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Economy of Germany vs Paraguay compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Germany has a GDP of $5.05T compared to $49.3B for Paraguay, ranking 3/197 and 97/197 by economy size, respectively.

Germany has $3.18T in government debt (62.9% of GDP), compared to $18.8B (38.1% of GDP) in Paraguay.

Germany vs Paraguay GDP by year

Germany
Paraguay
1x
Year GDP, current $
Germany Paraguay
2025 $5,050,922,925,047 $49,278,227,554
2024 $4,685,592,577,805 $44,738,819,362
2023 $4,562,207,532,490 $43,140,465,596
2022 $4,201,021,706,479 $41,841,201,627
2021 $4,355,251,953,411 $39,937,357,256
2020 $3,941,398,957,074 $35,432,178,068
2019 $3,959,894,794,039 $37,925,338,329
2018 $4,055,433,215,302 $40,225,448,341
2017 $3,765,351,626,106 $38,997,129,474
2016 $3,536,787,895,179 $36,089,700,223
2015 $3,425,099,578,746 $36,211,447,840
2014 $3,964,870,735,761 $40,377,929,296
2013 $3,807,023,797,051 $38,501,122,141
2012 $3,596,483,233,406 $33,271,921,136
2011 $3,823,575,803,794 $33,756,238,767
2010 $3,467,093,769,667 $27,260,886,405
2009 $3,478,545,516,684 $22,355,151,162
2008 $3,808,197,720,125 $24,615,267,664
2007 $3,484,056,680,855 $17,856,393,235
2006 $3,046,308,753,671 $13,429,430,050
2005 $2,893,393,187,362 $10,737,500,188
2004 $2,852,317,768,062 $9,624,440,836
2003 $2,534,715,518,349 $7,691,367,471
2002 $2,102,350,798,306 $7,196,260,657
2001 $1,966,381,496,642 $8,495,806,432
2000 $1,966,980,701,145 $8,855,705,140
1999 $2,213,873,468,587 $8,837,070,236
1998 $2,247,760,364,566 $9,260,481,572
1997 $2,218,790,886,533 $9,965,225,678
1996 $2,506,576,553,158 $9,788,391,781
1995 $2,593,053,091,306 $9,062,131,475
1994 $2,215,282,632,277 $7,870,982,005
1993 $2,078,954,217,438 $7,249,533,620
1992 $2,141,377,582,968 $7,157,424,031
1991 $1,875,792,575,133 $6,984,367,763
1990 $1,778,162,195,860 $5,812,114,523
1989 $1,404,092,925,205 $4,757,732,200
1988 $1,406,367,016,372 $4,255,683,528
1987 $1,302,932,318,825 $3,971,044,724
1986 $1,050,092,624,516 $3,723,993,943
1985 $735,218,723,093 $3,282,449,236
1984 $727,767,760,979 $4,502,462,807
1983 $773,507,930,295 $5,673,248,726
1982 $779,421,633,755 $5,419,411,765
1981 $803,404,797,058 $5,624,515,873
1980 $953,772,499,462 $4,448,087,302
1979 $884,574,218,333 $3,416,777,778
1978 $743,182,891,918 $2,559,857,143
1977 $602,698,323,086 $2,092,158,730
1976 $521,658,712,133 $1,698,960,317
1975 $492,434,094,920 $1,511,420,635
1974 $446,934,971,657 $1,333,475,397
1973 $399,833,571,167 $995,531,746
1972 $300,899,944,795 $769,039,683
1971 $250,900,942,397 $664,571,429
1970 $216,629,229,947 $594,611,111
1969 $177,733,486,326 $556,293,651
1968 $156,527,292,653 $517,650,794
1967 $145,100,667,773 $492,674,603
1966 $143,304,275,684 $465,888,889
1965 $134,774,688,191 $443,587,302
1964 $123,330,404,665 $408,349,206
1963 $112,232,503,744 $383,904,762
1962 $105,895,435,234 $360,698,413
1961 $96,558,204,043 $322,053,713
1960 $84,619,845,881 $288,884,368

