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Economy of Canada vs Congo compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Canada has a GDP of $2.24T compared to $15.7B for the Congo, ranking 9/197 and 141/197 by economy size, respectively.

Canada has $2.5T in government debt (111.3% of GDP), compared to $15.4B (98% of GDP) in the Congo.

Canada vs Congo GDP by year

Canada
Congo
1x
Year GDP, current $
Canada Congo
2024 $2,243,636,826,634 $15,719,986,077
2023 $2,173,339,670,064 $15,321,055,823
2022 $2,190,411,080,134 $15,817,030,155
2021 $2,022,378,748,423 $14,825,690,211
2020 $1,655,684,730,000 $11,468,687,464
2019 $1,743,725,183,673 $13,976,637,780
2018 $1,725,329,192,783 $14,773,900,289
2017 $1,649,265,644,244 $11,834,473,039
2016 $1,527,994,741,907 $10,931,328,151
2015 $1,556,508,816,217 $12,434,793,867
2014 $1,805,749,878,440 $17,919,321,078
2013 $1,846,597,421,835 $17,958,720,699
2012 $1,828,366,481,522 $17,692,911,296
2011 $1,793,326,630,175 $15,655,383,577
2010 $1,617,343,367,486 $13,148,396,212
2009 $1,374,625,142,157 $9,723,299,915
2008 $1,552,989,690,722 $11,649,857,673
2007 $1,468,820,407,783 $8,782,703,437
2006 $1,319,264,809,591 $8,072,305,029
2005 $1,173,108,598,779 $6,650,001,680
2004 $1,026,690,238,278 $4,656,974,940
2003 $895,540,646,635 $3,503,723,088
2002 $760,649,334,098 $3,034,250,924
2001 $738,981,792,355 $2,796,704,604
2000 $744,773,415,932 $3,227,927,698
1999 $678,412,196,271 $2,354,772,960
1998 $634,000,000,000 $1,949,481,379
1997 $654,986,999,856 $2,322,719,103
1996 $630,607,994,133 $2,540,697,539
1995 $605,961,090,061 $2,116,003,868
1994 $579,944,346,807 $1,769,365,438
1993 $579,053,561,739 $2,684,323,623
1992 $594,387,358,319 $2,933,222,703
1991 $612,527,712,316 $2,724,853,506
1990 $596,075,591,361 $2,798,746,050
1989 $567,211,993,243 $2,389,593,026
1988 $509,380,027,627 $2,212,536,312
1987 $433,134,238,311 $2,297,753,652
1986 $379,006,836,992 $1,849,268,212
1985 $366,186,012,450 $2,160,872,540
1984 $356,718,400,124 $2,193,581,365
1983 $341,866,277,183 $2,097,274,290
1982 $314,647,807,409 $2,160,640,565
1981 $307,246,642,756 $1,993,512,323
1980 $274,776,566,028 $1,705,796,853
1979 $243,891,124,296 $1,198,749,667
1978 $219,369,542,386 $878,771,772
1977 $212,325,176,305 $765,224,029
1976 $207,271,612,576 $754,549,601
1975 $174,419,757,177 $767,102,680
1974 $160,949,188,139 $585,364,634
1973 $131,764,343,566 $541,973,363
1972 $113,463,848,874 $410,669,264
1971 $99,606,454,744 $322,128,019
1970 $88,192,257,632 $274,960,700
1969 $79,405,011,125 $265,040,036
1968 $72,048,833,006 $251,247,458
1967 $65,856,924,424 $237,397,428
1966 $61,252,415,405 $220,613,582
1965 $54,649,410,479 $198,318,064
1964 $49,503,663,836 $185,693,725
1963 $45,140,337,827 $172,233,431
1962 $42,336,211,556 $166,521,240
1961 $41,038,192,838 $151,675,739
1960 $40,563,768,947 $131,731,863

