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Economy of Canada vs Cyprus compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Canada has a GDP of $2.32T compared to $41.2B for Cyprus, ranking 10/197 and 103/197 by economy size, respectively.

Canada has $2.63T in government debt (113.5% of GDP), compared to $22.8B (55.3% of GDP) in Cyprus.

Canada vs Cyprus GDP by year

Canada
Cyprus
1x
Year GDP, current $
Canada Cyprus
2025 $2,319,899,772,426 $41,225,787,247
2024 $2,270,076,189,683 $37,634,551,821
2023 $2,196,593,836,347 $35,075,440,603
2022 $2,200,562,785,046 $31,218,047,044
2021 $2,022,377,950,897 $30,372,637,513
2020 $1,655,686,966,882 $25,555,082,267
2019 $1,743,728,952,157 $26,196,660,680
2018 $1,725,330,736,238 $25,754,011,492
2017 $1,649,269,496,515 $22,946,583,376
2016 $1,527,996,250,641 $21,046,452,117
2015 $1,556,510,380,200 $19,909,269,065
2014 $1,805,751,688,809 $23,225,912,183
2013 $1,846,583,831,414 $23,959,708,956
2012 $1,828,359,477,072 $25,047,433,100
2011 $1,793,335,727,901 $27,641,553,201
2010 $1,617,349,192,091 $25,799,940,416
2009 $1,374,627,766,600 $26,048,190,775
2008 $1,552,993,439,550 $27,958,384,913
2007 $1,468,820,407,783 $23,968,727,074
2006 $1,319,291,255,289 $20,072,754,987
2005 $1,173,118,501,403 $18,433,412,511
2004 $1,026,691,006,918 $17,320,551,250
2003 $895,542,074,085 $14,547,329,558
2002 $760,650,608,552 $11,420,228,846
2001 $738,981,792,355 $10,397,898,907
2000 $744,773,415,932 $9,985,847,314
1999 $678,414,215,521 $10,497,907,228
1998 $633,999,325,918 $10,248,618,778
1997 $654,987,722,086 $9,547,816,420
1996 $630,607,994,133 $10,011,914,680
1995 $605,961,090,061 $9,933,137,128
1994 $579,944,346,807 $7,425,703,929
1993 $579,053,561,739 $6,590,291,048
1992 $594,387,358,319 $6,912,150,456
1991 $612,527,712,316 $5,770,197,348
1990 $596,075,591,361 $5,591,130,218
1989 $567,211,993,243 $4,563,482,604
1988 $509,380,027,627 $4,278,792,597
1987 $433,134,238,311 $3,704,813,886
1986 $379,006,836,992 $3,090,734,463
1985 $366,186,012,450 $2,430,411,900
1984 $356,718,400,124 $2,278,248,953
1983 $341,866,277,183 $2,160,364,071
1982 $314,647,807,409 $2,159,242,417
1981 $307,246,642,756 $2,087,496,374
1980 $274,776,566,028 $2,154,311,277
1979 $243,891,124,296 $1,288,699,776
1978 $219,369,542,386 $964,024,364
1977 $212,325,176,305 $734,876,021
1976 $207,271,612,576 $576,090,074
1975 $174,419,757,177 $489,912,574
1974 $160,949,188,139 -
1973 $131,764,343,566 -
1972 $113,463,848,874 -
1971 $99,606,454,744 -
1970 $88,192,257,632 -
1969 $79,405,011,125 -
1968 $72,048,833,006 -
1967 $65,856,924,424 -
1966 $61,252,415,405 -
1965 $54,649,410,479 -
1964 $49,503,663,836 -
1963 $45,140,337,827 -
1962 $42,336,211,556 -
1961 $41,038,192,838 -
1960 $40,563,768,947 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/cyprus | CC BY

