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Economy of Canada vs Eswatini compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Canada has a GDP of $2.32T compared to $5.16B for Eswatini, ranking 10/197 and 163/197 by economy size, respectively.

Canada has $2.63T in government debt (113.5% of GDP), compared to $2.31B (44.9% of GDP) in Eswatini.

Canada vs Eswatini GDP by year

Canada
Eswatini
1x
Year GDP, current $
Canada Eswatini
2025 $2,319,899,772,426 $5,160,679,613
2024 $2,270,076,189,683 $4,858,885,841
2023 $2,196,593,836,347 $4,621,191,262
2022 $2,200,562,785,046 $4,746,660,274
2021 $2,022,377,950,897 $4,807,069,277
2020 $1,655,686,966,882 $4,134,677,810
2019 $1,743,728,952,157 $4,617,018,959
2018 $1,725,330,736,238 $4,643,751,059
2017 $1,649,269,496,515 $4,462,640,651
2016 $1,527,996,250,641 $3,722,306,117
2015 $1,556,510,380,200 $3,908,217,914
2014 $1,805,751,688,809 $4,285,065,665
2013 $1,846,583,831,414 $4,463,396,204
2012 $1,828,359,477,072 $4,747,813,067
2011 $1,793,335,727,901 $4,722,912,047
2010 $1,617,349,192,091 $4,360,714,359
2009 $1,374,627,766,600 $3,525,213,502
2008 $1,552,993,439,550 $3,235,921,171
2007 $1,468,820,407,783 $3,391,122,887
2006 $1,319,291,255,289 $3,215,307,901
2005 $1,173,118,501,403 $3,097,946,371
2004 $1,026,691,006,918 $2,710,331,785
2003 $895,542,074,085 $2,149,632,433
2002 $760,650,608,552 $1,393,945,031
2001 $738,981,792,355 $1,502,870,486
2000 $744,773,415,932 $1,697,161,558
1999 $678,414,215,521 $1,547,888,496
1998 $633,999,325,918 $1,576,908,856
1997 $654,987,722,086 $1,716,714,070
1996 $630,607,994,133 $1,602,741,834
1995 $605,961,090,061 $1,698,989,464
1994 $579,944,346,807 $1,419,294,254
1993 $579,053,561,739 $1,357,189,552
1992 $594,387,358,319 $1,284,759,928
1991 $612,527,712,316 $1,156,135,718
1990 $596,075,591,361 $1,114,694,041
1989 $567,211,993,243 $696,921,542
1988 $509,380,027,627 $692,026,455
1987 $433,134,238,311 $584,126,092
1986 $379,006,836,992 $449,140,318
1985 $366,186,012,450 $360,079,419
1984 $356,718,400,124 $494,483,409
1983 $341,866,277,183 $555,336,146
1982 $314,647,807,409 $537,568,059
1981 $307,246,642,756 $570,774,825
1980 $274,776,566,028 $541,976,853
1979 $243,891,124,296 $412,093,134
1978 $219,369,542,386 $340,630,085
1977 $212,325,176,305 $304,060,076
1976 $207,271,612,576 $272,550,068
1975 $174,419,757,177 $288,299,789
1974 $160,949,188,139 $264,320,941
1973 $131,764,343,566 $221,915,128
1972 $113,463,848,874 $146,736,479
1971 $99,606,454,744 $136,462,081
1970 $88,192,257,632 $112,139,955
1969 $79,405,011,125 $105,419,958
1968 $72,048,833,006 $79,799,968
1967 $65,856,924,424 $74,759,970
1966 $61,252,415,405 $76,859,969
1965 $54,649,410,479 $70,279,972
1964 $49,503,663,836 $64,980,554
1963 $45,140,337,827 $54,129,438
1962 $42,336,211,556 $45,927,962
1961 $41,038,192,838 $43,026,043
1960 $40,563,768,947 $35,076,846