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/paraguay | CC BY

GDP per capita in Germany vs Paraguay by year

Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Paraguay
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Germany Paraguay
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $60,496 - $7,027 -
2024 $56,104 $73,552 $6,457 $18,524
2023 $54,777 $71,684 $6,303 $17,564
2022 $50,507 $69,049 $6,189 $16,347
2021 $52,349 $62,531 $5,975 $15,406
2020 $47,395 $58,686 $5,365 $14,309
2019 $47,656 $59,271 $5,821 $14,150
2018 $48,916 $56,273 $6,258 $14,139
2017 $45,554 $54,110 $6,152 $13,977
2016 $42,949 $51,570 $5,775 $13,329
2015 $41,930 $48,545 $5,879 $12,679
2014 $48,960 $47,939 $6,652 $12,607
2013 $47,207 $45,889 $6,436 $12,137
2012 $44,718 $44,229 $5,642 $10,954
2011 $47,631 $43,398 $5,805 $11,442
2010 $42,397 $39,726 $4,751 $10,893
2009 $42,472 $37,574 $3,942 $9,802
2008 $46,379 $38,444 $4,385 $9,867
2007 $42,351 $36,914 $3,212 $9,179
2006 $36,980 $34,741 $2,439 $8,561
2005 $35,084 $32,314 $1,971 $8,007
2004 $34,567 $31,753 $1,786 $7,686
2003 $30,711 $30,301 $1,444 $7,276
2002 $25,487 $29,514 $1,368 $6,924
2001 $23,878 $28,674 $1,638 $6,916
2000 $23,926 $27,474 $1,736 $6,937
1999 $26,965 $26,518 $1,766 $7,080
1998 $27,396 $25,446 $1,890 $7,227
1997 $27,047 $24,649 $2,079 $7,299
1996 $30,600 $24,169 $2,088 $7,040
1995 $31,747 $23,631 $1,979 $6,966
1994 $27,202 $22,869 $1,760 $6,542
1993 $25,617 $21,900 $1,662 $6,234
1992 $26,560 $21,746 $1,683 $5,952
1991 $23,443 $21,001 $1,685 $5,873
1990 $22,386 $19,468 $1,440 $5,637
1989 $17,829 - $1,211 -
1988 $17,997 - $1,114 -
1987 $16,739 - $1,069 -
1986 $13,511 - $1,031 -
1985 $9,464 - $935 -
1984 $9,347 - $1,319 -
1983 $9,900 - $1,710 -
1982 $9,950 - $1,680 -
1981 $10,246 - $1,793 -
1980 $12,183 - $1,457 -
1979 $11,322 - $1,149 -
1978 $9,517 - $883 -
1977 $7,711 - $740 -
1976 $6,659 - $616 -
1975 $6,259 - $562 -
1974 $5,660 - $508 -
1973 $5,065 - $389 -
1972 $3,824 - $308 -
1971 $3,204 - $272.1 -
1970 $2,771 - $249 -
1969 $2,281 - $238.2 -
1968 $2,025 - $226.8 -
1967 $1,886 - $220.9 -
1966 $1,871 - $213.9 -
1965 $1,774 - $208.7 -
1964 $1,637 - $197 -
1963 $1,502 - $189.9 -
1962 $1,431 - $182.8 -
1961 $1,316 - $167.1 -
1960 $1,162 - $153.4 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/paraguay | CC BY

Germany's GDP per capita is $60,496, ranking 18/197, compared to $7,027 in Paraguay, ranking 105/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Germany ranks 20th at $73,552, while Paraguay ranks 102nd at $18,524.