GDP per capita in Canada vs Cyprus by year

Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Cyprus
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Canada Cyprus
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $55,698 - $30,075 -
2024 $55,016 $64,610 $27,707 $63,007
2023 $54,848 $64,219 $26,079 $59,875
2022 $56,497 $63,944 $23,448 $55,876
2021 $52,887 $56,995 $23,057 $47,633
2020 $43,538 $48,591 $19,624 $42,569
2019 $46,353 $50,499 $20,360 $44,394
2018 $46,539 $49,983 $20,267 $40,262
2017 $45,130 $48,317 $18,295 $37,768
2016 $42,314 $46,471 $17,013 $35,247
2015 $43,594 $44,668 $16,326 $31,380
2014 $50,961 $45,758 $19,326 $29,893
2013 $52,638 $44,301 $20,238 $30,416
2012 $52,670 $42,292 $21,493 $31,924
2011 $52,224 $41,667 $24,110 $33,406
2010 $47,561 $40,103 $22,876 $33,502
2009 $40,875 $38,863 $23,480 $33,901
2008 $46,710 $40,376 $25,626 $34,830
2007 $44,660 $39,573 $22,344 $32,888
2006 $40,505 $38,123 $19,037 $30,009
2005 $36,384 $36,328 $17,790 $27,763
2004 $32,146 $33,929 $17,016 $25,942
2003 $28,302 $32,350 $14,553 $24,278
2002 $24,256 $30,964 $11,636 $23,556
2001 $23,822 $30,241 $10,785 $22,866
2000 $24,271 $29,348 $10,537 $21,296
1999 $22,315 $27,841 $11,273 $19,663
1998 $21,025 $26,324 $11,206 $18,760
1997 $21,902 $25,264 $10,637 $17,781
1996 $21,297 $24,055 $11,373 $17,320
1995 $20,680 $23,474 $11,514 $17,096
1994 $19,998 $22,624 $8,791 $15,735
1993 $20,187 $21,432 $7,978 $14,852
1992 $20,950 $20,619 $8,530 $14,759
1991 $21,847 $20,220 $7,222 $13,546
1990 $21,526 $20,226 $7,092 $13,348
1989 $20,795 - $5,870 -
1988 $19,013 - $5,584 -
1987 $16,378 - $4,908 -
1986 $14,521 - $4,159 -
1985 $14,170 - $3,324 -
1984 $13,930 - $3,167 -
1983 $13,477 - $3,055 -
1982 $12,527 - $3,100 -
1981 $12,379 - $3,030 -
1980 $11,208 - $3,154 -
1979 $10,078 - $1,902 -
1978 $9,154 - $1,434 -
1977 $8,949 - $1,102 -
1976 $8,839 - $870 -
1975 $7,537 - $743 -
1974 $7,057 - - -
1973 $5,858 - - -
1972 $5,107 - - -
1971 $4,535 - - -
1970 $4,136 - - -
1969 $3,776 - - -
1968 $3,473 - - -
1967 $3,226 - - -
1966 $3,055 - - -
1965 $2,777 - - -
1964 $2,562 - - -
1963 $2,380 - - -
1962 $2,274 - - -
1961 $2,246 - - -
1960 $2,265 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/cyprus | CC BY

Canada's GDP per capita is $55,698, ranking 23/197, compared to $30,075 in Cyprus, ranking 45/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Canada ranks 28th at $64,610, while Cyprus ranks 29th at $63,007.

Economic indicators

Canada Cyprus
Gross domestic product
$2.32T
2025
$41.2B
2025
GDP rank
10/197
2025
103/197
2025
GDP growth
1.74%
2024-2025
3.77%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$55,698
2025
$30,075
2025
GDP per capita rank
23/197
2025
45/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,610
2024
$63,007
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
28/197
2024
29/197
2024
Government debt
$2.63T
2025
$22.8B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
113.5%
2025
55.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$63,220
2025
$16,632
2025
Government debt per person rank
5/185
2025
40/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$36,531
2026
$24,626
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$4.62T
2025
$27.9B
2025
Number of millionaires
2,098,000
2026
24,000
2026
Number of billionaires
82
2026
10
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.6%
2022
26.3%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2022
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44%
2025
40.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.07%
2024-2025
0.13%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.82%
2025
4.4%
2025
Population
42199836
1388591