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/congo | CC BY

GDP per capita in Canada vs Congo by year

Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Congo
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Canada Congo
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $54,340 $64,610 $2,482 $7,026
2023 $54,220 $64,219 $2,478 $6,850
2022 $56,257 $63,944 $2,621 $6,647
2021 $52,887 $56,995 $2,516 $6,263
2020 $43,538 $48,591 $1,994 $4,771
2019 $46,353 $50,499 $2,488 $5,720
2018 $46,539 $49,983 $2,694 $5,593
2017 $45,130 $48,317 $2,212 $4,445
2016 $42,314 $46,471 $2,093 $4,016
2015 $43,594 $44,668 $2,439 $4,715
2014 $50,961 $45,758 $3,601 $5,733
2013 $52,638 $44,301 $3,697 $5,834
2012 $52,670 $42,292 $3,732 $6,058
2011 $52,224 $41,667 $3,396 $5,175
2010 $47,561 $40,103 $2,947 $5,125
2009 $40,875 $38,863 $2,271 $4,801
2008 $46,710 $40,376 $2,832 $4,448
2007 $44,660 $39,573 $2,206 $4,243
2006 $40,504 $38,123 $2,104 $4,588
2005 $36,384 $36,328 $1,799 $4,279
2004 $32,146 $33,929 $1,306 $3,992
2003 $28,302 $32,350 $1,017 $3,887
2002 $24,256 $30,964 $906 $3,888
2001 $23,822 $30,241 $855 $3,748
2000 $24,271 $29,348 $1,024 $3,667
1999 $22,315 $27,841 $776 $3,464
1998 $21,025 $26,324 $660 $3,602
1997 $21,902 $25,264 $804 $3,510
1996 $21,297 $24,055 $899 $3,547
1995 $20,680 $23,474 $770 $3,434
1994 $19,998 $22,624 $662 $3,327
1993 $20,187 $21,432 $1,034 $3,550
1992 $20,950 $20,619 $1,164 $3,608
1991 $21,847 $20,220 $1,113 $3,536
1990 $21,526 $20,226 $1,176 $3,437
1989 $20,795 - $1,033 -
1988 $19,013 - $984 -
1987 $16,378 - $1,052 -
1986 $14,521 - $872 -
1985 $14,170 - $1,049 -
1984 $13,930 - $1,097 -
1983 $13,477 - $1,075 -
1982 $12,527 - $1,131 -
1981 $12,379 - $1,066 -
1980 $11,208 - $933 -
1979 $10,078 - $670 -
1978 $9,154 - $503 -
1977 $8,949 - $448 -
1976 $8,839 - $453 -
1975 $7,537 - $471 -
1974 $7,057 - $370 -
1973 $5,858 - $353 -
1972 $5,107 - $276.3 -
1971 $4,535 - $223.5 -
1970 $4,136 - $196.7 -
1969 $3,776 - $195.4 -
1968 $3,473 - $190.8 -
1967 $3,226 - $185.7 -
1966 $3,055 - $177.6 -
1965 $2,777 - $164.2 -
1964 $2,562 - $158.1 -
1963 $2,380 - $150.7 -
1962 $2,274 - $149.6 -
1961 $2,246 - $139.9 -
1960 $2,265 - $124.7 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/congo | CC BY

Canada's GDP per capita is $54,340, ranking 20/197, compared to $2,482 in the Congo, ranking 149/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Canada ranks 28th at $64,610, while the Congo ranks 148th at $7,026.

Economic indicators

Canada Congo
Gross domestic product
$2.24T
2024
$15.7B
2024
GDP rank
9/197
2024
141/197
2024
GDP growth
1.55%
2023-2024
2.58%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$54,340
2024
$2,482
2024
GDP per capita rank
20/197
2024
149/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,610
2024
$7,026
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
28/197
2024
148/197
2024
Government debt
$2.5T
2024
$15.4B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
111.3%
2024
98%
2024
Government debt per person
$60,482
2024
$2,433
2024
Government debt per person rank
4/185
2024
112/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$37,320
2026
$2,153
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$3.37T
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
2,098,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
76
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2021
37.9%
2011
Income share by poorest 10%
3.3%
2021
1.6%
2011
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44.7%
2024
21.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.38%
2023-2024
3.1%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.35%
2024
10%
2012
Population
42181965
6681829