Economic indicators

Germany Paraguay
Gross domestic product
$5.05T
2025
$49.3B
2025
GDP rank
3/197
2025
97/197
2025
GDP growth
0.24%
2024-2025
6.64%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$60,496
2025
$7,027
2025
GDP per capita rank
18/197
2025
105/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,552
2024
$18,524
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
20/197
2024
102/197
2024
Government debt
$3.18T
2025
$18.8B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
62.9%
2025
38.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$38,071
2025
$2,679
2025
Government debt per person rank
21/185
2025
111/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$40,352
2026
$6,874
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.9T
2025
$313M
1999
Number of millionaires
2,648,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
212
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
26.2%
2022
35%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2022
2%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
50.5%
2025
19.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.17%
2024-2025
4.04%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
5.75%
2026
Unemployment rate
3.8%
2025
4.63%
2025
Population
82830814
7138671

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Germany
Spending

Debt
Paraguay
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Germany Paraguay
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 50.5% 62.9% 19.6% 38.1%
2024 49.4% 62.2% 20.9% 44.6%
2023 48.1% 62.3% 21.5% 41%
2022 48.6% 64.4% 20.2% 40.6%
2021 50.7% 67.9% 20.5% 37.5%
2020 51.1% 68% 22.6% 36.9%
2019 45.5% 58.7% 20.1% 25.8%
2018 44.7% 60.8% 18.5% 22.3%
2017 44.5% 64% 18.1% 19.8%
2016 44.7% 68.3% 17.7% 19.4%
2015 44.5% 71.2% 18% 18.6%
2014 44.5% 74.5% 17.1% 15.6%
2013 45.2% 77.5% 17.1% 13.5%
2012 45.1% 79.8% 17.6% 12.3%
2011 45.3% 78.5% 14.7% 11.1%
2010 48.1% 81% 13.3% 13%
2009 48.3% 72.4% 14.3% 14.9%
2008 44.4% 65.2% 11.8% 16%
2007 43.5% 63.7% 13.1% 16.8%
2006 45.3% 66.4% 14.1% 21%
2005 46.9% 67.1% 14% 28.3%
2004 47% 65% 14% 36%
2003 48.5% 63.3% 14.6% 37.5%
2002 48.2% 59.8% 17.6% 50.5%
2001 47.7% 58.1% 19% 37.1%
2000 48.1% 59.2% 19.6% 33.6%
1999 48.5% 60.3% 19.2% 32%
1998 48.3% 59.4% 18% 22.1%
1997 48.8% 58.8% 18.1% 18%
1996 49.6% 57.7% 16.9% 16.8%
1995 55.2% 54.9% 15.7% 17.6%
1994 48.3% 47.5% 14.5% 18.7%
1993 48.3% 45.1% 12.9% 26.6%
1992 47.4% 41.4% 13% 34.4%
1991 46.5% 39% 11.4% 49.4%
1990 44.7% 40.7% 10.5% 67%
1989 44.3% 39.2% 11.8% 52.9%
1988 45.6% 40.5% 9.75% 58.9%
1987 46% 40.1% 10.1% 68.7%
1986 45.7% 39.1% 9.25% 57.1%
1985 46.6% 39.2% 11.4% 54.7%
1984 47.2% 38.7% 13% 31%
1983 47.9% 38% 13% 22.6%
1982 49.1% 36.4% 13.2% 21.3%
1981 49% 33.6% 13.3% 17.4%
1980 48.2% 30.1% 11.6% 17.4%
1979 47.4% 28.2% 11.7% 19.7%
1978 47.7% 27.4% 11.9% 20.9%
1977 49% 26% 11.2% 18.8%
1976 49.4% 25.1% 9.8% 14.1%
1975 50.3% 23.7% 10.5% 12.6%
1974 46% 18.5% 9.44% 12.5%
1973 42.4% 17.3% 11.2% 15.4%
1972 41.8% 18% 12.5% 18.2%
1971 40.9% 17.7% 12.3% 18.9%
1970 39.5% 17.7% 13.3% 19.2%
1969 29.7% 20.3% 14% -
1968 28.5% 22.5% 13.5% -
1967 28.8% 22.5% 12.2% -
1966 28.3% 19.8% - -
1965 28.4% 18.7% - -
1964 29% 18.2% - -
1963 29.1% 18.1% - -
1962 29.2% 17.6% - -
1961 28.8% 18.7% - -
1960 22.9% 18.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/paraguay | CC BY

In 2025, Germany's government spending was $2.55T, accounting for 50.5% of its GDP, while Paraguay spent $9.66B, or 19.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 62.9% in Germany and 38.1% in Paraguay, ranking 70/185 and 138/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Germany