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Canada
Spending

Debt
Cyprus
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Canada Cyprus
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 44% 113.5% 40.4% 55.3%
2024 44.3% 110% 38.3% 62.8%
2023 41.8% 105.1% 40.6% 71.1%
2022 40.4% 103.5% 37.7% 80.3%
2021 45.5% 112.6% 42.7% 96.5%
2020 52.4% 118.1% 45.9% 113.6%
2019 40.6% 90.1% 40.3% 92.3%
2018 40.7% 90.8% 44.3% 100.7%
2017 40.5% 91% 38.4% 96.4%
2016 40.8% 92.5% 39.6% 106.8%
2015 40% 92.3% 43% 111.6%
2014 38.4% 85.8% 52.1% 113%
2013 40% 87.7% 42.1% 102.7%
2012 40.9% 87% 41.9% 79.2%
2011 41.6% 84.3% 42.1% 64.8%
2010 43.1% 84% 41.7% 55.3%
2009 43.4% 81.8% 41.9% 52.8%
2008 38.8% 70.4% 38.2% 44.1%
2007 38.5% 67.2% 37.6% 53.1%
2006 38.7% 69.9% 39.1% 59%
2005 38.5% 70.6% 39.7% 64%
2004 39.1% 71.9% 38.6% 64.7%
2003 40.3% 75.9% 40.4% 63%
2002 40.4% 79.6% 37.4% 61%
2001 41.1% 81.5% 35.7% 57.5%
2000 40.6% 80.4% 35% 56%
1999 41.8% 89% 34.3% 55.7%
1998 43.4% 93.3% 34.4% 55%
1997 43.5% 95.3% 34.2% 53.5%
1996 45.9% 100.2% 32.4% 48.8%
1995 47.7% 100.1% 30.4% 46.7%
1994 49% 97.5% - -
1993 51.5% 94.7% - -
1992 52.5% 88.2% - -
1991 51.4% 81.7% - -
1990 48.1% 73.7% - -
1989 45.8% 72.2% - -
1988 45.4% 71.1% - -
1987 46.1% 71.4% - -
1986 47.6% 71% - -
1985 48.3% 66.9% - -
1984 47.5% 61.7% - -
1983 47.9% 58.4% - -
1982 47.3% 52.7% - -
1981 42.5% 46.9% - -
1980 41.6% 45.6% - -
1979 40% 45.3% - -
1978 41.6% 48% - -
1977 41.4% 45.1% - -
1976 40.2% 43.6% - -
1975 41.1% 45.2% - -
1974 37.6% 45.8% - -
1973 36% 48% - -
1972 37.5% 53.5% - -
1971 37.3% 55.3% - -
1970 36% 54.3% - -
1969 33.9% 53% - -
1968 33.8% 55.9% - -
1967 32.9% 56.9% - -
1966 30.8% 56.6% - -
1965 29.8% 60.1% - -
1964 29.7% 63.7% - -
1963 30.3% 67% - -
1962 30.6% 67.2% - -
1961 30.6% 68.2% - -
1960 14.9% 66.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/cyprus | CC BY

In 2025, Canada's government spending was $1.02T, accounting for 44% of its GDP, while Cyprus spent $16.7B, or 40.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 113.5% in Canada and 55.3% in Cyprus, ranking 14/185 and 89/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Canada