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Canada
Spending

Debt
Congo
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Canada Congo
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 44.7% 111.3% 21.7% 98%
2023 42.1% 107.7% 20.7% 102.9%
2022 40.6% 104.2% 22.8% 93.5%
2021 45.5% 112.6% 20.9% 97.8%
2020 52.4% 118.1% 21.1% 102.5%
2019 40.6% 90.2% 20.2% 77.6%
2018 40.7% 90.8% 17.8% 71.2%
2017 40.5% 90.9% 26.6% 88.5%
2016 40.8% 92.4% 38.8% 84.6%
2015 40% 92% 41.3% 74.2%
2014 38.4% 85.5% 48.6% 42.3%
2013 40% 87.6% 42.4% 33.9%
2012 40.9% 87.2% 30.7% 30.2%
2011 41.6% 84.3% 27.9% 34.4%
2010 43.1% 84% 23% 43.5%
2009 43.4% 81.8% 24.4% 83.8%
2008 38.8% 70.4% 24.2% 69.6%
2007 38.5% 67.2% 28.6% 93.8%
2006 38.7% 69.9% 26.6% 94.7%
2005 38.5% 70.6% 22.1% 99.8%
2004 39.1% 71.9% 24.4% 122.6%
2003 40.3% 75.9% 27% 185.3%
2002 40.4% 79.6% 32.1% 163.5%
2001 41.1% 81.5% 29.1% 180.1%
2000 40.6% 80.4% 22.6% 145%
1999 41.8% 89% 28.8% 0%
1998 43.4% 93.3% 25.1% 0%
1997 43.5% 95.3% 22.2% 0%
1996 45.9% 100.2% 15.7% 0%
1995 47.7% 100.1% 27.6% 0%
1994 49% 97.5% 30.7% 0%
1993 51.5% 94.7% 32.8% 0%
1992 52.5% 88.2% 32.8% 0%
1991 51.4% 81.7% 34.1% 0%
1990 48.1% 73.7% 30.4% 0%
1989 45.8% 72.2% 20.3% 151.7%
1988 45.4% 71.1% - -
1987 46.1% 71.4% - -
1986 47.6% 71% - -
1985 48.3% 66.9% - -
1984 47.5% 61.7% - -
1983 47.9% 58.4% - -
1982 47.3% 52.7% - -
1981 42.5% 46.9% - -
1980 41.6% 45.6% - -
1979 40% 45.3% - -
1978 41.6% 48% - -
1977 41.4% 45.1% - -
1976 40.2% 43.6% - -
1975 41.1% 45.2% - -
1974 37.6% 45.8% - -
1973 36% 48% - -
1972 37.5% 53.5% - -
1971 37.3% 55.3% - -
1970 36% 54.3% - -
1969 33.9% 53% - -
1968 33.8% 55.9% - -
1967 32.9% 56.9% - -
1966 30.8% 56.6% - -
1965 29.8% 60.1% - -
1964 29.7% 63.7% - -
1963 30.3% 67% - -
1962 30.6% 67.2% - -
1961 30.6% 68.2% - -
1960 14.9% 66.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/congo | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government spending was $1T, accounting for 44.7% of its GDP, while the Congo spent $3.4B, or 21.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 111.3% in Canada and 98% in the Congo, ranking 15/185 and 25/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Canada