Paraguay
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Germany Paraguay
2025 -2.67% -1.69%
2024 -2.66% -2.1%
2023 -2.49% -3.81%
2022 -1.91% -2.65%
2021 -3.17% -3.39%
2020 -4.38% -5.72%
2019 1.33% -2.44%
2018 1.88% -1.01%
2017 1.34% -0.44%
2016 1.13% -0.37%
2015 0.91% -0.44%
2014 0.73% -0.27%
2013 0.12% -1.16%
2012 -0.05% -0.58%
2011 -0.84% 1.29%
2010 -4.42% 1.54%
2009 -3.18% 0.59%
2008 -0.26% 2.29%
2007 0.15% 1.27%
2006 -1.76% 0.91%
2005 -3.37% 0.74%
2004 -3.42% 1.33%
2003 -3.83% -0.07%
2002 -4.09% -1.89%
2001 -3.12% 0.07%
2000 -1.71% -0.55%
1999 -1.87% 2.67%
1998 -2.65% 4.28%
1997 -3.03% 3%
1996 -3.64% 2.43%
1995 -9.44% 2.78%
1994 -2.54% 4.59%
1993 -3.11% 4.27%
1992 -2.63% 3.1%
1991 -3.21% 3.41%
1990 -1.94% 7.56%
1989 0.08% 5.48%
1988 -2.02% 3.01%
1987 -1.85% 2.68%
1986 -1.18% 3.08%
1985 -1.18% 0.85%
1984 -2.04% -0.42%
1983 -2.95% 0.27%
1982 -3.56% 1.52%
1981 -4.03% 0.15%
1980 -3.02% 3.4%
1979 -2.71% 4.13%
1978 -2.62% -3.42%
1977 -2.56% -0.19%
1976 -3.5% -0.06%
1975 -5.78% -1.24%
1974 -1.69% 1.67%
1973 1.14% -0.91%
1972 -0.37% -2.51%
1971 0.16% -1.25%
1970 0.53% -1.26%
1969 -0.43% -1.62%
1968 1.39% -2.34%
1967 2.73% -1.7%
1966 1.76% -
1965 2.26% -
1964 1.49% -
1963 1.43% -
1962 0.49% -
1961 -0.12% -
1960 -0.34% -
1959 0.77% -
1958 1.77% -
1957 1.99% -
1956 0.59% -
1955 -1.41% -
1954 -0.37% -
1953 -0.13% -
1952 0% -
1951 1.15% -
1950 1.81% -
1949 - -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -
1934 -0.64% -
1933 -0.43% -
1932 -1.11% -
1931 -1.03% -
1930 -1.52% -
1929 -0.9% -
1928 -1.47% -
1927 -0.44% -
1926 -1.3% -
1925 0.34% -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.007% -
1912 -0.26% -
1911 0.06% -
1910 -0.21% -
1909 0.11% -
1908 -0.11% -
1907 -0.14% -
1906 0.76% -
1905 1.21% -
1904 0.41% -
1903 0.88% -
1902 0.08% -
1901 0.91% -
1900 0.27% -
1899 0.6% -
1898 0.47% -
1897 0.39% -
1896 0.63% -
1895 0.47% -
1894 0.44% -
1893 0.42% -
1892 -0.24% -
1891 1.18% -
1890 0.12% -
1889 1.16% -
1888 0.62% -
1887 0.88% -
1886 0.23% -
1885 0.21% -
1884 0.23% -
1883 0.55% -
1882 0.41% -
1881 0.12% -
1880 -0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/paraguay | CC BY

In 2025, Germany's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $135B, equivalent to 2.67% of GDP. This compares to Paraguay's deficit of $832M, or 1.69% of GDP.