Cyprus
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Canada Cyprus
2025 -1.77% 2.99%
2024 -2.12% 4.14%
2023 -0.16% 1.71%
2022 0.62% 2.69%
2021 -3.06% -1.59%
2020 -10.9% -5.57%
2019 -0.02% 1.03%
2018 0.36% -3.36%
2017 -0.11% 2.13%
2016 -0.45% 0.45%
2015 -0.06% -0.77%
2014 0.17% -8.8%
2013 -1.49% -5.16%
2012 -2.52% -5.55%
2011 -3.31% -5.65%
2010 -4.74% -4.68%
2009 -3.88% -5.43%
2008 0.18% 0.87%
2007 1.82% 3.23%
2006 1.83% -1.04%
2005 1.55% -2.22%
2004 0.77% -3.71%
2003 -0.13% -5.91%
2002 -0.23% -4.13%
2001 0.53% -2.11%
2000 2.64% -2.24%
1999 1.66% -4.05%
1998 0.14% -3.85%
1997 0.04% -4.82%
1996 -3.05% -2.96%
1995 -5.49% -0.71%
1994 -6.94% -
1993 -8.93% -
1992 -9.2% -
1991 -8.36% -
1990 -5.91% -
1989 -4.6% -
1988 -4.33% -
1987 -5.42% -
1986 -7.14% -
1985 -8.59% -
1984 -7.78% -
1983 -8.17% -
1982 -7.03% -
1981 -2.83% -
1980 -4.07% -
1979 -3.41% -
1978 -4.77% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -2.78% -
1975 -3.54% -
1974 1.1% -
1973 0.6% -
1972 -0.97% -
1971 -1.02% -
1970 -0.36% -
1969 1.2% -
1968 -0.45% -
1967 -0.82% -
1966 -0.07% -
1965 -0.25% -
1964 -0.68% -
1963 -2.31% -
1962 -2.6% -
1961 -2.75% -
1960 -0.85% -
1959 -1.08% -
1958 -1.69% -
1957 -0.11% -
1956 0.77% -
1955 -0.11% -
1954 -0.57% -
1953 0.3% -
1952 0.09% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 1.09% -
1949 0.78% -
1948 3.84% -
1947 5.02% -
1946 3.14% -
1945 -17.9% -
1944 -21.6% -
1943 -23.1% -
1942 -20.8% -
1941 -4.79% -
1940 -5.62% -
1939 -2.11% -
1938 -0.97% -
1937 -0.34% -
1936 -1.68% -
1935 -3.72% -
1934 -2.93% -
1933 -3.83% -
1932 -5.79% -
1931 -2.43% -
1930 -1.47% -
1929 0.78% -
1928 1.12% -
1927 0.92% -
1926 0.81% -
1925 0.55% -
1924 0.007% -
1923 0.79% -
1922 -0.75% -
1921 -2% -
1920 -1.82% -
1919 -8.94% -
1918 -8.98% -
1917 -7.83% -
1916 -8.14% -
1915 -6.17% -
1914 -4.63% -
1913 -0.82% -
1912 1.03% -
1911 0.004% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 -0.67% -
1908 -2.78% -
1907 -0.83% -
1906 0.22% -
1905 -0.07% -
1904 -0.44% -
1903 0.07% -
1902 0.91% -
1901 -0.34% -
1900 -0.33% -
1899 0.1% -
1898 -0.3% -
1897 -0.35% -
1896 -0.48% -
1895 -0.85% -
1894 -1.06% -
1893 -0.66% -
1892 -0.07% -
1891 3.23% -
1890 -0.04% -
1889 0% -
1888 -0.48% -
1887 -1.18% -
1886 -0.73% -
1885 -4.82% -
1884 -2.43% -
1883 -3.88% -
1882 -0.78% -
1881 0.32% -
1880 -0.62% -
1879 -2.11% -
1878 -0.63% -
1877 -1.63% -
1876 -2.06% -
1875 -1.88% -
1874 -1.57% -
1873 -1.74% -
1872 -3.93% -
1871 -1.09% -
1870 0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/cyprus | CC BY

In 2025, Canada's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $41B, equivalent to 1.77% of GDP. This compares to Cyprus' surplus of $1.23B, or 2.99% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Canada recorded a fiscal deficit in 18 of those years, while Cyprus ran a deficit in 22 years. On average, Canada posted an annual deficit equal to 1.01% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.1% of GDP for Cyprus.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Canada