Congo
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Canada Congo
2024 -2.01% 3.62%
2023 0.07% 5.81%
2022 0.56% 8.94%
2021 -3.06% 1.63%
2020 -10.9% -1.1%
2019 -0.02% 4.3%
2018 0.36% 5.22%
2017 -0.11% -5.57%
2016 -0.45% -14.5%
2015 -0.06% -17.8%
2014 0.17% -10.7%
2013 -1.49% -2.85%
2012 -2.52% 7.24%
2011 -3.31% 16.1%
2010 -4.74% 15.5%
2009 -3.88% 4.76%
2008 0.18% 23.9%
2007 1.82% 8.99%
2006 1.83% 16%
2005 1.55% 13.4%
2004 0.77% 3.33%
2003 -0.13% 0.37%
2002 -0.23% -7.34%
2001 0.53% -0.71%
2000 2.64% 1.05%
1999 1.66% -4.75%
1998 0.14% -5.16%
1997 0.04% 3.67%
1996 -3.05% 9.2%
1995 -5.49% -6.38%
1994 -6.94% -10.6%
1993 -8.93% -11.3%
1992 -9.2% -12.7%
1991 -8.36% -11.2%
1990 -5.91% -4.1%
1989 -4.6% 0.78%
1988 -4.33% -
1987 -5.42% -
1986 -7.14% -
1985 -8.59% -
1984 -7.78% -
1983 -8.17% -
1982 -7.03% -
1981 -2.83% -
1980 -4.07% -
1979 -3.41% -
1978 -4.77% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -2.78% -
1975 -3.54% -
1974 1.1% -
1973 0.6% -
1972 -0.97% -
1971 -1.02% -
1970 -0.36% -
1969 1.2% -
1968 -0.45% -
1967 -0.82% -
1966 -0.07% -
1965 -0.25% -
1964 -0.68% -
1963 -2.31% -
1962 -2.6% -
1961 -2.75% -
1960 -0.85% -
1959 -1.08% -
1958 -1.69% -
1957 -0.11% -
1956 0.77% -
1955 -0.11% -
1954 -0.57% -
1953 0.3% -
1952 0.09% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 1.09% -
1949 0.78% -
1948 3.84% -
1947 5.02% -
1946 3.14% -
1945 -17.9% -
1944 -21.6% -
1943 -23.1% -
1942 -20.8% -
1941 -4.79% -
1940 -5.62% -
1939 -2.11% -
1938 -0.97% -
1937 -0.34% -
1936 -1.68% -
1935 -3.72% -
1934 -2.93% -
1933 -3.83% -
1932 -5.79% -
1931 -2.43% -
1930 -1.47% -
1929 0.78% -
1928 1.12% -
1927 0.92% -
1926 0.81% -
1925 0.55% -
1924 0.007% -
1923 0.79% -
1922 -0.75% -
1921 -2% -
1920 -1.82% -
1919 -8.94% -
1918 -8.98% -
1917 -7.83% -
1916 -8.14% -
1915 -6.17% -
1914 -4.63% -
1913 -0.82% -
1912 1.03% -
1911 0.004% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 -0.67% -
1908 -2.78% -
1907 -0.83% -
1906 0.22% -
1905 -0.07% -
1904 -0.44% -
1903 0.07% -
1902 0.91% -
1901 -0.34% -
1900 -0.33% -
1899 0.1% -
1898 -0.3% -
1897 -0.35% -
1896 -0.48% -
1895 -0.85% -
1894 -1.06% -
1893 -0.66% -
1892 -0.07% -
1891 3.23% -
1890 -0.04% -
1889 0% -
1888 -0.48% -
1887 -1.18% -
1886 -0.73% -
1885 -4.82% -
1884 -2.43% -
1883 -3.88% -
1882 -0.78% -
1881 0.32% -
1880 -0.62% -
1879 -2.11% -
1878 -0.63% -
1877 -1.63% -
1876 -2.06% -
1875 -1.88% -
1874 -1.57% -
1873 -1.74% -
1872 -3.93% -
1871 -1.09% -
1870 0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/congo | CC BY

In 2024, Canada's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $45.2B, equivalent to 2.01% of GDP. This compares to the Congo's surplus of $568M, or 3.62% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Canada recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while the Congo ran a deficit in 16 years. On average, Canada posted an annual deficit equal to 2.03% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.75% of GDP for the Congo.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Canada