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/eswatini | CC BY

GDP per capita in Canada vs Eswatini by year

Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Eswatini
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Canada Eswatini
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $55,698 - $4,108 -
2024 $55,016 $64,610 $3,910 $11,799
2023 $54,848 $64,219 $3,756 $11,300
2022 $56,497 $63,944 $3,894 $10,635
2021 $52,887 $56,995 $3,984 $9,990
2020 $43,538 $48,591 $3,467 $9,329
2019 $46,353 $50,499 $3,913 $9,248
2018 $46,539 $49,983 $3,973 $8,535
2017 $45,130 $48,317 $3,853 $8,584
2016 $42,314 $46,471 $3,238 $8,484
2015 $43,594 $44,668 $3,420 $8,391
2014 $50,961 $45,758 $3,771 $8,366
2013 $52,638 $44,301 $3,950 $8,231
2012 $52,670 $42,292 $4,225 $7,760
2011 $52,224 $41,667 $4,225 $7,571
2010 $47,561 $40,103 $3,923 $7,324
2009 $40,875 $38,863 $3,190 $7,011
2008 $46,710 $40,376 $2,947 $6,914
2007 $44,660 $39,573 $3,109 $6,732
2006 $40,505 $38,123 $2,965 $6,319
2005 $36,384 $36,328 $2,871 $5,773
2004 $32,146 $33,929 $2,526 $5,310
2003 $28,302 $32,350 $2,015 $5,020
2002 $24,256 $30,964 $1,316 $4,742
2001 $23,822 $30,241 $1,430 $4,521
2000 $24,271 $29,348 $1,630 $4,401
1999 $22,315 $27,841 $1,502 $4,272
1998 $21,025 $26,324 $1,547 $4,137
1997 $21,902 $25,264 $1,705 $4,038
1996 $21,297 $24,055 $1,619 $3,916
1995 $20,680 $23,474 $1,751 $3,777
1994 $19,998 $22,624 $1,461 $3,526
1993 $20,187 $21,432 $1,397 $3,371
1992 $20,950 $20,619 $1,362 $3,289
1991 $21,847 $20,220 $1,273 $3,236
1990 $21,526 $20,226 $1,278 $3,202
1989 $20,795 - $832 -
1988 $19,013 - $865 -
1987 $16,378 - $765 -
1986 $14,521 - $611 -
1985 $14,170 - $510 -
1984 $13,930 - $726 -
1983 $13,477 - $843 -
1982 $12,527 - $843 -
1981 $12,379 - $925 -
1980 $11,208 - $908 -
1979 $10,078 - $714 -
1978 $9,154 - $610 -
1977 $8,949 - $563 -
1976 $8,839 - $521 -
1975 $7,537 - $568 -
1974 $7,057 - $536 -
1973 $5,858 - $463 -
1972 $5,107 - $315 -
1971 $4,535 - $301 -
1970 $4,136 - $254.2 -
1969 $3,776 - $245.2 -
1968 $3,473 - $190.4 -
1967 $3,226 - $182.8 -
1966 $3,055 - $192.7 -
1965 $2,777 - $181 -
1964 $2,562 - $171.6 -
1963 $2,380 - $146.4 -
1962 $2,274 - $127.1 -
1961 $2,246 - $121.8 -
1960 $2,265 - $101.6 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/eswatini | CC BY

Canada's GDP per capita is $55,698, ranking 23/197, compared to $4,108 in Eswatini, ranking 131/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Canada ranks 28th at $64,610, while Eswatini ranks 126th at $11,799.

Economic indicators

Canada Eswatini
Gross domestic product
$2.32T
2025
$5.16B
2025
GDP rank
10/197
2025
163/197
2025
GDP growth
1.74%
2024-2025
4.19%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$55,698
2025
$4,108
2025
GDP per capita rank
23/197
2025
131/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,610
2024
$11,799
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
28/197
2024
126/197
2024
Government debt
$2.63T
2025
$2.31B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
113.5%
2025
44.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$63,220
2025
$1,843
2025
Government debt per person rank
5/185
2025
121/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$36,531
2026
$4,770
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$4.62T
2025
$234M
2007
Number of millionaires
2,098,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
82
2026
1
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.6%
2022
42.7%
2016
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2022
1.4%
2016
Government expenditure, % of GDP
44%
2025
35.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.07%
2024-2025
2.6%
2018-2019
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
6.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
6.82%
2025
34.3%
2023
Population
42199836
1276995