Over the past 59 years, Germany recorded a fiscal deficit in 45 of those years, while Paraguay ran a deficit in 29 years. On average, Germany posted an annual deficit equal to 1.85% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.49% of GDP for Paraguay.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Germany

Paraguay
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Germany Paraguay
2025 2.17% 4.04%
2024 2.26% 3.84%
2023 5.95% 4.63%
2022 6.87% 9.77%
2021 3.07% 4.79%
2020 0.14% 1.77%
2019 1.45% 2.76%
2018 1.73% 3.98%
2017 1.51% 3.6%
2016 0.49% 4.09%
2015 0.51% 3.13%
2014 0.91% 5.03%
2013 1.5% 2.68%
2012 2.01% 3.68%
2011 2.08% 8.25%
2010 1.1% 4.65%
2009 0.31% 2.59%
2008 2.63% 10.2%
2007 2.3% 8.13%
2006 1.58% 9.59%
2005 1.55% 6.81%
2004 1.67% 4.32%
2003 1.03% 14.2%
2002 1.42% 10.5%
2001 1.98% 7.27%
2000 1.44% 8.98%
1999 0.59% 6.75%
1998 0.91% 11.6%
1997 1.94% 6.95%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/paraguay | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Germany has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.83%, compared with 6.16% in Paraguay. In 2025, inflation was 2.17% in Germany and 4.04% in Paraguay.

Top exports between countries

Germany
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $199M
Chemicals & pharma $52.1M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $12.8M
Textiles & consumer goods $11.5M
Raw materials & minerals $10M
Miscellaneous $9.08M
Metals $6.55M
Wood & paper products $3.42M
Raw agricultural goods $2.3M
Animal & marine products $867K
Paraguay
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $23.5M
Animal & marine products $13M
Wood & paper products $7.13M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.82M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.14M
Metals $1.69M
Chemicals & pharma $1.57M
Machinery & equipment $1.2M
Precious metals & jewellery $133K
Raw materials & minerals $9K

Balance of trade

Germany Paraguay
Current account balance
$228B
2025
-$1.57B
2025
Current account balance ranking
2/190
2025
131/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.51%
2025
-3.18%
2025
Goods imports
$1.32T
2025
$17.5B
2025
Goods exports
$1.53T
2025
$15.4B
2025
Service imports
$602B
2025
$2.75B
2025
Service exports
$518B
2025
$3.72B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
38.1%
2025
39.3%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
40.4%
2025
37.2%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Germany Paraguay
Economic freedom 71.7 66.4
Economic freedom ranking 30/197 61/197
Property rights 95.5 44.2
Government integrity 84.5 27.3
Judicial effectiveness 94.6 38.4
Tax burden 60.5 95.9
Government spending 28.8 86.9
Fiscal health 83.1 83
Business freedom 79.8 72
Labor freedom 52.2 44.1
Monetary freedom 72.5 76.5
Trade freedom 79.4 78.4
Investment freedom 60 80
Financial freedom 70 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Germany
Paraguay
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Germany Paraguay
2026 71.7 66.4
2025 71.6 65.2
2024 72.1 60.1
2023 73.7 61
2022 76.1 62.9
2021 72.5 62.6
2020 73.5 63
2019 73.5 61.8
2018 74.2 62.1
2017 73.8 62.4
2016 74.4 61.5
2015 73.8 61.1
2014 73.4 62
2013 72.8 61.1
2012 71 61.8
2011 71.8 62.3
2010 71.1 61.3
2009 70.5 61
2008 70.6 60
2007 70.8 58.3
2006 70.8 55.6
2005 68.1 53.4
2004 69.5 56.7
2003 69.7 58.2
2002 70.4 59.6
2001 69.5 60.3
2000 65.7 64
1999 65.6 63.7
1998 64.3 65.2
1997 67.5 67.3
1996 69.1 67.1
1995 69.8 65.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/paraguay | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Germany is 71.7, ranking 30/197, compared to 66.4 for Paraguay, ranking 61/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Germany Paraguay
Services, % of GDP
64.5%
2025
48.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
32.3%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.87%
2025
11.6%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$5.03T
2025
$47.4B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$78,140
2025
$19,390
2025
Total reserves including gold
$572B
2025
$9.57B
2024
Total reserves ranking
7/177
2025
82/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$12.9B
2025
-$945M
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$62.6B
2024
$1.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$87B
2024
$166M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
4.58%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
20.1%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.9%
2025
25.3%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/paraguay | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.