Cyprus
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Canada Cyprus
2025 2.07% 0.13%
2024 2.38% 1.8%
2023 3.88% 3.54%
2022 6.8% 8.4%
2021 3.4% 2.45%
2020 0.72% -0.64%
2019 1.95% 0.25%
2018 2.27% 1.44%
2017 1.6% 0.53%
2016 1.43% -1.43%
2015 1.13% -2.1%
2014 1.91% -1.35%
2013 0.94% -0.4%
2012 1.52% 2.39%
2011 2.91% 3.29%
2010 1.78% 2.43%
2009 0.3% 0.33%
2008 2.37% 4.67%
2007 2.14% 2.37%
2006 2% 2.3%
2005 2.21% 2.56%
2004 1.86% 2.29%
2003 2.76% 4.14%
2002 2.26% 2.8%
2001 2.53% 1.97%
2000 2.72% 4.14%
1999 1.73% 1.63%
1998 1% 2.23%
1997 1.62% 3.61%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/cyprus | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Canada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.14%, compared with 1.92% in Cyprus. In 2025, inflation was 2.07% in Canada and 0.13% in Cyprus.

Top exports between countries

Canada
Export category Export value
Business & finance services $124M
IT & IP services $43.9M
Machinery & equipment $42.8M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.07M
Raw agricultural goods $918K
Chemicals & pharma $857K
Wood & paper products $838K
Transport & tourism services $800K
Metals $455K
Animal & marine products $360K
Cyprus
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $70.1M
Machinery & equipment $17.9M
IT & IP services $15.6M
Business & finance services $9.87M
Animal & marine products $3.12M
Chemicals & pharma $2.04M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $492K
Metals $399K
Raw materials & minerals $343K
Textiles & consumer goods $291K

Balance of trade

Canada Cyprus
Current account balance
-$22B
2025
-$2.59B
2025
Current account balance ranking
184/190
2025
149/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.95%
2025
-6.29%
2025
Goods imports
$577B
2025
$12.6B
2025
Goods exports
$555B
2025
$4.62B
2025
Service imports
$169B
2025
$25.3B
2025
Service exports
$172B
2025
$35.7B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
91.9%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
31.3%
2025
97.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Canada Cyprus
Economic freedom 75.6 74.1
Economic freedom ranking 17/197 21/197
Property rights 85.9 85.1
Government integrity 85.5 59.7
Judicial effectiveness 96 89.8
Tax burden 74.7 80.8
Government spending 45.9 52.1
Fiscal health 79.7 91.5
Business freedom 84.2 82.3
Labor freedom 68.3 60.3
Monetary freedom 73.8 78.7
Trade freedom 83.2 79.4
Investment freedom 60 70
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Canada
Cyprus
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Canada Cyprus
2026 75.6 74.1
2025 75.5 73.2
2024 72.4 72.2
2023 73.7 72.3
2022 76.6 72.9
2021 77.9 71.4
2020 78.2 70.1
2019 77.7 68.1
2018 77.7 67.8
2017 78.5 67.9
2016 78 68.7
2015 79.1 67.9
2014 80.2 67.6
2013 79.4 69
2012 79.9 71.8
2011 80.8 73.3
2010 80.4 70.9
2009 80.5 70.8
2008 80.2 71.3
2007 78 71.7
2006 77.4 71.8
2005 75.8 71.9
2004 75.3 74.1
2003 74.8 73.3
2002 74.6 73
2001 71.2 71
2000 70.5 67.2
1999 69.3 67.8
1998 68.5 68.2
1997 67.9 67.9
1996 70.3 67.7
1995 69.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/cyprus | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Canada is 75.6, ranking 17/197, compared to 74.1 for Cyprus, ranking 21/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Canada Cyprus
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2022
76.8%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
27.4%
2022
11.1%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.93%
2022
1.12%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.35T
2025
$35.6B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$66,820
2025
$57,390
2025
Total reserves including gold
$126B
2025
$2.95B
2025
Total reserves ranking
26/177
2025
121/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$11.9B
2025
-$9.59B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$63.1B
2024
-$50.4B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$89.4B
2024
-$55.9B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2020
13.9%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2025
19.3%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/cyprus | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2019–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.