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Canada
Spending

Debt
Eswatini
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Canada Eswatini
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 44% 113.5% 35.7% 44.9%
2024 44.3% 110% 33.6% 40.1%
2023 41.8% 105.1% 31.5% 39.4%
2022 40.4% 103.5% 28.9% 39.5%
2021 45.5% 112.6% 29.3% 37.3%
2020 52.4% 118.1% 32.2% 37.7%
2019 40.6% 90.1% 32.8% 30.5%
2018 40.7% 90.8% 31.6% 26.5%
2017 40.5% 91% 33.6% 21.7%
2016 40.8% 92.5% 34% 20.1%
2015 40% 92.3% 34.5% 16%
2014 38.4% 85.8% 32.7% 14.1%
2013 40% 87.7% 28.8% 15.2%
2012 40.9% 87% 27.1% 14.8%
2011 41.6% 84.3% 25.1% 14.6%
2010 43.1% 84% 31.1% 14.2%
2009 43.4% 81.8% 33.9% 10.6%
2008 38.8% 70.4% 33.4% 14.6%
2007 38.5% 67.2% 30.4% 16.1%
2006 38.7% 69.9% 27.6% 14.7%
2005 38.5% 70.6% 29% 13.6%
2004 39.1% 71.9% 31% 15%
2003 40.3% 75.9% 25.9% 17.7%
2002 40.4% 79.6% 26.5% 17.2%
2001 41.1% 81.5% 25.6% 21.7%
2000 40.6% 80.4% 24.7% 18.2%
1999 41.8% 89% 25.8% 16.7%
1998 43.4% 93.3% 22% 15.6%
1997 43.5% 95.3% 20.7% 12.7%
1996 45.9% 100.2% 22.5% 11.5%
1995 47.7% 100.1% 19.9% 12.5%
1994 49% 97.5% 23.4% 13.1%
1993 51.5% 94.7% 23% 15%
1992 52.5% 88.2% 24.7% 16.6%
1991 51.4% 81.7% 19.6% 20.1%
1990 48.1% 73.7% 18.2% 20.4%
1989 45.8% 72.2% 15.8% 26.8%
1988 45.4% 71.1% 15.6% 27.5%
1987 46.1% 71.4% 17% 36.1%
1986 47.6% 71% 19.8% 44%
1985 48.3% 66.9% 22.3% 45.5%
1984 47.5% 61.7% 22.2% 29.7%
1983 47.9% 58.4% 23.2% 28.7%
1982 47.3% 52.7% 24% 29.2%
1981 42.5% 46.9% 23.8% 24.3%
1980 41.6% 45.6% 19.6% 27.2%
1979 40% 45.3% - -
1978 41.6% 48% - -
1977 41.4% 45.1% - -
1976 40.2% 43.6% - -
1975 41.1% 45.2% - -
1974 37.6% 45.8% - -
1973 36% 48% - -
1972 37.5% 53.5% - -
1971 37.3% 55.3% - -
1970 36% 54.3% - -
1969 33.9% 53% - -
1968 33.8% 55.9% - -
1967 32.9% 56.9% - -
1966 30.8% 56.6% - -
1965 29.8% 60.1% - -
1964 29.7% 63.7% - -
1963 30.3% 67% - -
1962 30.6% 67.2% - -
1961 30.6% 68.2% - -
1960 14.9% 66.1% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/eswatini | CC BY

In 2025, Canada's government spending was $1.02T, accounting for 44% of its GDP, while Eswatini spent $1.84B, or 35.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 113.5% in Canada and 44.9% in Eswatini, ranking 14/185 and 118/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Canada