Congo
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Canada Congo
2024 2.38% 3.1%
2023 3.88% 4.3%
2022 6.8% 3%
2021 3.4% 2%
2020 0.72% 1.4%
2019 1.95% 0.4%
2018 2.27% 1.2%
2017 1.6% 0.4%
2016 1.43% 3.2%
2015 1.13% 3.2%
2014 1.91% 0.9%
2013 0.94% 4.6%
2012 1.52% 5%
2011 2.91% 1.8%
2010 1.78% 0.4%
2009 0.3% 4.3%
2008 2.37% 6%
2007 2.14% 2.6%
2006 2% 4.7%
2005 2.21% 2.5%
2004 1.86% 3.7%
2003 2.76% 1.7%
2002 2.26% 3%
2001 2.53% 0.8%
2000 2.72% 0.5%
1999 1.73% 3%
1998 1% 2.2%
1997 1.62% 12.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/congo | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Canada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.15%, compared with 2.95% in the Congo. In 2024, inflation was 2.38% in Canada and 3.1% in the Congo.

Top exports between countries

Canada
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $9.14M
Animal & marine products $1.95M
Raw agricultural goods $913K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $660K
Metals $471K
Textiles & consumer goods $163K
Raw materials & minerals $76K
Miscellaneous $65K
Chemicals & pharma $58K
Wood & paper products $15K
Congo
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $170M
Machinery & equipment $733K
Wood & paper products $370K
Chemicals & pharma $79K
Textiles & consumer goods $72K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $28K
Metals $22K
Raw agricultural goods $3K
Miscellaneous $1K

Balance of trade

Canada Congo
Current account balance
-$10.3B
2024
$1.72B
2021
Current account balance ranking
177/190
2024
48/190
2021
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.46%
2024
+11.6%
2021
Goods imports
$574B
2024
$2.78B
2021
Goods exports
$569B
2024
$7.51B
2021
Service imports
$160B
2024
$1.71B
2021
Service exports
$159B
2024
$240M
2021
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.7%
2024
40.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.4%
2024
52.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Canada Congo
Economic freedom 75.6 48.6
Economic freedom ranking 17/197 169/197
Property rights 85.9 28.7
Government integrity 85.5 13.9
Judicial effectiveness 96 15.4
Tax burden 74.7 73.7
Government spending 45.9 85.8
Fiscal health 79.7 80.8
Business freedom 84.2 35.8
Labor freedom 68.3 52.4
Monetary freedom 73.8 78.4
Trade freedom 83.2 52.8
Investment freedom 60 35
Financial freedom 70 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Canada
Congo
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Canada Congo
2026 75.6 48.6
2025 75.5 48.6
2024 72.4 47.8
2023 73.7 48.1
2022 76.6 48.5
2021 77.9 50.7
2020 78.2 41.8
2019 77.7 39.7
2018 77.7 38.9
2017 78.5 40
2016 78 42.8
2015 79.1 42.7
2014 80.2 43.7
2013 79.4 43.5
2012 79.9 43.8
2011 80.8 43.6
2010 80.4 43.2
2009 80.5 45.4
2008 80.2 45.3
2007 78 44.4
2006 77.4 43.8
2005 75.8 46.2
2004 75.3 45.9
2003 74.8 47.7
2002 74.6 45.3
2001 71.2 44.3
2000 70.5 40.6
1999 69.3 41.6
1998 68.5 33.8
1997 67.9 42.2
1996 70.3 40.3
1995 69.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/congo | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Canada is 75.6, ranking 17/197, compared to 48.6 for the Congo, ranking 169/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Canada Congo
Services, % of GDP
66.4%
2021
45%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.3%
2021
40.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.6%
2021
9.44%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.2T
2024
$14.4B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$63,630
2024
$6,340
2024
Total reserves including gold
$120B
2024
$715M
2023
Total reserves ranking
23/177
2024
148/177
2023
Net foreign direct investment
$27.8B
2024
$330M
2021
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$63.1B
2024
$604M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$89.4B
2024
$25.4M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
7.67%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2020
40.9%
2011
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
26.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.