -
1905 0.35% -
1904 1.09% -
1903 3.82% -
1902 0.42% -
1901 0.62% -
1900 0.76% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1900–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/paraguay | CC BY

In 2024, Mexico's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $106B, equivalent to 5.73% of GDP. This compares to Paraguay's deficit of $942M, or 2.12% of GDP.

Over the past 58 years, Mexico recorded a fiscal deficit in 56 of those years, while Paraguay ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, Mexico posted an annual deficit equal to 3.42% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.53% of GDP for Paraguay.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Mexico

Paraguay
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Mexico Paraguay
2024 4.72% 3.84%
2023 5.53% 4.63%
2022 7.9% 9.77%
2021 5.69% 4.79%
2020 3.4% 1.77%
2019 3.64% 2.76%
2018 4.9% 3.98%
2017 6.04% 3.6%
2016 2.82% 4.09%
2015 2.72% 3.13%
2014 4.02% 5.03%
2013 3.81% 2.68%
2012 4.11% 3.68%
2011 3.41% 8.25%
2010 4.16% 4.65%
2009 5.3% 2.59%
2008 5.12% 10.2%
2007 3.97% 8.13%
2006 3.63% 9.59%
2005 3.99% 6.81%
2004 4.69% 4.32%
2003 4.55% 14.2%
2002 5.03% 10.5%
2001 6.37% 7.27%
2000 9.49% 8.98%
1999 16.6% 6.75%
1998 15.9% 11.6%
1997 20.6% 6.95%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/paraguay | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Mexico has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.15%, compared with 6.23% in Paraguay. In 2024, inflation was 4.72% in Mexico and 3.84% in Paraguay.

Top exports between countries

Mexico
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $63.8M
Chemicals & pharma $16.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8.26M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.27M
Raw materials & minerals $1.62M
Metals $1.49M
Wood & paper products $669K
Miscellaneous $424K
Paraguay
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $16.8M
Chemicals & pharma $5.46M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.33M
Textiles & consumer goods $3.26M
Machinery & equipment $1.74M
Precious metals & jewellery $259K
Metals $173K
Wood & paper products $114K
Raw materials & minerals $60K
Animal & marine products $39K

Balance of trade

Mexico Paraguay
Current account balance
-$16.7B
2024
-$1.53B
2024
Current account balance ranking
181/190
2024
133/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.9%
2024
-3.44%
2024
Goods imports
$637B
2024
$15.8B
2024
Goods exports
$618B
2024
$14.9B
2024
Service imports
$72B
2024
$2.54B
2024
Service exports
$63B
2024
$2.65B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.9%
2024
39.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
36.7%
2024
37.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Mexico Paraguay
Economic freedom 59.8 66.4
Economic freedom ranking 102/197 61/197
Property rights 37.6 44.2
Government integrity 28.8 27.3
Judicial effectiveness 40.4 38.4
Tax burden 75.4 95.9
Government spending 74.6 86.9
Fiscal health 56.7 83
Business freedom 67 72
Labor freedom 57.3 44.1
Monetary freedom 70.6 76.5
Trade freedom 74.2 78.4
Investment freedom 75 80
Financial freedom 60 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Mexico
Paraguay
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Mexico Paraguay
2026 59.8 66.4
2025 61.3 65.2
2024 62 60.1
2023 63.2 61
2022 63.7 62.9
2021 65.5 62.6
2020 66 63
2019 64.7 61.8
2018 64.8 62.1
2017 63.6 62.4
2016 65.2 61.5
2015 66.4 61.1
2014 66.8 62
2013 67 61.1
2012 65.3 61.8
2011 67.8 62.3
2010 68.3 61.3
2009 65.8 61
2008 66.2 60
2007 66 58.3
2006 64.7 55.6
2005 65.2 53.4
2004 66 56.7
2003 65.3 58.2
2002 63 59.6
2001 60.6 60.3
2000 59.3 64
1999 58.5 63.7
1998 57.9 65.2
1997 57.1 67.3
1996 61.2 67.1
1995 63.1 65.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/paraguay | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Mexico is 59.8, ranking 102/197, compared to 66.4 for Paraguay, ranking 61/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Mexico Paraguay
Services, % of GDP
58.1%
2024
48.7%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
31.8%
2024
32.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.72%
2024
10.7%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.68T
2024
$43.7B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$25,460
2024
$17,930
2024
Total reserves including gold
$232B
2024
$9.89B
2023
Total reserves ranking
16/177
2024
76/177
2023
Net foreign direct investment
-$32.3B
2024
-$335M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$45.5B
2024
$1.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13B
2024
$166M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.71%
2024
4.58%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
29.6%
2024
20.1%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.1%
2024
22.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/paraguay | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1900–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.