Eswatini
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Canada Eswatini
2025 -1.77% -6.14%
2024 -2.12% -1.06%
2023 -0.16% -0.66%
2022 0.62% -5.27%
2021 -3.06% -4.55%
2020 -10.9% -4.21%
2019 -0.02% -6.23%
2018 0.36% -6.59%
2017 -0.11% -5.64%
2016 -0.45% -8.36%
2015 -0.06% -5.89%
2014 0.17% -1.16%
2013 -1.49% 0.57%
2012 -2.52% 3.39%
2011 -3.31% -3.88%
2010 -4.74% -9.34%
2009 -3.88% -3%
2008 0.18% 1.58%
2007 1.82% 2.37%
2006 1.83% 8.67%
2005 1.55% -1.66%
2004 0.77% -3.97%
2003 -0.13% -2.11%
2002 -0.23% -3.69%
2001 0.53% -2.24%
2000 2.64% -1.19%
1999 1.66% -1.23%
1998 0.14% 1.05%
1997 0.04% 2.06%
1996 -3.05% -0.97%
1995 -5.49% 0.87%
1994 -6.94% -3.43%
1993 -8.93% -3.15%
1992 -9.2% -2.76%
1991 -8.36% 3.28%
1990 -5.91% 5.47%
1989 -4.6% 5.82%
1988 -4.33% 3.23%
1987 -5.42% 2.03%
1986 -7.14% -2.41%
1985 -8.59% -1.33%
1984 -7.78% 1.25%
1983 -8.17% -0.6%
1982 -7.03% 0.11%
1981 -2.83% -4.29%
1980 -4.07% 6.55%
1979 -3.41% -
1978 -4.77% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -2.78% -
1975 -3.54% -
1974 1.1% -
1973 0.6% -
1972 -0.97% -
1971 -1.02% -
1970 -0.36% -
1969 1.2% -
1968 -0.45% -
1967 -0.82% -
1966 -0.07% -
1965 -0.25% -
1964 -0.68% -
1963 -2.31% -
1962 -2.6% -
1961 -2.75% -
1960 -0.85% -
1959 -1.08% -
1958 -1.69% -
1957 -0.11% -
1956 0.77% -
1955 -0.11% -
1954 -0.57% -
1953 0.3% -
1952 0.09% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 1.09% -
1949 0.78% -
1948 3.84% -
1947 5.02% -
1946 3.14% -
1945 -17.9% -
1944 -21.6% -
1943 -23.1% -
1942 -20.8% -
1941 -4.79% -
1940 -5.62% -
1939 -2.11% -
1938 -0.97% -
1937 -0.34% -
1936 -1.68% -
1935 -3.72% -
1934 -2.93% -
1933 -3.83% -
1932 -5.79% -
1931 -2.43% -
1930 -1.47% -
1929 0.78% -
1928 1.12% -
1927 0.92% -
1926 0.81% -
1925 0.55% -
1924 0.007% -
1923 0.79% -
1922 -0.75% -
1921 -2% -
1920 -1.82% -
1919 -8.94% -
1918 -8.98% -
1917 -7.83% -
1916 -8.14% -
1915 -6.17% -
1914 -4.63% -
1913 -0.82% -
1912 1.03% -
1911 0.004% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 -0.67% -
1908 -2.78% -
1907 -0.83% -
1906 0.22% -
1905 -0.07% -
1904 -0.44% -
1903 0.07% -
1902 0.91% -
1901 -0.34% -
1900 -0.33% -
1899 0.1% -
1898 -0.3% -
1897 -0.35% -
1896 -0.48% -
1895 -0.85% -
1894 -1.06% -
1893 -0.66% -
1892 -0.07% -
1891 3.23% -
1890 -0.04% -
1889 0% -
1888 -0.48% -
1887 -1.18% -
1886 -0.73% -
1885 -4.82% -
1884 -2.43% -
1883 -3.88% -
1882 -0.78% -
1881 0.32% -
1880 -0.62% -
1879 -2.11% -
1878 -0.63% -
1877 -1.63% -
1876 -2.06% -
1875 -1.88% -
1874 -1.57% -
1873 -1.74% -
1872 -3.93% -
1871 -1.09% -
1870 0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/eswatini | CC BY

In 2025, Canada's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $41B, equivalent to 1.77% of GDP. This compares to Eswatini's deficit of $317M, or 6.14% of GDP.

Over the past 46 years, Canada recorded a fiscal deficit in 33 of those years, while Eswatini ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, Canada posted an annual deficit equal to 2.84% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.28% of GDP for Eswatini.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Canada

Eswatini
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Canada Eswatini
2025 2.07% -
2024 2.38% -
2023 3.88% -
2022 6.8% -
2021 3.4% -
2020 0.72% -
2019 1.95% 2.6%
2018 2.27% 4.82%
2017 1.6% 6.22%
2016 1.43% 7.85%
2015 1.13% 4.95%
2014 1.91% 5.68%
2013 0.94% 5.62%
2012 1.52% 8.94%
2011 2.91% 6.11%
2010 1.78% 4.51%
2009 0.3% 7.45%
2008 2.37% 12.7%
2007 2.14% 8.08%
2006 2% 5.3%
2005 2.21% 4.77%
2004 1.86% 3.45%
2003 2.76% 7.29%
2002 2.26% 12%
2001 2.53% 5.94%
2000 2.72% 12.2%
1999 1.73% 6.09%
1998 1% 8.11%
1997 1.62% 7.13%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/eswatini | CC BY

Over the past 23 years, Canada has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.87%, compared with 6.86% in Eswatini. In 2019, inflation was 2.07% in Canada and 2.6% in Eswatini.

Top exports between countries

Canada
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $648K
Raw agricultural goods $153K
Wood & paper products $116K
Textiles & consumer goods $77K
Machinery & equipment $55K
Miscellaneous $14K
Metals $13K
Precious metals & jewellery $6K
Raw materials & minerals $6K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5K
Eswatini
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $161K
Chemicals & pharma $70K
Metals $47K
Raw agricultural goods $41K
Miscellaneous $4K
Wood & paper products $2K
Precious metals & jewellery $1K

Balance of trade

Canada Eswatini
Current account balance
-$22B
2025
$78.3M
2024
Current account balance ranking
184/190
2025
65/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.95%
2025
+1.61%
2024
Goods imports
$577B
2025
$2.07B
2024
Goods exports
$555B
2025
$2.33B
2024
Service imports
$169B
2025
$542M
2024
Service exports
$172B
2025
$234M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
53.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
31.3%
2025
53.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Canada Eswatini
Economic freedom 75.6 57.5
Economic freedom ranking 17/197 116/197
Property rights 85.9 42.5
Government integrity 85.5 29.7
Judicial effectiveness 96 35.5
Tax burden 74.7 78.6
Government spending 45.9 71
Fiscal health 79.7 87.5
Business freedom 84.2 49.9
Labor freedom 68.3 55.2
Monetary freedom 73.8 76.8
Trade freedom 83.2 73.6
Investment freedom 60 50
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Canada
Eswatini
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Canada Eswatini
2026 75.6 57.5
2025 75.5 56.4
2024 72.4 55.6
2023 73.7 54.9
2022 76.6 51.4
2021 77.9 55.1
2020 78.2 55.3
2019 77.7 54.7
2018 77.7 55.9
2017 78.5 61.1
2016 78 59.7
2015 79.1 59.9
2014 80.2 61.2
2013 79.4 57.2
2012 79.9 57.2
2011 80.8 59.1
2010 80.4 57.4
2009 80.5 59.1
2008 80.2 58.4
2007 78 60.1
2006 77.4 61.4
2005 75.8 59.4
2004 75.3 58.6
2003 74.8 59.6
2002 74.6 60.9
2001 71.2 63.6
2000 70.5 62.6
1999 69.3 62.1
1998 68.5 62
1997 67.9 59.4
1996 70.3 58.6
1995 69.4 63.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/eswatini | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Canada is 75.6, ranking 17/197, compared to 57.5 for Eswatini, ranking 116/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Canada Eswatini
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2022
52.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
27.4%
2022
33.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.93%
2022
6.41%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.35T
2025
$4.69B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$66,820
2025
$11,390
2025
Total reserves including gold
$126B
2025
$537M
2024
Total reserves ranking
26/177
2025
157/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$11.9B
2025
-$11.8M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$63.1B
2024
$75.5M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$89.4B
2024
$63.8M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
4.88%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.4%
2020
58.9%
2016
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2025
15%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/canada/eswatini | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.